<<

Disputes over hirin! Sociology splits

The widely-heralded student parity Several days earlier, faculty had Le Chamau Men's Wear Ltd. system in the Sociology department ap­ suggested that the potential faculty pears to be in trouble. members be discussed and voted on in a SCOTIA SQUARE 2179GOTTINGEN ST. Despite chairman Don Clairmont's secret faculty meeting. Students felt this 5520 SPRING GARDEN RD. optimism in last week's Gazette that was in contradiction to the spirit of HALIFAX, N.S. " parity will help in the openness and trust the faculty was ad­ debureaucratization" of department vocating. policies, the faculty's hiring of UBC After 90 minutes of vigorous debate the graduate Peter Clark on Friday over stiff faculty decided to caucas to consolidate student opposition has caused open their opinion and discuss the admissability divisions in the department. of the student motion. A Sociology Students' Course Union Meanwhile, the students decided on a meeting has been called for today (Dec. 3) compromise position. to discuss the apparent break-down in When the faculty returned, chairman decision-making and decide what position Clairmont said that the student motion the union will take. was out of order. He refused to table the Students have parity within depart- new student motion for further discussion mental meetings and its committees on all and rejected a plea to delay the hiring issues except hiring and firing of faculty procedure until an agreement could be and evaluation of students. negotiated. But the hiring of new faculty - as many On Thursday the faculty had their own as seven may be added - has become the secret meeting to work out a new hiring central issue facing the department this mechanism but did not consult the year and many students think that faculty Students' Union. Fishermen forced are making arbitrary, unilateral The faculty invited interested students decisions. to their special meeting on Friday to • The conflict flared Tuesday when the discuss the two potential candidates Clark to negate actions Students Union representatives presented and Dick Metzoff from York University. a motion to the department asking that More than 20 students attended, but new candidates be discussed openly at the made clear that is was another com­ departmental meetings and that the promise on their part. They regarded the by Martin Langille Scales to their proper condition. Last month, the seven-month strike of The fishermen are now back at work, faculty immediately proceed to a vote. hiring procedures as open to further They still recognized that the faculty has negotiations. Canso Strait fishermen was concluded having eeked out a meagre settlement the ultimate vote on hiring. Student after student spoke against the when trawler fishermen signed an from the fish companies. But the Court "agreement" with Booth Fisheries of Petit proceedings still remain. The replacing of A further clause asked that the new two candidates and questioned the candidates be discussed in groups to allow urgency of making a decision im- de Grat and Acadia Fisheries of Mulgrave the old Attendants of Justice with a new a more representative choice. (continued on page 3) and Canso. entourage has left the Justice Department One of the issues raised by this strike, as remarkably unchanged, and the High in other strikes, is the granting of court Priests of Justice remain as they were, injunctions forbidding picketing of plant their ruffled dignity beginning to re-asser sites. This tactic, so often employed by the itself now that the attention of the public companies with the ready accompliance of has been removed from them. roups protest the Courts, denies workers their most On Monday, Nov. 23, three inshore effective bargaining weapon - the ability fishermen were back in Court on the same to withdraw their labour power and contempt charges, again facing Chief prevent the company from bringing in Justice Cowan. Justice Cowan demanded planning scheme scab labour to replace them. Even after that the fishermen either apologize to the much of the storm and publicity roused by Court, on the grounds that they had not Halifax neighbourhood organizations meeting last week Halifax Mayor Allan the fishermen's strike has died down and known what they were doing when they and anti-pollution groups are organizing O'Brien told the groups that at least one of the strike ended, the legal repercussions of defied the injunction, or face new sen­ opposition to several contentious the planners involved thinks industry the injunctions are still being felt by the tences. This, in spite of the fact that the development plans slated for presentation should have top priority in Halifax, and the fishermen. fishermen had already gvne on record by the Metro Area Planning Commission development proposals reflect this view. In June of this year, Chief Justice during the previous trials stating that they at a meeting this week. At a meeting Included are container piers at Mill Cove Gordon Cowan sentenced fishermen to jail knew exactly what they were doing. They Thursday (today) at 8:00 p.m. in the on the Halifax side of Bedford Basin, Navy terms of 20 and 30 days for defying a Court were fighting for their rights against a Oxford St. School, the Commission will Island on the Dartmouth side, more piers injunction ordering them to stop picketting biased system of Justice. It is the Courts unveil schemes aimed at intensive in- at the site of the new container terminal at fish plants in Canso, Mulgrave and Petit de themselves not the fishermen who are dustrial development and high density Point Pleasant Park, and a container Grat. But the fishermen, always a bit ignorant of this fact. Like Galileo at the living on the peninsula of Halifax within facility where the city dump now sits suspicious of the efficacy of Judicial hands of the Inquisition the fishermen four years. The plans centre around (raising the question of a new dump Wisdom, displayed a most irreligious were asked, in effect, to commit purgury container shipping and sewage disposal. location). The plans also call for a sewage disregard for the Divine Inspiration of the or face sentence. The initial planning, under the aegis of plant at Point Pleasant and two large Courts, declaring instead that they were The fishermen were given time to leave the Tory regime, was conducted in secret, research developments behind Purcell's quite ready to go to jail rather than give up the courtroom and make their decision. and the meeting Thursday is the first open Cove in which Dalhousie and the Bedford their rights or abandon their principles. There were several considerations to be session for the Commission. Several Institute of Oceanography are involved. This act of heresy caused Our Lady of made: the possibility of jail sentences if community groups are expected to voice The most vocal opposition is coming Justice such a fit of apoplexy that She r continued on page 2) strong opposition to the plans. At a from and through the Bedford Basin actually dropped Her precious Scales. / Pollution Committee. They see the Justice Cowan, in an attempt to teach the proposed container facilities as a direct Labour movement the peril of defying the threat and the resulting increase in rail edicts of the Supreme Court, sentenced traffic around the basin as a further fisherman Everett Richardson to nine deterrent to use of the Basin for months in jail. recreation. A new reign of Inquisitional Terror The proposed sewage treatment plant appeared imminent for the rest of the would be located on a reef just off Point fishermen still awaiting trial. Fortunately, Pleasant (presumably to circumvent park however, 7,500 workers throughout the regulations) and would provide less than province, having observed the distress in secondary treatment, necessitating the which Lady Justice found herself, walked use of barges to remove the sewage on a off their jobs in an effort to rouse the weekly basis. The opposition feels such a Justice Department to Her assistance. plant would ruin the park aesthetically and Finally awakened, the Attendants of create an offensive odor in the area. Juctice managed to gather up the Scales The Pollution Committee is one of many and restore them, albeit in a somewhat groups opposing the plans. Others include battered condition, to their Lady's hand. the North End Tenants Association, the The sentences were suspended pending a Neighbourhood Centre, the Halifax Supreme Court appeal, and the Justice Welfare Rights Committee and the Nova Department went back to sleep, having Acadia's Mulgrave plant was one of the centers of a seven month fishermen's strike this Scotia Association for the Advancement of forgotten, as usual, to restore the damaged year. The strike is now over, but the effects linger on. Coloured People. Page 2 Dalhousie Gazette December 3, 1970

