The discoveryof coxa vara in three Chalcolithicright CRENSHAW, A. H. Editor. 1971. 5th edition. Campbell'sOperative femora,representing three individuals affected with the same orthopaedics.St. Louis: Mosby. probably congenitalcondition, argues against a strictlyno- FICK, R. 1911. Spezielle Gelenk-und Muskelmechanik.Vol. 3. Jena: Fischer. madic life-stylefor the population.Thus the presenceof coxa GOLDING, C. 1939. Congenitalcoxa vara and the shortfemur. Pro- vara in adults may perhaps serve as a "marker"of a semi- ceedingsof theRoyal Society of Medicine32:641-46. nomadicor possiblyeven sedentarycommunity; in thepresent GOREN, A. 1980. "The nawamisin southernSinai," in Sinai in antiq- instancethis appears to be corroboratedby the archaeological uity (in Hebrew). Edited by Z. Meshel and I. Finkelstein,pp. evidence(Sass 1980). The notedrelationship between coxa vara 243-65. Tel Aviv: Hakkibbutz Hameuchad. HARLAN, C., M. D. AMSTUTZ, and P. D. WILSON. 1962. Dysgenesis and life-stylewould seem especially pertinentin that the of the proximalfemur (coxa vara) and its surgicalmanagement. femur,because of its robusticity,is one of the bones most Journalof Bone and JointSurgery 44A: 1-24. frequentlyrecovered in archaeologicalexcavations. As has been KOBLIANSKY, E., S. L. WEISSMAN, and H. NATHAN. 1979. Femoral shownhere, even when the most fragilecondylar part of the and tibial torsion.International Orthiopedics 3:145-47. femuris missing,the highlysignificant positive correlation LINDEMANN, K. 1949. Zur Morphologieder Coxa Vara congenita. Zeitschriftfir Orthopedie78:47-62. between femoraland epicondylartorsion angles provides a MARTIN, R., and K. SALLER. 1959.Lehrbuchz der Anthropologie. Vol. 2. basis forgood estimatesof the torsion. Stuttgart:Fischer. NILSONNE, H. 1924. Beitrag zur Kenntnisder Kongenitalenvon der Cited Coxa Vara. Acta Radiologica3:383-406. References PAVLOV, H., A. B. GOLDMAN, and R. H. FREIBERGER. 1980. Infantile AITKEN, G. T. 1959. Amputationas a treatmentfor certainlower- coxa vara. Radiology135:631-40. extremitycongenital abnormalities.Journal of Bone and Joint SASS, B. 1980. "Sinai betweenthe fourthand firstmillennia B.C.," in Surgery41A: 1267-85. Sinai in antiquity(in Hebrew). Edited by Z. Meshel and I. Finkel- BAR YOSEF, 0., A. BELFER, A. GOREN, and P. SMITH. 1977. The stein,pp. 41-55. Tel Aviv: Hakkibbutz Hameuchad. nawamisnear "Ein Huderah." Israel ExplorationJournal 27(2-3): STEINDLER, A. 1977. Kinesiologyof the human body under normal and 65-88. pathologicalconditions. Springfield: Thomas.
TransportationArchitecture at major ceremonialprecinct (Blanton 1978:66). A regionalnet- Xochicalco, workof rampsand roadwaysis reportedfrom the Early Post- Morelos,Mexico1 classic site of La Quemada in Zacatecas (Kelly 1968:774). Berghes's1833 map shows 13 causewaysleaving the site and runningto and betweensmall sites in the valley; Trombold's byKENNETH G. HIRTH (1976) recent study documentsmore than 175 linearkm of Departmentof Anthropology,University of Kentucky,Lexing- roadwayconnected to La Quemada.In CentralMexico, the ear- ton,Ky. 40506, U.S.A. 23 x 81 liestevidence for regional roads comesfrom Teotihuacan, where Trade and long-distancecommunication between areas were intensivemapping of the city and reconnaissancethroughout importantaspects of pre-HispanicMesoamerican societies. In the valley suggestthat the main north-southand east-west the absence of naturalwaterways, most resourceswere trans- streetsextended out intothe countryside (Millon 1973; Sanders ported by human porters.Communication routes apparently 1965:121). Charlton's (1978) survey east of the Valley of followedintermontane valleys, coastal plains, and riversystems, Teotihuacan suggeststhat the transportationroutes leading where population was densest and most easily reached. In into western Tlaxcala and southeasternHidalgo that are contrastto those of many of the Old World civilizati6nsand recordedethnohistorically were being used at least as earlyas the Andean culturesof South America,most roads in Meso- Teotihuacantimes. america seem to have been simple paths without durable Regionalreconnaissance in 1978 has revealedthe presence of architecturalfeatures. The bulk of our knowledgeof pre- an Epiclassicroad systemin CentralMexico. Intensive mapping Columbiancommunication routes comes from ethnohistoric and of thelarge Epiclassic centerof Xochicalcoin westernMorelos early historicsources, since many colonialroads were simply has confirmedthe existence