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12 XOCHICALCO Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco. Patrimonio Mundial 1999

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12 XOCHICALCO Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco. Patrimonio Mundial 1999 Este material tiene fines pedagógicos y su función es servir como apoyo en las prácticas educativas que se llevan a cabo en las licenciaturas que se imparten en la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, unidad Azcapotzalco. En este sentido, el único fin de esta obra es generar y compartir material de apoyo para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el campo del diseño. Asimismo, el autor de esta presentación es responsable de todo su contenido y la obra se encuentra protegida bajo una licencia de Creative Commons 4.0. Para más información se puede consultar el sitio https://creativecommons.org/. Serie Patrimonio Mundial DR. FRANCISCO SANTOS ZERTUCHE Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana/Azcapotzalco Xochicalco Patrimonio Mundial 1999 Dr. Francisco Santos Zertuche Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana/Azcapotzalco Archaelogical Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Patrimonio Mundial Unesco 1999 DR. FRANCISCO SANTOS ZERTUCHE Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana/Azcapotzalco División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño Área de Estudios Urbanos Linea de investigación: Ciudad, Patrimonio y sustentabilidad POSGRADO DISEÑO PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN, RECUPERACIÓN Y CONSERVACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO CONSTRUIDO POSGRADO EN DISEÑO Y ESTUDIOS URBANOS • 1. Presentación • 2. Objetivos • 3. Zona Arqueológica • Descripción • Perímetro de la zona arqueológica • 4. Documento Unesco • 4.1 Identification: • Nomination: Archaeological monuments zone of Xochicalco/939 • Location: State of Morelos • Municipalities: Temixco and Miacatlan Guión • State Party: México • Date: 1999 • Archaeological monuments • 4.2 Justification by State Party zone of Xochicalco/1999 • 4.3 History and Description • History • Description • 4.4 Protection and management requirements • Legal status • Management • 4.5 Integrity and authenticity • 5. Bibliografía y Referencias 1. Presentación Zona de monumentos arqueológicos de Xochicalco Xochicalco es un ejemplo de centro político, religioso y comercial fortificado, característico del turbulento período comprendido entre los años 650 y 900, que siguió al desmoronamiento de los grandes Estados mesoamericanos como Teotihuacán, Monte Albán, Palenque y Tikal. El estado de conservación de sus monumentos es excepcional. 2. Objetivos Esta presentación, Archaeological monuments zone of Xochicalco/939, forma parte de la Serie Patrimonio Mundial, uno de los ejes de estudio de la Línea de investigación del autor Dr. Francisco Santos Zertuche denominada: Ciudad, Patrimonio y sustentabilidad, trabajo de investigación desde la perspectiva de la historia urbana, que esta relacionado con las actividades de docencia e investigación de dos de los programas de Posgrado que ofrece la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño/Azcapotzalco: Posgrado en Diseño para la Rehabilitación, Recuperación y Conservación del Patrimonio construido y Posgrado en Diseño y Estudios Urbanos. Objetivo general de de la Serie Patrimonio Mundial es proponer al estudiante de posgrado un contexto amplio de temas y problemas que permitan el estudio y análisis comparativo sobre las políticas culturales de conservación y salvaguarda y gestión del Patrimonio Mundial reconocido por la Unesco, para el caso de nuestro país y ejemplos internacionales. En el nivel de maestría, el objetivo particular es proponer a los estudiantes opciones temáticas en docencia e investigación relativas a problemas y metodologías de acuerdo con el Plan y Programa de Estudios, en especial para los cursos y seminarios: Proyecto de investigación en Diseño para la Rehabilitación, Recuperación y Conservación del Patrimonio Construido I aVI. En el nivel de doctorado, el objetivo particular es proponer a los estudiantes opciones temáticas en docencia e investigación relativas a problemas y metodologías de acuerdo con el Plan y Programa de Estudios de los cursos denominados Seminario Doctoral de Investigación… I a IX, y los denominados Taller Colaborativo de Investigación… I a IX. Objetivo General de la Serie Patrimonio Mundial El propósito es ofrecer al estudiante de Posgrado en Diseño un contexto amplio de temas y problemas que permitan el estudio y análisis comparativo sobre las políticas culturales de conservación, salvaguarda y gestión del Patrimonio de la Humanidad reconocido por Unesco, para el caso de nuestro país en particular y analizar casos específicos internacionales. Objetivos Generales Esta presentación, Archaeological monuments zone of Xochicalco forma parte de la Serie Patrimonio Mundial, uno de los ejes de estudio de la Línea de investigación