DOCSLIB.ORG

Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: the Stars and the DMK Author(S): Robert L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: the Stars and the DMK Author(S): Robert L Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK Author(s): Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. Source: Asian Survey, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Mar., 1973), pp. 288-305 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2643038 Accessed: 05-08-2015 17:57 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Asian Survey. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.83.205.78 on Wed, 05 Aug 2015 17:57:19 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions POLITICSAND THE FILM IN TAMILNADU:THE STARSAND THE DMK / RobertL. Hardgrave,Jr.* The Dravida MunnetraKazhagam (DMK), the rulingparty of Tamil- nadu Statein India, has splitin climaxto persistentrumors of intraparty discordand impendingschism. M. G. Ramachandran,DMK partytreasurer and popularTamil film star, was strippedof his partyoffices and suspended frommembership in the partyto whichhe had so long broughtsupport fromhis devotedfans. The crisis culminateda long feud betweenM.G.R. and ChiefMinister M. Karunanidhi.In theearly months of 1972, as Karunanidhi,in demands forregional autonomy, began to touthimself as the"Mujib of Tamilnadu," M.G.R. protestedKarunanidhi's "dictatorial methods" and called for a boycottof theparty's General Council in protestagainst one man rule.His criticismof Karunanidhi and theparty leadership mounted with his demand fora partyprobe intorampant corruption. M.G.R. called for a disclosure of all assetsof ministers,legislators, and partyofficials-and assets of their close relatives.Party careerists were alarmed: M.G.R.'s public utterances violatedparty discipline and, in discreditingparty and Government,created confusionin the publicmind. A memorandum,submitted by 26 members ofthe DMK CentralExecutive, called fordisciplinary action against M.G.R. His suspension,sustained by the GeneralCouncil, soon followed. M.G.R. appealedto partymembers to remainloyal to the ideals of C. N. Annadurai,founder of theDMK and ChiefMinister until his deathin 1969. To continuehis policies,M.G.R. announcedthe formation of a rival party, the Anna DMK, to challengethe legitimacyof Karunanidhi'sleadership. M.G.R. "fan clubs,"long adjunctsof the DMK, now became branchesof the new party.Many regularDMK branchesthroughout Tamilnadu also switchedallegiance to M.G.R. The star's fans paraded in the streets.In Madurai, theypulled down DMK flagsand stonedGovernment buses; in Vellore,they brought off a totalhartal; in Madras,rickshaw men wenton strikein protestagainst the party's suspension of theiridol and protector. *I wish to acknowledgethe invaluable contributionof my research assistant in this study,Sriram Athri, whose initiativeand sensitivityto the researchproblems were major ingredientsof the project's successful completion.The study was made under a Ford FoundationResearch Grant. 288 This content downloaded from 128.83.205.78 on Wed, 05 Aug 2015 17:57:19 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROBERT L. HARDGRAVE 289 On theother side, M.G.R. posterswere defaced and torn,and theatersshow- ing his filmswere attacked, as wereM.G.R. fan clubs. Perhapsfearing re- prisal,the scheduled release of a filmstarring M. K. Muthu,Karunanidhi's son,was postponed.Muthu, who had onlybegun to act in films,had already incurredM.G.R.'s wrathby an allegedattempt to convertM.G.R. fanclubs intoMuthu Associations. The aging actor,no doubt,did not take thistoo kindly. The role of filmin the politicsof Tamilnaduhas been significant,and theinfluence of the"stars" on Tamil politicshas made politicalastrologers of thosewho would seek to understandit. During the course of the 1967 electioncampaign, the New York Times carriedan articledescribing film star involvementin thepolitics of Tamilnaduas having"a touch of Cali- fornia."Film has become increasinglypervasive in almostall aspectsof Tamil societyand perhaps most prominentlyin politicallife. Although Bombay is usuallyconsidered the capital of the Indian filmworld, it is withinSouth India thatfilm has made itsgreatest impact. The filmindustry in theSouth, centered in thecity of