etceteraetce Scales smashed • • • (continued from page 1) PLAYS Department at Dal is sponsoring John Whiting's "Saints Day" a discussion on "The many ways will be presented by the to prevent pregnancy", Monday, they refused to apologize; the words for which no one would been maintained, an ex parte Department of Theatre in the December 7 at 8 p.m. in the effects this would have on their blame them anyway? injunction. The fishermen had Studio Theatre, Library Annexe Killam Library Auditorium. families, on top of the hardships So the fishermen decided to been informed that the injunction on December 2-6 at 8:30 p.m. Panelists will be Dr. E. Belzer, already sustained during the apologize. Even then they at­ was being applied for and so it Admission is free, and tickets Prof. Ruth Engs, both members seven-month strike; the effect of tempted to work out a statement was not ex parte. What Justice Il!ay be reserved at the theatre of the department, and Dr. J. their actions on the trial of which would not compromise Cowan omitted to say, however, house, 6188 South Street. Johnson, of the Dalhousie Student trawler fishermen, on the same them completely and at least was that the fishermen had lost BIRTH CONTROL Health services. Everyone is charge scheduled for Dec. 29; leave them free of the lie that their regular legal counsel and The Health Education welcome. and, finally, the possibility of they did not know what they were had to engage a new lawyer from again arousing labour support for Port Hawksbury one day before LOST-OR-STOLEN doing. Justice Cowan accepted their cause. Leo MacKay, Vice­ the injunction hearing. There was Dal leather jacket, size 44, the apology and freed the President of the Nova Scotia little time to acquaint him with Commerce 'D' on front, D-A-L on fishermen, reiterating for a final practice Federation of Labour, recom­ time his lament that he had never even the most fundamental back. Please contact Steve mended that they apologize. Why wanted to prosecute them at all. aspects of the strike. Wright, Dal Photo Department, rock the boat for the sake of a few and third floor of SUB. The compromise was On the grounds that he had not had the time to gain sufficient ROOMMATES minimized as much as possible, knowledge of the strike on which WANTED but it remains a compromise. It Girl to share apartment with The Dalhousie was a compromise of the human to base a defence, the lawyer applied for a postponement of the three others, own room, central dignity of the three fishermen to hearing. His appeal was denied location. $70.00 monthly. Phone Gazette have to apologize and so become 454-7579. Male to share apart­ CANADA'S OLDEST part of the hypocrisy of the Court. and the injunction granted. ment with two others. $47. per COLLEGE NEWSPAPER It also implied a compromise of Not an ex parte injunction- by month rent. Phone Tim, 453-4176 Published by the Dalhousie the whole labour movement on legal definition. But it is equally Student Union, with offices in the subject of court injunctions. Room 334 ot the Dalhousie effective in placing fishermen in SUB, Halifax. Justice Cowan attempted to the position of "criminals" for TELEPHONE NUMBERS: having done no more than fight ABORTIONS Advertising Manager: 424·2507 defend the use of the injunction in General Calls: 424-2350 the fishermen's strike on the for their rights as working are legal in New York grounds that it was not, as has people.

Pregnancy Control Center arranges all details tor you. THE "RENAULT 16"

Maximum waiting: 2 days, open every day 9 a.m.-11 p.m. Built in Canada, For appointment call: (212) 873-1496 to give you

the maximum .l .. ormal ft·ear · driving RENTALS safety and Black or White Tuxedos and Accessories comfort to calm Ava1lable from Stock confidence' our harsh Canadian driving conditions. " SCOTIA S'OUA~E .. PHONE 429-5936 They go hand tn hand to make you good, then better and ftnally the best you can be Whether 1t's r1d1ng, sw1mming , playrng the RENAULT+Im p1ano or 1ust becom1ng a com- PIMPLES Ugly skin blemishes on face or body, CHECK AND COMPARE THESE FEATURES: plete person. 4 Eczema. Pimples. Red Scaly Itching Skin and Athlete's Foot are quickly (THEY'RE ALL STANDARD EQUIPMENT) Each hurdle will be easier to relieved by NIXODERM. Antiseptic action heals, helps make skin softer, take If the san1tary pro- smoother. clearer. Ask your druggist !or NIXODERM o!ntm .. nt and soap. tectiOn you use 1sn't com- Help clean, clear and revitalize your I· skin. Look better fast. -4 wheel independent suspension, disc brakes and "Michelin ZX" pet1ng aga1nst you the , · , radial ply tires give excellent handling and braking. way napk1ns can ' ''' Take Tampax tampons for The Dual Purpose -every Renault has been dipped in rust proofing and a top grade of mstance They're worn Internally. Lens Is Here! Canadian paint, and an entire undercoating which give you And they're safe and easy to use maximum rust protection. even the f1rst time (just follow the VERIGRAY -a full front range defrost system matched with an electric rear 1nstruct1ons) . You 'll naturally feel LENSES defrost system gives you clear vision in the coldest conditions. comfortable. fresh and secure all -these are just a few of the features built into every Renault 16. day, every day. What eas1er way 1S there to bu1ld your confidence? fj?J~ As for the practice, you'll frnd No longer will ynu neell two that's a lot more pleasant, too. pair• ot glas>es These lenses have the unique abJllty to FOR FURTHER For further information please contact: Tampax tampons really help. chan<~:e color accordmg to light conditions around them and prtt'tect you~ ey<'s from ex­ tremes of light and dark. For A Free Demonstration Drop In Today Ji111 Tesoriere