Ciudad, Patrimonio y sustentabilidad del autor Dr. Francisco Santos Zertuche, trabajo de investigación enfocado desde la perspectiva de la historia urbana. Dichos estudios están relacionados con las actividades de docencia e investigación de dos de los programas de Posgrado que ofrece la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño/ Azcapotzalco: Posgrado en Diseño para la Rehabilitación, Recuperación y Conservación del Patrimonio construido y Posgrado en Diseño y Estudios Urbanos. Objetivos Particulares En el nivel de maestría, el objetivo de esta presentación es proponer a los estudiantes opciones temáticas en docencia e investigación relativas a problemas y metodologías de acuerdo con el Plan y Programa de Estudios, en especial en los cursos y seminarios: Proyecto de investigación en Diseño para la Rehabilitación, Recuperación y Conservación del Patrimonio Construido I a VI. En el nivel de doctorado, el objetivo de esta presentación es proponer a los estudiantes opciones temáticas en docencia e investigación relativas a problemas y metodologías de acuerdo con el Plan y Programa de Estudios de los cursos denominados Seminario Doctoral de Investigación… I a IX, y los denominados Taller Colaborativo de Investigación… I a IX. 3. Zona Arqueológica The highest of the three levels consists of a group of temples and other monumental buildings, probably for use by the ruling class, grouped around the Main Plaza. To the east of the plaza a complex of three structures can be found. The first of these is rectangular in plan and opens onto a patio sunk below the external level; it is accessible only from the roofs of the rooms. The second unit is a large patio closed on three sides by narrow galleries and delimited on the fourth side by three pyramidal platforms. Alongside it is the third element, the east ball court, separated by a monumental ramp paved with stone slabs engraved with images of birds, reptiles, insects and mammals, known as the Ramp of the Animals. 3. Zona Arqueológica/ Description The sector to the north of the Main Plaza includes a large rainwater cistern that formed part of a complex water system covering the whole settlement. Beneath this platform the entrance to the caves that were used in the early phases of occupation for quarrying building materials can be found. Later it was modified as an observatory for studying the heavens and for ceremonies. The Main Plaza itself is built on an enormous artificial mound, accessible only through the two defended porticoes. Two pyramidal structures are located in the middle of the plaza. One is the remarkable Pyramid of the Plumed Serpents. The excellent proportions of its sloping base and the projecting panel with a flared cornice give this structure a distinctive appearance. The four facades are sculpted in high relief with representations of enormous plumed serpents, the Quetzalcoatl of Teotihuacan. Their bodies frame seated figures with Maya characteristics, interpreted as priests, rulers, and astronomers. On the projecting panel there are similar seated figures, but less elaborately attired, along with calendar symbols. The cornice is decorated with a ridge of shells. The upper walls of the temple bear figures that have been interpreted as warriors. The Acropolisis built on a 6 m high platform to the west of the Main Plaza. It is formed of a series of buildings laid out on variations of a central patio with lateral rooms. The city was abruptly abandoned after having been sacked in the late 9th century A.D. Zona arqueológica Delimitation Zona de monumentos arqueológicos Xochicalco was built on a series of natural hills. The highest of these was the core of the settlement, with many public buildings, but evidence of occupation has been found on six of the lower hills surrounding it. Substantial engineering work in the form of terracing and the construction of massive retaining walls in order to create a series of open spaces defined by platforms with images of birds, reptiles, insects, and mammals, known as the Ramp of the Animals Zona de protección de los monumentos arqueológicos 4. Documento Unesco 4.1 identification Nomination: Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco/939 Location: Morelos State Municipalities Temixco and Miacatlan State Party: Mexico Date: 1999 Property: 707.65 ha Buffer zone: Criteria: (iii)(iv) Ref: 939 Criterion (iii) Xochicalco is an exceptionally well preserved and complete example of a fortified settlement from the Epiclassic Period of Mesoamerica. Criterion (iv) The architecture and art of Xochicalco represent the fusion of cultural elements from different parts of Mesoamerica, at a period when the breakdown of earlier political structures resulted in intensive cultural regrouping. 4.2 Justification by the State Party The Epiclassic Period in Mesoamerica (cAD 650-900) is characterized by the waning and ultimate fall of the large dominant Classic centres such as Teotihuacan. The Epiclassic is a transitional period
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