Madras,is thelargest in India-in the numberof studios,capital investment,gross income,and in the number of peopleengaged in theindustry. Since 1931, whenthe "talkie"was first introducedin the South,some 1500 filmshave been made in Tamil. Half of India's six thousandcinemas are located in the southernregion-and halfof these are in thestate of Tamilnadu. Virtually no villagein Tamilnadu is so isolatedto be beyondthe reach of film,and even thepoorest laborer can affordthe fewpice to see the latestproduction. EarlyTamil filmswere largely mythologicalls" but with the first "social" filmsin 1936 came an infusionof politics.The Congresssought to use the motionpicture for nationalist propaganda. One Tamil social, for example, dealt withprohibition, part of the Congressprogram, and it includeda popularsong about the importanceof the spinningwheel, strongly advo- cated by Gandhi. Sometimesa portraitof Gandhi would appear incon- spicuouslyin the backgroundin hope that it mightslip past the British censors.The Congressalso used filmstars to attractcrowds. K. B. Sunda- rambal,an actressfamous for devotional songs, regularly appeared on the platformof theTamil Congressleader, S. Satyamurthi.' While the Congressin Tamilnadu made early use of the film,most Congressmenlooked on the mediumwith contempt and sharedC. Rajago- palachari'sview of thecinema as a sourceof moralcorruption. It was only theparty of Tamil nationalism,the DMK, thattook filmseriously as a ve- hicleof political mobilization. With Lenin, the leaders of theDMK regarded filmas themost important art formbecause it was themost popular. Con- gressmennever realized the power of film,says Kannadhasan,song writer 'Interview,S. Punju,Tamil film director, Madras, January 1970. This content downloaded from 128.83.205.78 on Wed, 05 Aug 2015 17:57:19 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 290 POLITICS AND THE FILM IN TAMILNADU forthe Tamil screenand one of thefounders of the DMK. "They decried thecinema. We used it."2 The DMK's involvementin theTamil filmindustry is rootedin the Dra- vidian Movementfor non-Brahminuplift in South India.3 Writersand actorswho had maturedin thetouring dramatic companies associated with E. V. RamaswamyNaicker's Self-RespectMovement came to dominate the Tamil screen.From the "guerillatheater" of Tamil nationalism,they broughtanti-northern, anti-Brahmin themes. Their Tamil was purged of Sanskriticelements in assertionof Dravidian self-respect;the golden age of the Tamil kingdomswas resurrectedon celluloid; Brahminswere de- pictedas sinisteror foolish. In organizingthe Dravida Kazhagam (or DravidianFederation) in 1944, E. V. Ramaswamysought to extendhis movementfor social reformand upliftto thedemand for a separateand independentstate of Dravidasthan. The DK, in spiteof its appeal to themasses, was a quasi-militaryorganiza- tionand basicallyelitist in character.Seeking democratic party organiza- tion and electoralinvolvement in thenewly independent India, a dissident factionbroke with E.VR. in 1949 and foundedthe Dravida MunnetraKaz- hagam (Dravidian ProgressiveFederation). The leader of the new party was a youngfilm writer, C. N. Annadurai.Among those joining him were M. Karunanidhi,another film writer, and a numberof filmstars, including K. R. Ramaswamy,S. S. Rajendran,and Shivaji Ganesan,who later left theDMK forCongress, to be replacedby M. G. Ramachandran.Their films introducedsymbols and referencesto the DMK, and the partyrode the risingpopularity of cinema. Film artists brought glamour and electoralsup- portto the DMK, and actorsgraced the platformsof partyrallies. Some stars,like M. G. Ramachandranand S. S. Raj endran,converted their popu- larityon thescreen into successful bids for seats in theLegislative Assembly. K. Kamaraj, formerChief Minister of Tamilnaduand thenpresident of theAll-India Congress Party, scoffed at the DMK's aspirationsto power: "How can therebe governmentby actors?"4In 1967,in a landslidevictory, theDMK withAnnadurai as ChiefMinister took control of theState. 2Interview,Kannadhasan, Madras, January1970. Kannadhasan left the DMK in 1962 to join E. V. K. Sampath's Tamil National Party and with Sampath in 1964, he joined Congress.In oppositionto the DMK, Kannadhasan has been out of favor with DMK filmstars like M. G. Ramachandran,but the popularityof his songs is so great that he is frequentlysigned forDMK films. 