of paved pathwaysrunning through- modificationsof earlier routes to accommodatewagons (for out the site and out into the valley (Gonzalez Crespo and a review,see Lee and Navarrete1978). Garza Tarazona 1966; Gonzalez Crespo,personal communica- The causewaysystems of the Maya are thebest-documented tion,1973). Subsequentstudy has shownthat these roads were examplesof early roads in Mesoamerica.Although the trans- importantin the designof the city at the same time as they portationfunction of these structuresis still open to debate,2 facilitatedcommunication between sites (fig.1). causewaysaround the site of Coba in northernYucatan link Xochicalco has long been recognizedas a site important it withthe ceremonialcenter of Yaxuna, 99 km away (Thomp- duringand after the disintegrationof Teotihuacan's empire son,Pollock, and Charlot1932, Villa Rojas 1934). Northof the around A.D. 700 (Noguera 1945, Litvak King 1970). It is Maya region,however, roads are rare.A networkof pavements located on a hilltopwith flankingresidential terraces on the at Monte Alban in Oaxaca followsthe naturalcontours of the north,west, and south.Terrace construction and thepositioning terrainand linksthe various residence areas of thesite (Blanton of limited-accessramps and gates suggestpurposeful fortifica- 1978); these windingtransportation arteries were not part of tionsindicative of increasingmilitarism and social unrestafter an architecturaldesign and do not provideaccess to the site's A.D. 600. Stylisticevidence indicates that Xochicalco was a major center throughoutthe Epiclassic, with long-distance 'I thank Jorge Angulo Villase-norand Emilio Bejarano of the trade relationshipswith the Mayan lowlands,Veracruz, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologiafor their help throughoutthe Valley of Oaxaca, and centralGuerrero (Saenz 1962). Xochicalco Mapping Project. Funds for the 1978 fieldseason were Mapping of the site revealed a well-plannednetwork of provided by the National Science Foundation (INT-77-02030) and the National GeographicSociety. rampsand pavements.Because of irregulartopography, much of Xochicalco was extensivelyterraced. This had the effectof 2 Folan (1977) points out that, while causeways end at major centers,few village or ceremonialsites are foundalong them,even in disarticulatingmajor constructionsand segmentsof the city optimalresource zones. fromany overallplan. Paved thoroughfareswere constructed
322 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY to provide access to horizontallyand verticallyseparated ramps were constructedthat elevated the pavements and architecturalgroupings and were used as alignmentaxes for evened out the ascent across terracedareas beforeentering such groupings. open patios. In some cases steplikestone abutments interrupt Major access to Xochicalcois fromthe southalong a paved their smooth ascents. These ramps would have facilitated south-to-norththoroughfare. Three otherpavements connect vertical movementwithin the site, beautifiedplaza-temple withthis one at roughly90? angles. Pavementsconverge with groups,and minimizedthe effects of erosion on pavementsover one anotheronly through connecting plazas. Thoroughfaresare sharplysloping surfaces. Entrance points into the site along the 3-5 m wide and paved witha mosaic of rough-cutstones 25- thoroughfareswere guarded by large flankingmounds. In one 50 cm in diameter.They appear to have been edged with instancea small bridge,presumably of wood, was apparently finished-cutstone blocks,most of whichhave been removed builtalong a thoroughfareto span a defensivemoat. and recycledin the residentialconstruction of lateroccupants Two pavementsleave Xochicalcoon its east side and extend of the site. out into the countryside.Each of thesehas been tracedmore The pavementsdo not appear to have been stuccoedexcept than 3 km beforeit disappearsin plowed fields.These pave- on theirmasonry edges. Pavements are flushwith the surfaces ments are rough-stonemosaic without stone edging; they they traverseexcept across slopes, whereartificially inclined average 2-3 m in widthand are flushwith the surfacesthey
N,~~~~~~~~~~
0 lS
1400~ ~ ~~~0
C
0,~~~~~~~~
MXC (ci,Montezuma
~~LEGEND~~~~00~~~~~~~~~ Coba ( axuna - Teotihuacan pavements City _____ A~~~~~~~~~~~excalo
presentAXohcl O(P4\ ~~~~~~~~~~P4CIPI( - IBLZ El C~~~~~~~atoateteco highways A onteAlban \
ULATE MAL~, water HN 0 200~k. BU C.1-11.P111c S-Ic- I.b 7EL SAL
FIG. 1. Ramps and roads in the Xochicalco area.