CAMPUS REPRESENTATIVE RENAULT OF CANADA LTD. Atlantic Optical 5980 SPRING GARDEN RD. H. T. Billard. Guild Optician TAMPAX TAMPONS ARE MADE ONLY BY Bus. Phone 423-7700 6417 lady Hammond Rd. Halifax, N.S. Phone 455-0519 Res. 423-4241 CANADIAN TAMPAX CORPORATION LTD., Re5. Phone 455-1494 BARRIE. ONTARIO December 3, 1970 Dalhousie Gazette Page 3

Welfare Would you believe • • • faces off with city We have student power

by Tim Macintyre by Brian Smith topic for the rest of the con­ neighbours that they can't even State of Mass., the building was The Halifax Welfare Rights Brian Smith is the new SUB ference - Student Helplessness. see our dust, so to speak. I built with student fees, dating Committee have made Affairs Secretary. The sessions covered topics learned that before we criticize back to the 1930's. However, the arrangements with social like entertainment on campus, our own system, to take a good Board of Trustees, the governing planner, Mr. H. Crowell, to On November 5-8, I had the the alienated student, theft, the look at others, and maybe, just body on campus, decided that hold a public meeting in the pleasure of attending the AUC-1, financing of Student Unions, etc. maybe, we may be struck with this beautiful structure was much city of Halifax to discuss (Associated College Unions - and always returned to the the realization that our system too nice to turn over to students. welfare. The HWRC is hoping International) conference at the question - "what can we do isn't so bad after all. So they didn't. that people from all segments University of Massachusetts, about it, we have nothing to say.'' A good example is the situation of society will use the op­ Amherst, Mass., the Dalhousie Another instance: The Now to return to what I lear­ at the host school, U. of Mass. President of the Union, a student, portunity presented by this delegation, drawn from the ned. I learned that we (at least They have a campus centre, a meeting to present their Student Union and SUB is invited to attend the Trustee's the students of this university, as beautiful structure reaching 11 meeting. He is allowed to speak views. Operations Board. well as Acadia), do not have to stories, housing, among other This will be the first time in on any issue he desires, during I suppose I left Halifax with take a back seat from anyone as things, a hotel, bar and Halifax when hopefully, poor the final fifteen minutes of the apprehension of what I would far as student power is con­ restaurant, auditorium, college people will be able to thrash it meeting, providing the trustees learn at the forthcoming con­ cerned. I learned that in fact, we shop and cafeterias. Although out with the Aldermen, the don't use his time. Isn't that ference. Well, I learned! Just are so far ahead of our American this college is sponsored by the Mayor, social planners and great? The topping on the cake is what I learned I will tell in a social workers, as well as the that there has been a filibuster to moment, but first, a little about premier of Nova Scotia. It is prevent him from speaking about the conference and what goes on. hoped that all those interested the use of the Campus Centre, or in seeing a change in the poor in fact, anything else, for 2 1/ 2 The conference is made up of semesters. community will attend. delegations of students and staff On November 23, the HWRC from colleges in New Hampshire, And again. Students had met with 30 students from St. Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, reserved meeting rooms for a Mary's University to explain Connecticut, Rhode Island, and conference through proper the need for this organization, Atlantic Canada (only channels, only to find, when they as well as its function and the delegations from Dal and Acadia arrived, that the rooms had been philosophy of its members. were there). given to The Fruitsprayers These students have shown Association of America for their great concern for the com­ The conference consisted of annual convention. Reason- the munity, and will be using dinner meetings with guest FA of A were revenue producers HWRC assistance for their speakers and a series of informal and students were not. rap sessions on relevant topics. help line, when needed. It is As for the student areas of this hoped that these students, At the opening dinner, we were building; the building consists of along with all other interested treated to a speech by a Dr. 11 floors, two of which are open to parties from the Universities George Taylor, reputed to be one students. One of them contains a will attend the meeting on of America's leading educators. coffee shop, called the Concrete welfare. He struck me as a man for all Coffee Pot, and the other the The time and place of the seasons, with a little for everyone Auditorium. meeting is not yet finalized, and nothing concrete for anyone. but will be released when it is His speech, discussed at a rap The aforementioned situations were reiterated constantly by the confirmed. session later set the unofficial !:iteve Wright Photo students attending the con­ ference. Only the scene and At School lor the Blind characters were changed to protect the Board of Trustees. In most cases, the Student Council and elected officers of that body Student-staff solidarity needed were nothing more than the equivalent of our junior high school councils. They decided on by Martin Dalley sincerity of any present or for­ with both the Minister of although, "we are not out whether to charge $1 in coin, or $1 "What is needed is more mer staff member," said Stark, Education and Premier Gerald soliciting members, because at in paper for a dance, and many awareness in the pNlblem in the "but they should double their Regan in January. In the near the present time, a small group other important issues, con­ education of the blind, and a effort for what they want. They future, BRAM will take their case can operate more efficiently than cerning the masses of students. more concerted effort of all are doing with what they have, to the other three Maritime a large group." However, we Atlantic Provinces to make which is a old army cliche, "If governments and it is hoped that would welcome any people who All in all, the conference ameRds for a hundred years of you don't have it and need it, a real examination of the would like to work with us. presented a rather disheartening neglect," said Ouistopher Stark, crochet it." educational system for the blind "We do not claim, and never insight into Student Union a member of the Blind Rights The staff members are not in will be accomplished. have claimed to speak for the government, American-style. Action Movement. agreement with the method Negotiations are also un­ blind community, we are only I could not help feeling a sense "I think the school has been approach, said Stark. They are in derway with the CYC to explore offering our comments and of pride in the sophistication of honestly trying to make the rough agreement with the overall the possibilities of having a suggestions in an effort to help, our Student Union, compared government respond for over a objectives presented by BRAM, member of BRAM trained as a and anyone who wants to with those south of the border. decade and, if they become but disagree in tactics. The CYC volunteer. disagree, can and should do so", Even more satisfying is the frustrated and disappointed from Board of Governors appear to be BRAM is not an exclusive club concluded Stark. knowledge that this time to time, no one can really concerned, but there is a lack of sophistication has been the result blame them." communication between the of student decisions and student When BRAM drew up their government and the Board. "We leadership, as opposed to total brief, they too were trying to get are trying to get the staff to come Sociology splits • • • university control. Our reception not only the government to out and fight for what they by · the other participating respond, but also the staff and (continued from page 1) want," he added. universities was a recognition of administration of the school. mediately. Four more candidates should be especially careful to It is hoped that courses be set our status as a leader in Student However, as a result of the brief, up on the local level, geared to are coming in the next ten days. hire the strongest candidates. Union government. which deals with the im­ training of special teachers to Professor Herb Gamberg The faculty then voted to end provement of the blind teach the blind and the deaf and suggested that there was a discussion and exclude the It's nice to be a part of that educational system at the Blind mute. Members of BRAM also possibility of a financial cutoff on assembled students. They hired inheritance. School, many of the staff feel that courses should be set up hiring and that we should proceed Clark and narrowly voted 5-4 NOTE: I would like to add that members appear to be taking to train houseparents. "We are with all haste. against also hiring Metzoff. these are my own impressions their frustrations out on BRAM, not trying to tear the school Students and several faculty Both sides wish to avoid further and comments of the AUC-1 when they should be presenting down," said Stark, "but improve said this only substantiated their polarization and the issue will Region I conference, and do not the needs to all who will listen. it." position. If only a few posts were again be debated at Tuesday's represent the collective views of "We are not questioning the Meetings have been planned open, they said, the department departmental meeting. the Dalhousie delegation. Page 4 Dalhousie Gazette December 3, 1970 December 3, 1970 Dalhousie Gazette Page 5

LE CHATEAU ;- MEN'S WEAR LTD. The great price war puf,_on 1970 10% STUDENT DISCOUNT !_1 _·· ---~ -· Scotia Square theirs in response. Items which are not sold by weight, like lettuce or In fact, when store employees in New Brunswick by LESLIE MACDONALD bulbs, which regularly sell for 69¢, are marked at 38¢. One Dominion grocery manager claims that if a cucwnbers, can be sold for reduced prices. But a tried to unionize two years ago, Sabey's closed down LQ ChatQau Phone 429-3515 Ben's cakes and cookies are reduced in one instance • I I l I I ' t t I 1, customer complains that he or she could buy an item glance at the size of the items makes it obvious that one of its St. John's stores, to demonstrate their "The customers don't understand what's from 19¢ to 15¢, in another from $1.49 to 88¢. 2179 Gottingen St. cheaper at another store, he will mark it down to that there is little to the bargain. say, the strike was involved in pricing," said the grocery feelings about the issue. Needless to Soups, canned fruits and juices, many of them Co-op Phone 429-5831 price "if she is a good customer." Another added that However, the price war has performed a real service manager of one of the eleven Sobey stores in smashed, and Maritime employees are still non-union. brand, dry goods are all substantially lower than any "in that case, the price would be lowered by the end of to the conswner, a service which was not its original So why is Dominion stabilizing or decreasing its 5520 Spring Garden Rd. Phone 429-2572 the Halifax area currently involved in the specials around town. And prices will stay this way, the week. aim. It has helped to clarify the price games which the operations down east. In the past few years they have much flaunted price war. because Co-op is not a money-making venture. HALIFAX, N.S. Sounds great in theory. chains are playing with their customers. Many opened no new stores, in fact they have closed out all "It's a great advertising gimmick," said The store has a board of directors drawn from the When challenged on a 20¢ per pound difference on shoppers are now more aware of the city-slicker tricks their branches in Newfoundland and Prince Edward one of those incomprehending customers. group of citizens who helped to organize the venture. Islanjl. Partly because they are attempting to run their 20% DISCOUNT whole chain from two main warehouses, located in Montreal and Toronto, rather than decentralizing COMPARATIVE PRICE LIST For three weeks now, Halifax conswners have been operations. And partly because neither Dominion nor the object of a price war which originated with So bey's is in this business for the fun of it. The grocery Ladies Peter Scott Dominion Sobeys Co-op Steinbergs in Quebec last winter, spread to Ontario business is a multi-million dollar industry, but not as Honey, 2 1b. .81 .79 .67 Shetland Pullovers where Steinbergs and Dominion are the main con­ multi-million as many. So it is often more profitable for Cheddar Cheese (Medium) .89 .85 .69 tenders and was transported to the Maritimes by the the chains to keep their expansion to the point at which Cream of Mushroom soup .21 .21 .18 and Cardigans Dominion head office in Toronto. they will be making the highest percentage of profits, Nescafe Coffee ( l 0 oz.} 1.85 1.85 1.57 Individual store managers and personnel had no say and c annel other investments into areas with a higher Apples (5 lb. Macs) .63 .65 .43 in the decision to 'go discount', neither do they rate of return. That's business. Raisins (2 1bs. } .73 .75 .64 determine the amount of discount on each item. However, this is not to say that running a super­ Yet they are the one's who must deal with customers market is a losing proposition. This is obvious in the To students only who see inconsistencies in the deep discount policies cooperatives which operate throughout Nova Scotia. which the stores are claiming. The Dartmouth Co-op, in operation for two years, has Store policy, as expressed by the manager, is to buy Please show card "Once it starts, you have to continue if you want to a membership of 750 families, with a waiting list of 300. the best and cheapest products available. Primarily maintain business." In fact, the head offices of both The new Northern Cooperative Limited, in operation they buy their canned and dry stock from Maritime-Co­ major chains are keeping a check of the advertised for only three weeks, already has a membership of 150 op in Moncton. With produce, they try to support local prices of their competitors, and, they claim, lowering families, half of its capacity. farmers, and buy their eggs from a man in Falmouth, There are no signs in the window, screaming of apples from a valley farmer, and all dairy goods from bargains and discounts, only the discreet green and red Brookfield dairy. SEA CHEST Co-op insignia, which can be seen in stores around the Several things may account for the fact that mem­ province. bership is not yet filled to capacity; the lack of parking PRICE WAR QUIZ Inside, a crayoned sign on the wall says "Remem­ facilities, no delivery service, and no fresh meat. BOUTIQUE ber, this is your store. Customers must pack own However, these are being eliminated one by one. A or how well do you know your grocery stores groceries." delivery service was instituted last week, at the going 1593 Dresden Row Halifax, N .S. Co-op is not a put-on. rate of 45¢. Thl._store does belong to its members. And it Stocking fresh meat is a larger problem, but in­ one item between his store and one of the smaller in both pricing and advertising. provi 3 the lowest, most consistent prices in town. dications are that if the store reaches its capacity, they "Nobody but nobody undersells Sobey's" or chains, one Sabey's manager claimed it was a matter One woman, a Capitol stores regular, came to Me1frbers join the co-op by buying two shares of will start looking for a larger place where they can deal "Nobody undersells US" (Dominion) means: of quality. (This was later found to be untrue). His Dominion to check out the price war. ''I've never been stock,,.at $5 per share. They also agree to buy one share in meat as well. (a) these stores have the cheapest prices in town attitude towards the "Nobody but nobody undersells a price watcher", she declared, "but you can be sure each quarter year until they have purchased at least Even given these considerations, Co-op offers a (b) it doesn't much matter where you shop Sabey's" signs which festooned his store was that it I'm going to be now." ten shares. This money provides the capital base any (c) well, nobody who's anybody saving of about 20% on the average grocery order at AROUND HAL IF AX was just sort of a general policy, but when brought to A cashier at Woolco added her analysis. "Sure, they store needs to purchase stock and equipment. deep discount chains or other stores. (d) not very much specifics was not always applicable. This is easy to may discount some things, but not the things an or­ In addition, members pay a two dollar per week (As a note, there are several places in the city to buy verify. dinary family uses. They discount things like chips and Sobey Stores is: service charge, which covers all costs of operation, meat at substantially less than the larger chains. Thursday, Dec. 3 - DAL FILM SOCIETY, A Ben's driver who delivers products to the super­ pop." (a) a small family business salaries, rent, light and heat. Capitol usually provides good bargains, as does Mcinnis Rm. 7: 30 " The Hour (b) part of a multi-million dollar international markets said that he was instructed to mark down Two girls shopping at Dominion and comparing In return, the Co-op Supply Depot, located on Got­ Bailey's out on Oxford towards the shopping centre, of the Wolf" . chain every item 1¢, whether it be a 22¢ loaf of bread or a prices found they had saved two cents on their weeks and several of the smaller stores on Cunard and (c) a good alternative to Dominion because it tingen Street across from the Neighborhood Centre, $1.49 cake. So much for deep discounts. groceries, one on corn starch, the other on cereal. buys merchandise which it sells to its members at cost Gottingen in the North End. adheres to the "buy Maritime" philosophy Friday, Dec. 4 DR. JOHN YOUNG, While the object of the price war was to win over new Both Dominion and Sabey's report an increase in price. And cost price is a far cry from deep discoun­ For the thrifty shopper, there are also the Ben's converts to loyalty to the individual chains, it seems to volume since the war went into effect. Yet one Cha irman of Price and In­ The people who get most satisfaction from the ting. Thrift stores, for day old breads and cakes at large price war are: have had a contrary effect. manager claims that the increase in volwne will not A quick look around the store confirms this. Light reductions. comes Commission. Rm. 15 lal ~~.: consumer, of course Many shoppers, initially attracted by the advertising make up for the decrease in prices, the extra ad­ Weldon Bldg. 2: 00 p.m. •• (b) the stores, which more fully serve the people splashed across the papers, came to investigate the vertising and staff they have hired to take care of the TOPIC: " Price and incomes (c) the Chronicle-Herald-Mail-Star which carries great price war. And most found it a great put-on. increase in customers. Purportedly, the 2% profit despite Regional Economic all the advertising Not suspicious, but curious, many pried the Now margin which the stores earned before discounting in disparity". - -- labels off the newly discounted products to now reduced to 11/ 4%after all expenses are deducted. I would rather be exploited by: determine what they were actually saving. One woman So why continue in the grocery business? (a) an upper Canadian chain store Sunday, Dec. 6 - FOLK MASS, Dal SlJB. (b) a maritime chain store reported, "It said 'Now $1.15', and underneath the The price war has a strange history. Originally (c) both of the above original price was $1.15. And you can get the same Dominion went discount in its Ontario stronghold in Monday, Dec. 7 (d) none of the above thing in Bedford for $1.02" response to discount pricing by Steinbergs, another - ATLANTIC SYMPHONY Others reported similar experiences. Some items chain store. In addition, Super City, an IGA chain, and ORCHESTRA SERIES, If the chain grocery wholesalers were, before were noticeably discounted, namely cat food, potato one of the large chains were moving in and Cohn : 8: 30 SUB. price war, running on 2% profit margin with 24% chips and raisins, but most remained approximately threatening its market. mark-ups, and are now reducing their mark-ups up Tuesday, Dec. a - DAL ART GALLERY to 15%: the same if not more. A gallon tin of Crisco oil, for Once started in Ontario, the war was bound to (a) there will soon be many co-op grocery stores example, was raised from $3.19 to $3.29 a week after spread. If not, Maritimers would have been in the LUNCH HOUR FILM (b) there will soon be no grocery stores the great discounts went into effect. Bacon, which at position of subsidizing an Ontario price war, an SERIES, A & A Bldg. (a) [c) the price war isn't going to last long first dropped from 99¢ a lb. to 69¢ is back up to its alternative which would be hard for any consumer to Rembrandt - Beyond Art, (b) (d) something is fishy somewhere original price. stomach. Charles . Burchfield - Fifty (e) something is fishy everywhere And there are all sorts of other gi.mmi.cks. In the It is easy to see why the stores are not making years of His Art. weeks before the price war, several items disappeared "There's room for everybody, there's no point in exhorbitant profits of some of the country's bigger pushing anybody out" (the philosophy of one of the from the shelves. For instance, Dominion stocked industries, the paper mills, mines and fisheries. At major chains): several brands of 1 lb. bags of popcorn, one selling for least in Ontario it is. There, store employees are (a) is an example of the virtues of free enterprise 31¢, the other for 19¢. Before the war, the 19¢ brand was unionized, and cashiers receive a starting salary of compliments of: (b) means there's lots of room in our store aisles discontinued but the 31¢ brand was deep discounted to $120 a week, while clerks start at $125. They are forced (c) should be a lesson to those overpopulation 30¢. to keep their prices in line with competition from other freaks The same occurred with brown bread; one brand large chains, both Canadian and American. M. K. O'BRIEN PHARMACY (d) "if we can keep our prices high, we'll keep our prices high." selling at 29¢ for 20 oz., the other 30¢ for 18 oz. Now, only But the Maritimes is another story. Cashiers get the more expensive remains, selling for the great close to the minimum wage ($1.00 per hour for women, 6199 Coburg Rd. saving of 29¢. $1.25 for men). As for unionization, Sabey's 'support Other ways of discounting mean little in reality. your own' policy doesn't go quite that far. Page 6 Dalhousie Gazette

The world's a stage

As production continues for Hedi Kraus has another by Steve Mills Finally, they make it to an army camp, where 700 "Inherit the Wind", Stephanie difficult part. She plays If you see "Soldier Blue", which is playing now at troops are preparing to attack the village where Reno and Hedi Kraus talk Rachel Brown, the daughter of the Paramount Theatre in Halifax, and the (waddayaknow) Miss Bergen spent her two years about themselves, in real life, the Rev. Brown, a fun­ Mayfair in Dartmouth, you will either be (a) among the Indians. She warns the Indians, but too ~d in the play. damentalist. At the same , disgusted by the violence at the beginning and the late. They are attacked and 500 of them (men, time, Rachel is very much in end, or (b) disgusted by the incredible plot in the women and children) are shot, stabbed, beheaded, love with the defendant, Bert. middle, or (c) disgusted by the picture as a whole. I dismembered, raped, etc. "It's a new experience for chose possibility (c), and I would like to explain me," she said. "The part is why, in hopes of discouraging you from wasting Strauss again wanders through the carnage, but, your money on this film. this time utters no poetry. He encounters Miss Bergen, who in effect says, "I told you so", and he The key to my detest of this film lies, I think, in barfs all over the screen. The fadeout shows the the fact that what could have been so good is so bad. surviving Indians moving out with the U.S. troops, You see, director made the picture to who believe they have done a glorious thing. demonstrate on one level the unbelievable horrible treatment Indians were given in the days of the Wild Now, that isn't a bad plot. It should get the point West and on a higher level, man's inhumanity to across; the audience should come out of the theatre man. Unfortunately, Nelson got fouled up feeling a monstrous guilt for what has occurred on somewhere along the line and what finally emerges the screen. STEPHANIE RENO is a routine creation, albeit somewhat more cruel Mark Roza Photo than what we are used to, but routine all the same. But, they don't. Who failed? Well, it wasn't Buffy Saint-Marie, Stephanie Reno plays Mrs. Take a look at the plot. A paymaster's wagon and who wrote and sang the title song. It wasn't the guy Brady, wife of the prosecuting its escort are attacked by a band of who who composed the score. It wasn't the cameraman attorney. It is not her first role HEDI KRAWS massacre all but two of the party - one soldier and who handled most scenes well. in a play, but she feels that she Mark Roza Photo a girl who was on her way to meet her fiance at Fort will become more involved in difficult because throughout Reunion. The script writer was somewhat to blame. The this role than others she has the play she is completely in dialogue was not good. Miss Bergen and Strauss played. love with Bert, yet must The soldier, Peter Strauss, is appalled by what were not to blame. They played their parts well. (It Mrs. Brady is a difficult manifest this love in varying the Indians have done to his comrades, i.e. killed, is not their fault the parts were so increduously part, for she has a lot of stage ways. Her life offstage has to and dismembered them. He wanders in a daze inappropriate). time, and few lines. be a continuation of the role through them, finally falling on his knees, and Therefore, the character has she is playing, if she is to amidst cuts of crying, recites "The Charge of the The fault must be Ralph Nelson's. "Soldier Blue" to come across more through understand her character Light Brigade". blows it because Nelson fails to realize thatmass her actions than the lines. completely. violence just does not mean anything to people. So, Stephanie is a former Hedi was born in Graz, The girl, Candace Bergen, is unaffected by the if you are going to use violence to make your point, Engineering Physics student, Austria, and has lived in slaughter because, we learn, she has lived among you had better do it on a very personal level. now in the Theatre depart­ Halifax since the age of five. the Indians for two years and is used to such sights. ment. She is enthusiastic She is now a second year Arts While Strauss emotes, Bergen takes from the bodies (I thought "A Man called Horse" did this very about the many facets of student at Dal, studying anything they might need to make their way on foot well. The point was not the same as Nelson wants to theatre, "as it is almost, or German and French. to the fort. make, however, so perhaps no comparison between completely, a new field." As a postscript, more these two films should be made.) They start out, the tough experienced girl, and the She is optimistic about the production staff are required. inexperienced soldier. Along the way, the soldier is I find it difficult to understand how Nelson failed coming production because: Also needed are old clothes, told the U.S. Army treats the Indians worse than the to realize this fact, since two of his previous films, "I think the cast and direction pre-1940, three male actors, Indians treated his comrades. He doesn't believe it. (Lilies of the Field, and ) proved he can can come together to produce and some extras for crowd They go on. Several incidents occur, none of which work, and work effectively on the individual level. an united effort." scenes. are that entertaining or informative. I guess even film directors can't win them all.

• I Words from the WISe • • • I

Dear Sir: well-known procedure, and one members of the Council cannot graduate house preliminary to graduate students and of that we follow, that the financial hear a silent voice! They are not contacting the general mem­ decisions pending (witness the A vi,.,.~ .-• e hlent of the statement is made available at telepathic! bership about the question. IF brief note on the Scholarships Dalhousie Association of the general meetings of an ONLY MR. HARNARINE HAD Since Mr. Harnarine has not committee and the teach in on Graduate Students and as a Association. We have always ATTENDED A MEETING. It attended any of the Association's Quebec that we sponsored). Lack member of its council, I feel the followed thi~ procedure. It would seems obvious also that he has fortnightly beer parties, he does of paper flowing from the council need to reply to the letter by appear from the general lack of also underestimated the problem not realize that the commitment does not mean lack of concern for ~ Harold Harnarine in the attendance at the general that the council has in contacting of the council is the supplying of graduate students or their in­ ' November 27th issue of the meetings that many of the its membership. The Council's free pretzels, and that whoever terests. We like feedback but Gazette. membership are content with recent one page statement on the comes to these parties pay for despite asking in our scholar­ criticising the actions of others Faculty Scholarship's committee their own drinks. These parties ships brief for comments, not a but are not willing to contribute has obviously not reached Mr. I am disappointed that Mr. serve a very useful function in single letter was received! otherwise to the activities of the Harnarine and this was sent out Harnarine did not make any getting the membership together attempt to contact the President, Association. through the Graduates Studies We want to know problems, we so that they can discuss problems beg of you to deluge us with mail, the Executive or the Council of Office. This shows him the of mutual concern and make bitching and hollering. As usual, DAGS with any of his comments I do not agree with Mr. Har­ burden that the council has to these known to the council. At the however, this plea will go about how the Association was narine's statement that non­ work under. cost of a few pretzels this is good unanswered and leave us with an being run. Had Mr. Harnarine attendance at meetings is return indeed! empty mailbox at the SUB. wanted to know the answers to irrelevant. In fact, it is most The council has always had a any of his questions, he might relevant to the discussion. By not It will also please Mr. Har­ policy of letting the membership Sincerely yours, have made some attempt to go to attending meetings or otherwise narine to know that for the past know, through written Derek Hook, any of the three general meetings communicating criticism, he has month the council has been statements and by other means, vice-president, DAGS that we hold each year. It is a abdicated his right to speak. The discussing the problem of the of important issues of interest to December 3, 1970 Dalhousie Gazette Page 7

Pucksters crush SMU, UPEI Bingley Rides Again Striped machine takes two The Sports Desk by Chuck Moore McCullough added two goals and thers. It was Ken McDonald who It was an enthusiastic capacity also had one assist. Ken Mc­ lit the light with his second goal of by Phil Bingley crowd, who watched Dalhousie Donald scored one goal and the game. It's been a long time since my old typewriter ribbon's danced to Tigers defeat St. Mary's Huskies connected with a goal post on With the team hurting the clicking keys, spelling out another story of victory or defeat in 7-4 last Friday night. One fan another clear shot. Whip physically after Friday's game the world of sport. The old thing and the sportswriter on the end of it remarked after the game, "the Thompson was a real asset to with St. Mary's Huskies, the retired a while ago under the pressure of changing times, part of a tension could have been cut with Dal's defense, clearing the front Tigers gamely fought a rugged vanishing and I guess old-fashioned breed of newspaper hacks who a knife." At the end the teams of the Dal cage of blistering hard U.P.E.I. team. It was extra effort could see beyond scores and statistics and get into the real goings­ were given a standing ovation for shots from the point. Ted entirely that beat U.P.E.I. on whenever two teams squared off on a rink or playing field. their performances. Five Scrutton's hard work paid off for Penalties were costly to both The young blood that replaced me and my cronies at sports desks minutes after the game was over him with a goal. teams. across the country go in for a less emotional product. They think all fans were still shouting "D-A-L­ St. Mary's Richie Baye showed Tom McDonald had two goals that's important is a play by play history of who scored, when, H-0-U-S-I-E." his powers as a puck-carrier and for Dalhousie with Sean Boyd penalties, and a list of other figures as long as your longest arm, S.M.U. scored first and looked play-maker. He was in my adding one more. Ted Scrutton and they don't care too much for the human factors that make like they would run away with the opinion the best player on the ice. added three assists to his total those beloved "stats" happen. Or maybe they just can't see. game, but Daf promptly tied the Dale Turner scored two goals for with Pete Gagne having two At any rate, me and my sticky-keyed old typewriter have come score. It was 2-1 for the Huskies St. Mary's and also had one assists. Greg McCullough, suf­ out of that forced retirement maybe for just this once, because we at the end of the first period. The assist. O'Byrne's misconduct fering with an injured leg, also don't like the new approach, and we ain't going to take this lying Tigers scored early in the second appeared to hurt St. Mary's. played well. Doug Chapman, who down. to tie the game for the second Passing finesse of the Huskies was on crutches until just before I'm going to talk about hockey, the way it should be played- the time. Then Dal went ahead! by made their evo:>ry play dangerous game time, stood up to everyone way it was played last weekend in the Dal rink when St. Mary's one goal, and then two! At the end and the complexion of the game who challenged. Dan Sangster Huskies and the U.P.E.I. Panthers were sent home packing. of the second period, the score could have changed anytime. must be very disappointed To talk about those games you have to talk about the kinds of was 4-3 for Dal. In the third Needless to say an inch closer because he missed several things that get into a team's head, the things that decide whether period Dal scored three more could have meant more goals for chances to score. you're gonna have a team or a collection of individuals playing for goals and S.M.U. one. S.M.U. Bill Adams for the U.P.E.I. themselves. Doug Chapman on defense for John Henry, the Tigers goalie squad scored 2 goals and had one Now, I don't want to preach or get long winded but it seems to me Dal played a most outstanding was No.1 star of the game. Dale assist. He was a real trouble­ that when a team's going all out and giving everything they've got game defensively. Sean Boyd had Turner was seen weeping after maker in more ways than one. then it's a team. When they don't, they aren't. 2 goals and 2 assists and scored a being robbed by the Dal net­ Line MacKenzie, who is always a Friday night they were a team from the opening faceoff till they very pretty seventh, and final minder. threat, played hard. Paul Jelley, skated off with that 7-4 win that broke the back of the league leading goal for the black and gold. Greg The Tigers defense deserves a who played with Ch'town Huskies, a team suffering, by the way, from too many "super­ lot of credit for this win. A Islanders last year, was out­ stars" and too many super-star complexes. They out-checked and remark was made that standing in the Panthers net. Luc out-played SMU, they dug in and sweated, and they won. It took a Yu e "University spirit around Dal has Bedard on defense received couple of periods on Sunday before they realized UPEI wasn't a Bredder never been so high for years"­ several penalties for his rough second-rate bunch of patsies, but when they had to work they did, Let's keep it up! ! ! play. and won that game too. As a result, the fans are right for a change. Cum TAKE TWO This is Dal's 5th win in 6 starts They are indeed "number 1". With only 29 seconds remaining placing them in a first place tie. Somebody else's statistics can give you a more detailed look at Dalhousie Hockey Tigers scored Congratulations to coach Gerry how the games went. Right now I want to talk about a few things WHERE? Gymnasium their fifth goal to give them a 5-4 Walford and company, but don't that emerged from the weekend games. WHEN? December 8, 6 - 9 p.m. victory over the U.P.E.I. Pan- wait so long next time. First of all, the officiating at intercollegiate hockey games is Eats, drinks, good t imes, music, atrocious and must be upgraded if the calibre of hockey is to im­ games, mistletoes, and Santa with prove (and it can). The referees (Jollimore in particular) miss as Dal Women ' s Recreati on many infractions as they call and half of what they call shouldn't be Association. , , called in the first place. I may be exaggerating a bit but the point still holds. Another thing here is that the players are still getting a It's for everyone! EXPORT 'A lot of penalties they shouldn't and doing a lot of damage to their Guys and Gals! teams in the process. James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson never made it as hockey players, and neither will their latter day ~cmaa6cl ffout imitators. Bring your boy or girlfriend to join in our Christmas Cheer! • a•SIJ;• ~

WE DELIVER

ELMER'S ARGYLE T.V. TJ~11

Quick Delivery to B&WTV STEREO Colour TV If I had to single out one player for plaudits (and I want to) it $12.50 2 Wks. Dalhousie • $4 Wkly. $5 Wkly. I would be Ted Scrutton. I say Scrutton for many reasons, all adding $20.00 1 Mo. Renta Is. $12.50 Mo. $15 Mo. up to an outstanding contribution to a team effort. Hustle is an . . . Just soe $35.00 2 Mo . I I overworked word but Scrutton has it and he never quits. He's a raunchy hockey player who hits hard and clean, a digger in the Spring Garden Rd. corners and a fine playmaker. Honourable mention here to Pierre 10% Student Discount on all Merchandise on at South Park Gagne, whose calm efficiency has kept the Dal machine from Presentation of Student Card. derailing time and time again. Well, that's about it. The slide rule wizards and statisticians are WEEKD.\YS5p.m.to I a .m. in the wings waiting to move in for the kill again, and the dust is already starting to settle back in on my old Underwood. I have a FRIDAY and Saturday til2 a .m. SALES SERVICE & feeling it's getting ready tc settle in on me too . 1063 GOTTINGEN ST. HALIFAX, N.S. P.S. Have a look at the latest McLean's magazine for some in­ 423-4880 teresting ideas on bringin' it all back home ... hockey, that is. TEL.: 411-5930 Somebody's finally noticed that our national game's been stolen. So long for now. Page 8 Dalhousie Gazette December 3, 1970

Profile on university sport The pros invade basketball lnterfac

by Glenn Wanamaker for a scholarship. They would then be given special Sports is a lot of things to a lot of people, but to preference in choosing their courses, and if they were Roundup Trevor Parsons, sports has a different meaning. not doing well someone would talk to their professors." Now an Honours Theatre student at Dal, Parsons At the last university Parsons played for, no more used to play basketball- because he liked it-and he than three of the members of the basketball team were was good. But after playing through tough training Canadians. The others were recruited from U.S. in­ After last week's interfac hockey, some of the players schedules in high school and university and watching stitutions. who sustained injuries went directly to Student Health and • professionalism creep into college basketball, Parsons The more valuable players "would be given certain from there they were sent to the V. G. Hospital. If you are decided to quit. jobs like handing out towels in the locker room, for injured playing ANY interfac sport, report to the training He feels that college sports should be played for the which they would be paid more than one would ex­ room in the gymnasium and arrangements will be made enjoyment rather than the money and the glory. pect." there as to where you should go for treatment. This will Training schedules were very rigourous, though avoid confusion, i.e. "medical excuse notes." more so in high school than in university. "In ahigh The D.A.A.C. Committee is cracking down on un­ school, we practiced from six to eight o'clock in the sportsman-like conduct in the interfac sports. One player morning, had weight-lifting for an hour at noon time has been suspended from interfac hockey for the rest of "I was shown and then practiced again from four until six afte; this year (70-71 season). classes. We also had practices on Saturdays and HOCKEY SCORES ways to Sundays." Nov. 23- Commerce 2- Science "A" 2; Law "B" 3 - Phys. Ed. "B" 1. break an Parsons became disgusted with the dictums of "win at all cost". Injuring an opponent became a part of the Nov. 25- Med "A" 4- Phys. Ed. "A" 2; Science "B" - opponent's game. Dents - Postponed. The following sports are not being covered yet: Floor back." "I was shown ways to break an opponent's back, which was fine, because all I wanted to do was get the hockey,basketball,curling,paddleball,squash,handball, ball." badminton, volleyball, table tennis, skiing, novelty skating, broomball, bowling or swimming. If anyone is Trevor Parsons Such policies have forced Parsons to quit organized college basketball. "Enough institutions in our society interested in writing articles on any of these, please leave are brainwashing people into believing that com­ article at the Gazette office, 3rd floor of S.U.B. and it will petition is the only way of life. I don't think sports be included in the sports. should do this". This week the interfac basketball schedule is included: Because, as he's found out through experience, playing "If I were to play basketball again, it would be at SUNDAY, DEC. 6 on a varsity team means "living and sleeping that Dal. Coach Yarr gave me help many times in high 12:00- Pharm. Ed. II 2 vs 6 Engineers II sport". school, and he seems to have brought more of that 1:00-Lawl4vs 5Grads I Even though sports scholarships are "no-no's", human element here." 2:00- Dents II 7 vs 9 Arts II according to the rules of the A.A.U. (the Atlantic Parsons believes that Dal doesn't practice 3: 00-Commerce II 8 vs 1 Science II Athletic Union), they are very much in existence 'professionalism' as much as other universities. That's 4:00- Pharm. Ed. II2vs5Meds II throughout the Maritimes, and of course, the rest of probably the reason, he notes, why Dal hasn't done too 5:00- Phys. Ed. I 1 vs 3 TYP I Canada. well for awhile, even though they've had good players. 6:00- Engineers II 6 vs 4 Law II "I know of several individuals," says Parsons, "who "I played basketball because I enjoyed it. To play it 7:00-Dents II 7 vs 1 Science II received academic scholarships when their marks the way some people want it to be played, is a waste of 8:00- Commerce II 8 vs 3 Phys. Ed. II were certainly not high enough to even be considered time." -- ~ ·------~ The Dalhousie Campus Shop Coming EVENTS Welcomes Students to Our Modern Facilities in the S.U.B.

Thursday, Dec. 3 Basketball. Dal at Acadia, 8:00 p.m.

Friday, Dec. 4 Women's Volleyball. Dal Invitational, 6:00. Men's Residence Dance with Melody Fair, 9:00

Saturday, Dec. S - Women's Volleyball, Dal Invitational, 9:00a.m. Basketball. Mt. "A" at Dal. 8:00p.m. -Open Dance. Mcinnis Rm. 9:00p.m. ~~ ... N~ Sunday, Dec. 6 - Coffee House- Sunday Purgatory. Sub caf. 9:00 p.m. TJapPJtbtlrJzA .•. Jlll'kPJA ... s weaWtA . .. 130A~s~ ... ~ ... ~~------=- J~ .. .M~~ ruteL Compliments of. fJeJti.odi.ca.IA

Hours 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. KBITI'S BIBlER! MON •• TO • FRI.