3See Robert L. Hardgrave,Jr., The Dravidian Movement (Bombay: Popular Praka- shan, 1965) and Eugene Irschick, Politics and Social Conflictin South India: The Non-BrahminMovement and Tamil Separatism 1916-1929 (Berkeley: Universityof CaliforniaPress, 1969). For an examinationof the DMK, see also Marguerite Ross Barnett,The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India (forthcoming); Mohan Ram, Hindi Against India (New Delhi: Rachna Prakashan, 1968); P. Spratt, DMK in Power (Bombay: Nachiketa, 1970); K. S. Ramanujam, The Big Change (Madras: Higginbothams,1967), and K. S. Ramanujam,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bolla Sai Padmini P
    S.NO INSTITUTE NAME STATE LAST NAME FIRST NAME PROGRAMME COURSE 1 RAO'S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Andhra Pradesh - BOLLA SAI PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS PADMINI 2 SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF Andhra Pradesh DEBOSMITHA SAMANTHA APPLIED ARTS AND APPLIED ARTS FINE ARTS CRAFTS 3 MRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Andhra Pradesh B MURALI PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS 4 MRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Andhra Pradesh J SREEKANTH PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS 5 JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF Andhra Pradesh BOINI SHRAVANI PHARMACY PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 6 JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF Andhra Pradesh RASAPELLY RAMESH PHARMACY PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUMAR 7 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh KUMARI M COLLEGE 8 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh LAKSHMI D COLLEGE 9 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh BHOOSHANAM E COLLEGE 10 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh GUNDAJI VENKATA ENGINEERING AND FIRST YEAR/OTHER COLLEGE TECHNOLOGY 11 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh R BHARGAVI ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COLLEGE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING 12 SRIDEVI WOMEN'S ENGINEERING Andhra Pradesh PADMANABHU RAVI ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION COLLEGE NI TECHNOLOGY ENGG 13 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC FOR Andhra Pradesh KOSURI ACHYUTA ENGINEERING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WOMEN SATYA TECHNOLOGY 14 GLOBAL GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS Andhra Pradesh S HEMANTH ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ENGG 15 GLOBAL GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS Andhra Pradesh VENNAM VENKARAM ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING 16 AZAD COLLEGE OF
    [Show full text]
  • When Nature Plays a Trick on You and You Are Considered A
    1 1 WAS BORN rtaki travels down memory lane, long into her childhood. The most vivid memory she has, is a recurring one and has stayed with her to date. She remembers the misty dawn in the mildly cold winter month of Margazhi, spanning the second half of December and the first of January which is probably the most pleasant in the otherwise hot south. This is the season of fasts and prayers - espe- cially by young maidens waiting for the knight in shining armour. The silence of the wee dark hours is broken by the melo- dious singing of the Thevaram, When nature plays a trick on Thiruvasakam, Thiruppavai, you and you are considered a Thiruvenbavai (centuries-old hymns composed by the great Tamil saints) by gender freak, there is not groups of young ladies and girls to the I much choice but to draw accompaniment of cymbals. And some- from your inner strength where, snug inside a warm blanket, Nartaki remembers a pair of tiny feet that •Ip to make a life for kept perfect time to the mesmerising • yourself, That is what, rhythm outside. f Nartaki, born with the Nartaki recollects, "This is the earliest anatomy of a man but the memory I have of my introduction to the world of music and rhythm - the tap-tap- heart, soul and mind of a ping of my feet, the first steps of my woman, did. Here she dance while my eyes were still half narrates to Annam Suresh, her asleep. I was barely four years old then." touching tale of pain, struggle Not incredible at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing the Evolution of Womanhood Into Selfhood in Select Contemporary Films
    TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF WOMANHOOD INTO SELFHOOD IN SELECT CONTEMPORARY FILMS VIDHYA VIJAYAN Research Scholar Department of English M G University, Kottayam, Kerala INDIA Film, the most popular media, has a tremendous impact to carve out how individual can feel about a particular topic. Indian films portrayed women characters as doubly marginalized creatures. In earlier times women were featured as a commodity only to satisfy male urge and their bodies were featured in a way as if they are meant for male consumption with some few exceptions. Now changes occur and women begin to play the role of central characters. The audiences also begin to perceive the makeover from the conventional girl to an iconoclastic woman. The present study focuses on three movies ‘Queen’ (Hindi), ‘How Old Are You?’ (Malayalam), and ‘Rani Padmini’ (Malayalam) with giving due emphasis on how the women characters are transformed or how they are emancipated in this patriarchal world. Three films mentioned here are highly inspirational and motivational story of women’s empowerment. Keywords- commodity, iconoclastic woman, emancipation, empowerment INTRODUCTION Film and social reality do feed one another. Film has a tremendous impact to carve out how individual can feel about a particular topic. Indian films portray women characters as stereotypes. It is a double emphasized statement that women are often subjugated in every field and they are doubly marginalized. Films, the recently flourished scenario, also emphasize the same. In the olden days women have been relegated to the passive position in film after film. She merely becomes an adjunct to the man, the wielder of power.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Batik in Java and Santiniketan
    Universiteit Leiden Journey of Textile Designs: A Case Study of Batik in Java and Santiniketan Master Thesis, Asian Studies (60 EC) 2015-16 Name of student: Deboshree Banerjee Student Number: s1684337 Date: 1st September 2016 Supervisors: Prof. dr. N.K. Wickramasinghe-Samarasinghe Prof. dr. P.R. Kanungo Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures and Tables......................................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Textiles: A Medium of Cultural Studies ......................................................................... 1 1.2. Diffusion Theory ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Literature Review: Javanese and Santiniketan Batik ...................................................... 4 1.3.1. Javanese Batik .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Santiniketan Batik ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Proposed Hypothesis ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Numbers and Addresses of the Elevated/Transferred/Retired Hon'ble Supreme Court Judges/Hon'ble Chief Justices and Ho
    CONTACT NUMBERS AND ADDRESSES OF THE ELEVATED/TRANSFERRED/RETIRED HON’BLE SUPREME COURT JUDGES/HON’BLE CHIEF JUSTICES AND HON’BLE JUDGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH COURT AS ON 10-08-2021. HON’BLE CHIEF JUSTICES / JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT OF INDIA WHO ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH COURT SL. NAME OF THE HON’BLE CHIEF JUSTICES / JUDGE CONTACT NUMBER NO. 1 Sri Justice N.V. Ramana, Chief Justice of India. 011-23794772 3, Janpath, New Delhi-110 001 H.No.331-2RT, Sanjiva Reddy Nagar, Hyderabad-38 2 Sri Justice R. Subhash Reddy 011-23012825 2, Teen Murti Marg, New Delhi Plot No.193, Rd.No.10 C, M.L.As & M.Ps Colony, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-33 040-23545058 3 Sri Justice V. Ramasubramanian 011-23018043 Room No.202, New Tamil Nadu House, Near Chankya Hall, Tikerdrajit Marg, New Delhi HON’BLE SITTING CHIEF JUSTICES / JUDGES WHO ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH COURT SL. NAME OF THE HON’BLE CHIEF JUSTICES / JUDGE CONTACT NUMBER NO. 1 Sri Justice Raghvendra Singh Chauhan Chief Justice, High Court of Uttarakhand 2 Sri Justice Suresh Kumar Kait Judge, High Court of Delhi 3 Sri Justice P.V. Sanjay Kumar Judge, Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh FORMER HON’BLE SUPREME COURT JUDGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH COURT SL. NAME OF THE HON’BLE CHIEF JUSTICES / JUDGE DATE OF CONTACT NO. RETIRMENT NUMBER 1 Sri Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy 13.03.1997 040-23548544 Plot No.301, Road No.25, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad - 33. 