Vol. 23 No. 3 Ju-ne1982 323 traverse.Elevated ramps are foundalong these roads where at a time when Teotihuacan was decliningas the dominant theycross irregular terrain. politicalpower in CentralMexico. At Teotihuacanstreets were laid out to forma north-south grid to organizecivic and residentialspace and directtraffic flowwithin the community.At Xochicalco the thoroughfares ReferencesCited fulfillthe same basic function,although their form is visibly distinct;rather than a gridironof BLANTON, RICHARD. 1978. Monte Albdn: Settlementpatterns at an streets,we findthe use of ancientZapotec capital. New York: Academic Press. partial axes as a compromisewith the site's irregulartopog- CHARLTON, THOMAS. 1978. Teotihuacan, Tepeapulco, and obsidian raphy.Major structureson the top of thehill are orientedwith exploitation.Science 200:1227-36. respectto the mnajorthoroughfares. Residential and othercivic FOLAN, WILLIAM. 1977. El sacbe Coba-Ixil, un camino mava del monumentsoutside of this districtconform pasado. Nueva Antropologia6:31-42. to terraceorienta- GONZAiLEZCRESPO, NORBERTO, and SILVIA GARZA TARAZONA. 1966. tions or topographicirregularities rather than to any master Comunicacionesy accesos de Xochicalco. MS, Escuela Nacional de gridplan. Antropologiae Historia,M6xico, D.F., Mexico. The presenceof pavementsradiating throughout the sur- HARDOY, JORGE E. 1973. Pre-Columbiancities. Translated by Judith roundingcountryside indicates Xochicalco's Thorne. New York: Walker. centralposition in KELLEY, J. CHARLES. 1968. "Archaeologyof the northernfrontier: a regionalsystem of sociopoliticaland religiousinteraction. Zacatecas and Durango," in Handbookof Middle AmericanIndians, Contemporaneoussites with similar stone-facedramps and vol. 11. Edited by G. F. Ekholm and I. Bernal, pp. 768-801. pavementsare known at Cerro Montezuma and perhaps at Austin: Universitvof Texas Press. 7 LEE, THOMAS, and CARLOS NAVARRETE. 1978. Mesoamericancom- Cuauchichinola,some and 18 km south.It is my beliefthat municationroutes and culturalcontacts. Papers of the New World these werelinked in a singleregional communication network. ArchaeologicalFoundation 40. Xochicalco's roads helped structurethe use of architectural LITVAK KING, JAIME. 1970. Xochicalco en la caida del Clasico: Un space, facilitateand direct movementwithin the site, and hip6tesis.Anales de Antropologia7:131-44. and MILLON, RENF,. 1973. Urbanizationat Teotihiuacan,Mexico: The emphasize beautify approaches to important temple Teotihuacanmap. Vol. 1, part 1. Austin:University of Texas Press. precincts.They wereapparently built to fulfillmore than just NOGUERA, EDUARDO. 1945. Exploracionesen Xochicalco. Cuadernos ceremonialneeds. At the importanthilltop site of El Jumil,no Americanos4: 119-57. pavements could be detected which would have linked its SAENZ, CESAR. 1962. Xochicalco,temporada 1960. Instituto Nacional ceremonial with de Antropologiae Historia, Colecci6n Informes11. precinctdirectly Xochicalco,and the rampat SANDERS, WILLIAM T. 1965. The culturalecology of the Teotihzuacan CerroMontezuma links a hilltopresidential area withthe lake Valley.University Park: PennsylvaniaState University. at its base ratherthan withanother ceremonial precinct. Both THOMPSON, ERIc, HARRY POLLOCK, and JEAN CHARLOT. 1932. A pre- ofthese examples stand in contrastto whatwe findin theMaya liminarystud8y of the ruins of Coba,Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie region and a Institutionof Washingtonpubl. 424. may reflect more importanttransportation, TROMBOLD, CHARLES. 1976. "Spatial distribution,functional hier- ratherthan ceremonial,function for the Xochicalcoroads. The archies, and patterns of interactionin prehistoriccommunities existenceof these roads indicates the presenceof a regional around La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico," in Archiaeologicalfron- political unit capable of undertakinglarge-scale public con- tiers: Papers on New World highicultures in honorof J. Chlarles struction.Thus Kelley. Edited by R. B. Pickering,pp. 149-82. SouthernIllinois theyare importantnot onlyfor what theyadd UniversityMuseum Studies 4. to our knowledgeof pre-Hispaniccommunication networks, VILLA ROJAS, ALFONSO. 1934. The Yaxuna-Coba causeway. Carnegie but also as evidencefor the emergenceof regionalauthority Institutionof Washington9(2):187-208.
Serials Wanted a The Lala SunderLal JainResearch Series, a newmonograph * Listingsand offprintsfor a bibliographyin preparationon seriesfor Jain studies,was inauguratedon the occasionof the ethicalissues in social research.Abstracts of the itemsor sum- 5th WorldSanskrit Conference at Varanasi. The series,edited mariesthat would indicate how theyshould be categorizedwill by Dayanand Bhargava of JodhpurUniversity, has an inter- be particularlygratefully received. Please write: Murray L. nationaladvisory board. Wax, Departmentof Sociology,Box 1113, WashingtonUni- versity,St. Louis, Mo. 63130,U.S.A.
324 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY