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Diversity of Useful in the Coffee Forests of Feyera Senbeta, Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, Manfred Denich, and Ensermu Kellbessa

Research

Abstract

Plant use diversity and their forms of use and manage- inal purpose around the globe. This has resulted in the ac- ment were studied in four coffee forests of Ethiopia. A cof- cumulation of a vast indigenous knowledge resource base fee forest is a segment of moist montane forest with oc- with respect to the utilization of native plants. In recent currence of wild Arabica coffee populations. The present years, the value of indigenous knowledge in natural re- study was conducted in four forest fragments located in sources management and rural development has become the southwestern and southeastern parts of the country. increasingly recognized by many ethnobotanists and an- These forests represent three different indigenous ethnic thropologists (e.g., Asfaw & Tadesse 2001, DeWalt 1994, groups that live in and around the coffee forests. On the Lulekal 2005, Senbeta et al. 2005, Walker et al. 1995). bases of ethnobotanical and floristic studies, a total of 143 Such recognition would be good if it leads to the conser- useful species representing 54 families were identi- vation of biological diversity, which justifies a search for fied in all study areas. Nearly all species are native except ways to stop the erosion of traditional knowledge. Hence, one which is naturalized. The identified use categories promotion of this valuable indigenous knowledge can include medicine, food, honey, material sources, social make an important contribution to alleviation of rural pov- services, animal fodder and environmental uses. Overall, erty by improving food security and economic welfare of Yayu and Harenna shared a high number of useful plant rural populations if well studied. species in common. Of the total, about 25 species (19%) were similarly used across three or more studied ethnic In Ethiopia, several studies have been made to document groups. The implication is that there is a difference be- the use of plants in indigenous communities (e.g., Addis tween and among the four communities studied for gen- 2009, Addis et al. 2005, Asfaw 2001, Asfaw & Tadesse eral plant knowledge and uses. As observed, deforesta- 2001, Awas et al. 2010, Balemie & Kibebew 2006, Bale- tion, over-harvesting, cultivation of marginal lands and overgrazing appear to be threatening the plant resources and their habitats in the studied areas. Ecosystem con- servation will ensure in situ conservation of many useful Correspondence plant species by applying sustainable harvesting methods for collecting plants for any type of use from wild habitats. Feyera Senbeta, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA. [email protected] Introduction Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, Environment and Coffee Forest Forum, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA. Millions of people around the world depend on native Manfred Denich, Center for Development Research, plants as sources of food, medicine, wood and other prod- University of Bonn, Bonn, GERMANY. ucts to sustain their livelihoods. Indigenous people are of- Ensermu Kellbessa, National Herbarium, Addis Ababa ten very knowledgeable about their environment, includ- University, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA. ing plant and animal species. Farnsworth et al. (1991) for example argued that between 35,000 and 70,000 species Ethnobotany Research & Applications 11:049-069 (2013) of plants have been used at one time or another for medic- Published: July 15, 2013 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 50 Ethnobotany Research & Applications

mie et al. 2004, Deffar 1998, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Guinand & knowledge in the moist montane forests in general and in Lemessa 2000, Lulekal et al. 2011, Wondimu et al. 2006, coffee forests in particular (Asfaw & Tadesse 2001, Sen- Yineger 2005). However, the majority of these studies beta et al. 2005, Teketay et al. 2010). Patterns of indig- were conducted in highly managed landscapes and low enous knowledge and trends of wild plant utilization in land ecosystems; and only few were made in moist mon- moist montane forests have been neglected. Apparent- tane forests of Ethiopia (Lulekal et al. 2008, Teketay et al. ly, the knowledge remained undocumented because the 2010). products are mostly used locally and seldom enter nation- al or international markets. Thus, this study was carried In Ethiopia, the moist montane forest has long been rec- ognized as the center of origin and diversity of wild Coffea out to document diversity of plant uses in the relatively arabica L. (Aga et al. 2003, Gebre-Egziabher 1990, Mey- large blocks of coffee forest patches distributed across er 1965, Senbeta et al. 2005, Woldemariam et al. 2002). southwestern and southeastern parts of the country. Currently, wild populations of C. arabica occur in many moist montane forest fragments which are geographically The most common approach to the collection of indige- separated and isolated from each other due to natural and nous knowledge is an ethnobotanical survey, which focus- anthropogenic factors. These forest fragments with wild es on the traditional uses of a given plant species. Such Arabica coffee populations are commonly named “coffee information is essential to develop strategies for sustain- forests.” Like other forests, these forest fragments are un- able use and conservation of useful plant species. The der continuous threat due to the expansion of agriculture purpose of this paper is, therefore, to analyze and com- and commercial plantations (such as tea and coffee). pare knowledge of traditional plant uses among the differ- ent ethnic groups in four coffee forests in Southwest and The montane forest region of Ethiopia, including the cof- Southeast Ethiopia. In particular, the research focused on fee forest belt, is inhabited by many millions of people with diverse ethnic groups and communities. These groups assessing the richness of useful plants, their uses and have vast accumulated traditional knowledge and expe- forms of management. The specific objectives of the study riences of what and how to use wild plants through long- were to: 1) investigate general patterns of plant utilization term interrelations with their environments. However, lim- and manipulation processes in the areas; 2) evaluate the ited ethnobotanical studies have been carried out up to importance of these areas within the context of the diver- now to reveal this accumulated traditional resource use sity of useful plant species of Ethiopia; and (3) provide