040-23541211 98492-80544 2 Sri Justice M. Jagannadha Rao 01.12.2000 040-23224533 3-6-281/B, 2nd Floor, Above SBI, Opp to Old MLA Quarters, 040-23221181 (F) Himayatnagar, Hyd – 29.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectacle Spaces: Production of Caste in Recent Tamil Films
    South Asian Popular Culture ISSN: 1474-6689 (Print) 1474-6697 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsap20 Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films Dickens Leonard To cite this article: Dickens Leonard (2015) Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films, South Asian Popular Culture, 13:2, 155-173, DOI: 10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 Published online: 23 Oct 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rsap20 Download by: [University of Hyderabad] Date: 25 October 2015, At: 01:16 South Asian Popular Culture, 2015 Vol. 13, No. 2, 155–173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films Dickens Leonard* Centre for Comparative Literature, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India This paper analyses contemporary, popular Tamil films set in Madurai with respect to space and caste. These films actualize region as a cinematic imaginary through its authenticity markers – caste/ist practices explicitly, which earlier films constructed as a ‘trope’. The paper uses the concept of Heterotopias to analyse the recurrence of spectacle spaces in the construction of Madurai, and the production of caste in contemporary films. In this pursuit, it interrogates the implications of such spatial discourses. Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films To foreground the study of caste in Tamil films and to link it with the rise of ‘caste- gestapo’ networks that execute honour killings and murders as a reaction to ‘inter-caste love dramas’ in Tamil Nadu,1 let me narrate a political incident that occurred in Tamil Nadu – that of the formation of a socio-political movement against Dalit assertion in December 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Human Social Science
    Online ISSN : 2249-460X Print ISSN : 0975-587X DOI : 10.17406/GJHSS EffectonImprovingtheEconomy EffectivenessofGovernmentPolicies FeasibilityoftheProposedMonetary RetrospectiveReflectionontheHistory VOLUME18ISSUE5VERSION1.0 Global Journal of Human-Social Science: E Economics Global Journal of Human-Social Science: E Economics Volume 18 Issue 5 (Ver. 1.0) Open Association of Research Society Global Journals Inc. *OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ (A Delaware USA Incorporation with “Good Standing”; Reg. Number: 0423089) Social Sciences. 2018. Sponsors:Open Association of Research Society Open Scientific Standards $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 7KLVLVDVSHFLDOLVVXHSXEOLVKHGLQYHUVLRQ Publisher’s Headquarters office RI³*OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV´%\*OREDO-RXUQDOV,QF Global Journals ® Headquarters $OODUWLFOHVDUHRSHQDFFHVVDUWLFOHVGLVWULEXWHG XQGHU³*OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO 945th Concord Streets, 6FLHQFHV´ Framingham Massachusetts Pin: 01701, 5HDGLQJ/LFHQVHZKLFKSHUPLWVUHVWULFWHGXVH United States of America (QWLUHFRQWHQWVDUHFRS\ULJKWE\RI³*OREDO -RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHV´XQOHVV USA Toll Free: +001-888-839-7392 RWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQVSHFLILFDUWLFOHV USA Toll Free Fax: +001-888-839-7392 1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHG Offset Typesetting RUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQV HOHFWURQLFRUPHFKDQLFDOLQFOXGLQJ SKRWRFRS\UHFRUGLQJRUDQ\LQIRUPDWLRQ G lobal Journals Incorporated VWRUDJHDQGUHWULHYDOV\VWHPZLWKRXWZULWWHQ 2nd, Lansdowne, Lansdowne Rd., Croydon-Surrey, SHUPLVVLRQ Pin: CR9 2ER, United Kingdom 7KHRSLQLRQVDQGVWDWHPHQWVPDGHLQWKLV ERRNDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRUVFRQFHUQHG 8OWUDFXOWXUHKDVQRWYHULILHGDQGQHLWKHU
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Throughout the Country with Due Solemnity
    Volume 49 No. 18 Organ of the SOCIALIST UNITY CENTRE OF INDIA (COMMUNIST) 8 Pages May 1, 2016 Founder Editor-in-Chief : COMRADE SHIBDAS GHOSH Price : Rs. 2.00 Long Live Historic May Day 68th Foundation Anniversary of May Day proclaims the checkered one, dating back to May international fraternity and solidarity 1, 1886, when industrial workers SUCI(C) observed throughout of the toiling people of the world. Its across USA went on strike across true observance lies in the renewed the country, with the demand of 8 the country with due solemnity resolve of working class to continue hour working day instead of the SUCI (Communist), the genuine Indian national bourgeoisie whose the struggle unitedly for achieving gruelling 12-16 hours. Their demand communist party on Indian soil, was aim was to usurp all the fruits of and preserving their legitimate rights was met with brutal repression of founded 69 years back by Comrade freedom movements and grab power – and take pledge to fight not only the state machinery, including Shibdas Ghosh, an outstanding from the British imperialists through against the exploitation of capitalism indiscriminate police firing on Marxist thinker in the post-Lenin compromise. He further realized wreaking havoc on their life and peacefully demonstrating workers in period, on this historic day of 24 that this great betrayal to the people tens of thousands in was going to take Haymarket Square, place since there was Chicago, and public no genuine communist execution of 4 Union party who could by leaders, while others way of correct and got life term.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Aco3mxddati0n of Primqpjdial Parties
    THE POLITICAL ACO3MXDDATI0N OF PRIMQPJDIAL PARTIES DMK (India) and PAS (Malaysia) , by Y. Mansoor Marican M.Soc.Sci. (S'pore), 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FL^iDlMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of. Political Science) We accept this thesis as conforniing to the required standard THE IJNT^RSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November. 1976 ® Y. Mansoor Marican, 1976. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of POLITICAL SCIENCE The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 ABSTRACT This study is rooted in a theoretical interest in the development of parties that appeal mainly to primordial ties. The claims of social relationships based on tribe, race, language or religion have the capacity to rival the civil order of the state for the loyalty of its citizens, thus threatening to undermine its political authority. This phenomenon is endemic to most Asian and African states. Most previous research has argued that political competition in such contexts encourages the formation of primordially based parties whose activities threaten the integrity of these states.
    [Show full text]
  • High Court of Judicature at Madras Thursday 13 August 2020 Index
    . HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS THURSDAY 13 AUGUST 2020 INDEX Sl. Video Conference Pages No. Court Sitting Arrangements / Coram 1 NOTIFICATION NO. 168 / 2020 1 - 4 2 NOTIFICATION NO. 169 / 2020 5 - 6 CHIEF JUSTICE & 3 VC 01 7 - 17 SENTHILKUMAR RAMAMOORTHY.J VINEET KOTHARI.J & 4 VC 02 18 - 20 KRISHNAN RAMASAMY.J R.SUBBIAH.J & 5 VC 03 21 - 25 C.SARAVANAN.J R.SUBBIAH.J & 6 VC 03 26 C.SARAVANAN.J N.KIRUBAKARAN.J & 7 VC 05 27 - 30 V.M.VELUMANI.J M.M.SUNDRESH.J & 8 VC 06 31 P.T.ASHA.J M.M.SUNDRESH.J & 9 VC 06 32 - 35 R.HEMALATHA.J M.M.SUNDRESH.J & 10 VC 06 36 - 38 R.HEMALATHA.J 11 VC 08 M.DURAISWAMY.J 39 - 40 12 VC 09 T.RAJA.J 41 - 43 13 VC 10 K.RAVICHANDRABAABU.J 44 - 48 14 VC 11 P.N.PRAKASH.J 49 - 51 15 VC 12 PUSHPA SATHYANARAYANA.J 52 - 55 16 VC 15 R.MAHADEVAN.J 56 - 60 17 VC 20 V.PARTHIBAN.J 61 - 68 18 VC 21 R.SUBRAMANIAN.J 69 - 74 19 VC 22 M.GOVINDARAJ.J 75 - 78 20 VC 23 M.SUNDAR.J (OS) 79 - 81 21 VC 26 M.S.RAMESH.J 82 - 88 22 VC 27 S.M.SUBRAMANIAM.J 89 - 90 23 VC 28 ANITA SUMANTH.J 91 - 96 24 VC 29 T.RAVINDRAN.J 97 - 98 25 VC 30 P.VELMURUGAN.J 99 - 103 26 VC 31 G.JAYACHANDRAN.J 104 - 106 27 VC 31 G.JAYACHANDRAN.J 107 - 109 28 VC 32 C.V.KARTHIKEYAN.J (OS) 110 - 115 29 VC 34 N.SATHISH KUMAR.J (OS) 116 - 122 30 VC 36 V.BHAVANI SUBBAROYAN.J 123 - 125 31 VC 37 A.D.JAGADISH CHANDIRA.J 126 - 137 32 VC 39 ABDUL QUDDHOSE.J 138 - 143 33 VC 40 M.DHANDAPANI.J 144 - 146 34 VC 41 P.D.AUDIKESAVALU.J 147 - 151 35 VC 47 P.T.ASHA.J (OS) 152 - 161 36 VC 47 P.T.ASHA.J (Advance List for 14.08.2020) (OS) 162 - 168 37 VC 48 M.NIRMAL KUMAR.J 169 - 174 38 VC 49 N.ANAND VENKATESH.J 175 - 181 39 VC 50 G.K.ILANTHIRAIYAN.J 182 - 184 40 VC 52 C.SARAVANAN.J 185 - 187 41 PROVISIONAL LIST 188 - 196 NOTIFICATION NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs Download Tamil Old
    Songs download tamil old A. A n · B. Best of Old Collections. C. man · Chandra Babu. D. li Govindarajan. G. Gandasala. J. Jeyachanthiran. K. provides latest tamil mp3 songs free download, old tamil mp3 songs free You are here: Home:: Old Collections. Old Collections.​Sad Songs (Old) 2 · ​Sad Songs (Old) 1 · ​Old Collections 1 · ​Old Collections 2. We have categorized by tamil classical songs collection, Kannadasan Hits, Siviji ganesan and MGR movies, Gemini Ganesan Hits.​Kannadasan Hits · ​JP Chandrababu Tamil Old · ​Tamil to 's Old Sad. Kannadasan was a Tamil poet and most important writers in the Tamil language. we have categorized by Kannadasan Hits Old Songs Free Download. Tamil Old Collections Mp3 Songs Download, Tamil Old Collections High Quality Mp3 Songs Free Download.​Sivaji Ganesan - Golden Hits · ​Sad Songs (Old) · ​Old Collections 2. Ilayaraja Tamil Hits, Lahari Music presents to you Ilayaraja Old Tamil Hit Songs, Ilayaraja Tamil Songs. Saregama Tamil , views · MGR & Jayalalitha Romantic Songs Jukebox - Old Classic. Hi here you will get all Tamil old hit songs from Tamil movies. This Tamil Old Evergreen Hit Songs App is dedicated to Tamil Fans. In this app. Hi here you will get all Tamil old hit songs from Tamil movies. In this app you will get Tamil old can listen and watch your favourite old Tamil songs. old tamil songs download tamil old songs download old tamil songs free download. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Music Sivaji Ganesan Tamil Mp3 Songs Free Download Mp3 Music New Hits High quality Songs Best Tamil Mp3 Songs downloads. MG Ramachandran Hits, MGR Hits Mp3 Songs Download, MG Ramachandran Old Movie Songs Collection, MG Ramachandran Songs.
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH COURT, MADRAS-600 104. NOTIFICATION No. 18/2012
    HIGH COURT, MADRAS-600 104. NOTIFICATION No. 18/2012 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Applications (in the prescribed format) are invited for filling up of 33 Posts of Court Manager, (viz.,two in the Principal seat of High Court, Madras and one in the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court, Madurai and remaining 30 posts for 30 Judicial Districts in the State of Tamil Nadu) in the time scale of pay Rs.15600 – 39100/- + Grade Pay Rs.6600/- created and sanctioned under the 13th Finance Commission Grants-in-aid Scheme. The appointment to the posts will be purely temporary till the Plan period of 13th Finance Commission i.e., 31.03.2015. Candidates are required to pay a fee of Rs.500/-(Rupees five hundred only) (Rs.250/-(Rupees two hundred and fifty only) in case of SC/ST Candidates), by way of Demand Draft drawn from any Nationalized Bank in favour of The Registrar General, High Court, Madras, payable at Chennai. Candidates working in the State/Central Government are required to submit their applications through proper channel. Upper age limit as on 01.01.2012 for candidates belonging to Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is 40 years and for others 35 years. ..2.. -2- Physically handicapped persons and Destitute Widows are exempted from payment of above fee subject to production of necessary proof of their claim from the Competent Authority. Applications and Hall Ticket in the prescribed format (each one Photo to be affixed in the specified columns and one more Photo to be attached separately) alongwith a Demand Draft prescribed above and other attested copies of Certificates specified in the Application, should reach the Registrar General, High Court, Madras, on or before (the closing hours of the Office) 29.02.2012.
    [Show full text]