N ETHIOPIA

o 10 N Addis Ababa Yayu Bonga INDIAN Harenna Sheko OCEAN 0 500 45oE kilometers Figure 1. Location of the study areas in Ethiopia.

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TANZANIA Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 51 recommendations for sustainable use and management Data collection and analysis of these plant resources. A survey of the useful plant species was conducted be- Materials and Methods tween 2004 and 2008 in four montane forest areas of Ethi- opia. A total of 120 households (30 households per site) were interviewed for any traditional plant uses. One per- Description of study sites son per household was interviewed to avoid repetition of ideas from members of the same household. Households To document the major useful plant species, four coffee were randomly selected from the respective sites; howev- forests were selected for the study: Yayu, Sheko, Bonga and Harenna (Figure 1). The first three forests are located er, systematic sampling was also employed to include one in Southwest Ethiopia, and the last one (i.e., Harenna) is knowledgeable person from each site in the interview. The located in Southeast Ethiopia. The study sites are sep- knowledgeable person was identified with the consultation arated from each other by agricultural and/or settlement of the local residents. The interviews were conducted us- landscapes and other natural features. The closest sites ing the preferred language(s), depending on which of the are Bonga and Sheko (distance between them = about languages the respondents felt more comfortable with. 150 km). The vegetation of the study sites is classified as In each site, local guides from among the local residents moist montane forest or montane rainforest with occur- were used to facilitate a comfortable communication and rence of wild coffee populations. The sites are inhabited a fluent conversation with the respondents in the respec- by different ethnic groups, which make the study very in- tive study areas. In addition to the individual interview, a teresting. group discussion was also held with the local residents to cross-check the validity of the gathered information. In ad- In Bonga, Kaffa is the dominant ethnic group and hence dition to the quantification survey in the field, with regard they are the main sources of the present data. Over 90% to the extent of the use, the yields of the collected plants of the population in the area is engaged in subsistence agriculture. Coffee provides the largest income and em- and the market value were also registered when possible. ployment opportunities for the local communities. Apicul- The traditional management system was also document- ture and also play an important role in the house- ed when available. Plant specimens were collected in the holds’ economy. presence of local people participating as key informants. All useful plant species were recorded at species level. In Sheko, diverse ethnic groups live in the area. These The collected voucher specimens were identified and de- include Sheko, Bench, Amhara, Kaffa, Mejenger and Me- posited in the National Herbarium (Ethiopia), Addis Ababa nit. Among these Mejenger is the only group native to University. Data were analyzed using descriptive statis- the area whereas the others are immigrants from other tics. Nomenclature of plant taxa follows Hedberg and Ed- parts of the country who settled there in the last 3–4 de- wards (1989, 1995), Edwards et al. (1995), Edwards et al. cades. Hence, this study only focused on native Mejen- (1997), Edwards et al. (2000), Hedberg et al. (2003) and ger people. The majority of the population in the area is Hedberg et al. (2006). engaged in subsistence agriculture. Traditionally, the for- est supported the major livelihood of the native Mejenger people as a source of non-timber forest products (local Results information). In the recent past, however, with the arrival of new settlers from other parts of the country, conver- Taxonomic diversity sion of the forest into agriculture and the expansion of the semi-forest coffee system through removal of trees and A total of 143 species representing 54 families of locally undergrowth have greatly reduced the forest cover. At the useful plants were recorded in all coffee forests (Table 1). moment, coffee production and processing provide signifi- All species were identified taxonomically down to species cant income and employment opportunities to the local level. The 10 top plant families that had the greatest num- people followed by honey production. ber of useful species were (11), (10), Euphorbiaceae (8), Lamiaceae (6), Asteraceae (5), Rosa- In Harenna and Yayu, Oromo is the dominant ethnic group ceae (5), Rutaceae (5), Sapotaceae (5), Sapindaceae (4) living in the area. In both areas, immigrants from other and Apocynaceae (4). parts of the country are there although their proportion is very small as compared to the native Oromo population. Hence, in both sites, the study focused on Oromo com- A high Sorensen’s similarity coefficient of useful plant spe- munities. Livestock and subsistence agriculture form the cies was observed between Harenna and Yayu sites and major livelihoods of the rural communities in both areas. the least between Bonga and Sheko. Similarity coeffi- Coffee and honey also play an important role in both sites. cients of all sites fell between 0.30 and 0.51.

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Bonga x Honeybee flora; wood for beehives Honeybee flora Edible Bark medicinal; wood for lumber Edible Fruit edible; stem for house construction; latex for glue Description of uses Root medicinal; stem for construction Edible Charcoal Latex for medicine

Social x x x Remedy x Poisons x x x x Material x x Honey x x x x x Use category Food Environ Animal Fl Fr Le Wp Wp Fl/St Fr/St Br/St Rt/St used Parts Le/Se Br-Bark, Fl-Flower, Fr-Fruit, Le-Leaf, Rt-Root, Se-Seed/Grain, St-Stem, Wp-Whole Plant; Use Le-Leaf, Rt-Root, Se-Seed/Grain, St-Stem, Fr-Fruit, Fl-Flower, Br-Bark, T T T S S S H C C H Habit (O) (O) (O) Karasho (K), Kori - ba (O), Karashoyi (M) Tatessa Tatessa Jomee (M) Muradu (O) Geboo, Homba (O) Simbo Vernacular names Vernacular Dhumugaa (O) Chatila (M) Hagamssa Jogee (M)

(Hall. (Ho - L. Stapf (Hiern) L. (Hiern) Harms De Wild. Engl. Animal feed (forage, fodder), Environmental uses (soil conservation, shade for coffee, ornamentals, live fences, windbreaks, etc.), Food (including Animal feed (forage, fodder), Environmental uses (soil conservation, shade for coffee, Polyscias fulva Rhus ruspolii Lannea welwitschii Engl. f.) Stapf Chenopodium procerum Hochst. ex Moq. Landolphia buchananii Oncinotis tenuiloba Justicia schimperiana Anders T. chst. ex Nees) Amaranthus hybridus Carissa spinarum Alstonia boonei Araliaceae Anacardiaceae Scientific name Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Apocynaceae fruits, seeds, leaves, tubers), Honey bee plants (pollen or nectar sources), Materials (including lumber, tannin, resin, wax, oils, Poisons (useful and harmful), Remedies (medicine for both humans and animals), Social uses (narcotics, ritual/religious value, used in children games, etc.). beehive making, detergent), names: forests of Southwest and Southeast Ethiopia. Vernacular 1. Useful plant species in coffee O-Affan Table Oromo, K-Kaffico, M-Mejenger; Parts used: Plant T-Tree; H-, S-, G-Grass, C-Climber, Categories:

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 53 x x x x x Yayu x x x x x x Sheko x x x x x Harenna x x x Regions x x Bonga x - - - - Honeybee flora (highly val ued for honey production) Fruit edible; leaves for bas kets Live fences and construc tion Medicinal Fodder and medicinal Edible Honeybee flora; leaves for fodder Honeybee flora Honeybee flora; stem for beehives Honeybee flora; fruit ed ible; wood for lumber Medicinal Honeybee flora; leaves medicinal; wood for farm tools Description of uses

Social x x Remedy x x Poisons x x x x Material x x x x x x Honey x x x x Use category Food

Environ x x Animal x Fl Fl St St Le Le Le Le Wp Fl/St Fl/Le Fr/Le Fl/Fr/ used Fl/Le/ Parts T T T T T S S S S H H H Habit - - (O) (O) (O), Emuyi (K) Yebo (K), Meeti Yebo (O) Sarxee (M) Warko/Caca Warko/Caca Rafu sibiroo Degerto (K), Ebi chaa (O) Jongee (M) Butoo Reeji (O) Soyomaa (O) Wadessa (O), Da - Wadessa pee (M), Maxanee (O), Chako (K) Ulagaa (O), Jogo moyi (M) Vernacular names Vernacular (Hochst. Delile Hiern Engl. Cav. (L.) Ker Jacq. (Sch. Bip. Thonn. Lam. L. steudneri Phoenix reclinata Dracaena fragrans Gawl. Dracaena Galinsoga parviflora amygdalina Vernonia Bidens pilosa Schefflera abyssinica A. Rich.) Harms ex auriculifera Vernonia Vernonia leopoldi Vernonia Vatke ex Walp.) Cordia africana Cynoglossum amplifolium A. DC. Hochst. ex Ehretia cymosa Arecaceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Scientific name

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Bonga x - Honeybee flora; leaves and stem medicinal clothes Washing Honeybee flora Medicinal Description of uses Leaves for fodder; wood lumber for farm tools Wood Resin for fumigant; bark and stem for treating stomachache, toothache, wounds Fruit edible; stems for house utensils for house construc Wood tion Honeybee flora; stems for beehives Honeybee flora; stems for beehives

Social x x Remedy x Poisons x x x Material x x x x x x x Honey x x x Use category Food Environ

Animal x Fl St St St St Rt Le Fl/St Fl/St Fr/St Le/St used Br/Fr/ Fl/Le/ Parts T T T T S S C C C C C Habit (O) (M) (M) (O) Gangoyi Bagee (O), Baji (M) Deqoo (O) Vernacular names Vernacular Chayi (O), Upi (M), Ufo (K) Befti (O) Harragaamaa (O) Lokko Waso Keyam Hudu fardaa (O) Galee (O) Xioo

Vent. Vent. Thulin (Willd.) Lam . Planch. (L.) Blume Gilg Burm. f. Cucumis jeffreyanus Combretum paniculatum Ritchiea albersii Celtis africana ugandensis Warburgia Sprague Capparis tomentosa Elaeodendron buchananii (Loes.) Loes. Combretum aculeatum Trema orientalis Trema Hippocratea africana Loes. ex Engl. Hippocratea pallens ex Oliv. Cucurbitaceae Scientific name Cannabaceae Canellaceae Capparaceae Celastraceae Combretaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 55 x x x Yayu x x x x x x Sheko x x x Harenna x Regions x x x x Bonga x - - - Wood for lumber Wood Honeybee flora; wood for construction Honeybee flora; wood for construction Wood for house construc Wood tion Honeybee flora; leaves medicinal; wood for con struction Latex medicinal Medicinal Edible Description of uses Root and seed for treating diseases; seeds different for body lotion for house construc Wood tion Honeybee flora; wood for beehives Edible

Social x x x Remedy x Poisons x x x x x x x Material x x x x Honey x x x Use category Food Environ Animal St St St St Fr Rt Rt Wp Fl/St Fl/St Fl/St used Fl/Le/ Rt/Se Parts T T T T T T S S S C C G Habit (O), (O), (O) (M) (O), Boliri (K) (O) (K) Bakanissa Shomoyi Babus (M) Lokko guracha (O) (M) Koboo Shakaro (K) Domchi (M) Kuri (M) Kawon (M) Loko gurati Jojo Vernacular names Vernacular Shado Loko adii Kuni

Benth. Pax (Hiern) (Baill.) (Hochst.) (Prain) L. (Hook. f.) Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile Argomuellera macrophylla Pax Diospyros mespiliformis A. DC. Hochst. ex Ricinus communis Sim Macaranga capensis Euphorbia ampliphylla Dioscorea praehensilis Diospyros abyssinica F. White F. Peponium vogelii Engl. Esser Shirakiopsis elliptica Suregada procera Croizat Cyperus longibracteatus (Cherm.) Kük. Euphorbiaceae Dioscoreaceae Ebenaceae Scientific name Cyperaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 56 Ethnobotany Research & Applications x x x x x x x Yayu x x x x x Sheko x x x x Harenna x Regions x x Bonga x - - - ) Medicinal for treating dogs Honeybee flora Bark and seed medici nal; seed also poisonous; shade plant Medicinal for stomachache Honeybee flora; root me dicinal Fruit and leaves medicinal Honeybee flora; wood for construction Medicinal for treating ani mal wounds Honeybee flora; wood for construction; shade plant Honeybee flora; wood for lumber Honeybee flora; resin Bark for latex; honeybee flora; shade plant Leaves for treating viral disease; root medicinal (mixed with Justicia schim - perana Description of uses

Social x x x x x x Remedy x

Poisons x x x x x Material x x x x x x x Honey x

Use category Food x x Environ x Animal Fl Fr Rt Le Wp Wp Wp Fl/St Fl/St Fl/St Fr/Le Fl/St/ used Le/Rt Br/Fl/ Le/Rt Parts Br/Se/ T T T T T T T S S C H H C/H Habit (O) (O), (O), (O) (M) (K) Chekata (O) Sadeeqa (O) Yagoyi (M), Dha - Yagoyi hato (O) Ajio Marasisaa Alangee (O) Abshata (M) Ambalta (O) Duwee (M) Hambabessa Alelee (O), Kashoyi (M) Chato (K) Gurgubee Dopuyi Soondii Vernacular names Vernacular . Taub. Harms Oliv. Chiov (J. F. (J. F. Steud. ex Brummitt Hochst. ex (Aiton) Pax Hook. f. inea (Hochst.) volkensii Calpurnia aurea Benth. Millettia ferrug Baker Clerodendrum myricoides ex Vatke (Hochst.) R. Br. Trifolium baccarinii Trifolium Leucas deflexa Caesalpinia Entada abyssinica A. Rich. abyssinica Albizia schimperiana Albizia grandibracteata Albizia gummifera Gmel.) C.A. Sm. Tragia brevipes Tragia Acacia abyssinica Benth. Lamiaceae Fabaceae Scientific name

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 57 x x x x x x x Yayu x

Sheko x x x x Harenna x Regions x Bonga x x - Description of uses Medicinal Medicinal for both human and livestock diseases Medicinal Resin for house smoking Bark for beehives; honey bee flora Fruit edible; wood for farm tools Medicinal Bark medicinal and for making beehives; seed oil extract for baking/greasing Lumber Fodder and medicinal Bark sap for calf feed Bark medicinal; wood for lumber

Social x x x x x x Remedy x Poisons x x x x x Material x

Honey x x x Use category Food Environ x Animal x St St Br Le Le Le Le Le Br/Fl Fr/St Br/St used Parts Br/Se T T T T T T S S S S H H Habit (O), (O) (O) (O) Hanchabi (O) Vernacular names Vernacular Damakasee Damo (K) Yeroo (O) Yeroo Urgessa Gigicha Mulqa Karabba (O) Yuya Luyaa (O), Yuya (M) Charaabi (O) Lolchissa (O) Mangee (M) Somboo, Ononu (O) Jacq. Baker Roth Hochst. Fresen. Sparrm. Engl. (Chiov.) (Chiov.) A. Juss. Sond. Vollesen ex Benth. Ocimum lamiifolium Ocimum urticifolium Plectranthus longipes Premna schimperi Robyns & R. Wilczek Ocotea kenyensis Strychnos mitis S. Moore Sida tenuicarpa Triumfetta rhomboidea Triumfetta Bersama abyssinica Trichilia prieuriana Trichilia Ekebergia capensis Trichilia dregeana Trichilia Scientific name Lauraceae Loganiaceae Malvaceae Melianthaceae Meliaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 58 Ethnobotany Research & Applications x x x x x x x x Yayu x x x x x x Sheko x x Harenna x Regions x Bonga x x - - - Description of uses Utensils Bark for clothing; wood lumber Medicinal Fruit edible; latex for glue Fruit for fodder; plant a symbolic tree for Oromo people Wood for furniture Wood Latex for candles; wood house utensils Fruit for fodder; wood house utensils Honeybee flora; fruit ed ible; wood used for lumber Fruit edible; wood for lum ber Wood for furniture Wood Fruit edible; wood for fur niture

Social x

Remedy x Poisons x x x x x x x x x Material x

Honey x x x x x Use category Food Environ x Animal x St St St St St Le Fr/St Fr/St Fr/St Fr/St Br/St Fl/Fr/ used Parts Fr/Wp T T T T T T T T T T C S/T Habit (K), Dambi (K) Vernacular names Vernacular Kalala (O) Dangi (O), Dekee (M) Abe (M) Opo Balantaie (O), Ka - chi (M) Tigago Tigago (O) Dokko (O), Dokee (M) (O) Wobdaa Iseki (M), Sachoo (O) Gogee (O), Ge - muy (M) Harbu (O), Charo (K) Odaa (O)

(Quart.- Vahl Stapf Lesch. Blume Vahl Stephania abyssinica Antiaris toxicaria . & A. Rich.) Walp. Dill. & exasperata ex Fic - Ficus mucuso Welw. alho Ficus ovata Vahl Ficus thonningii Ficus umbellata Ficus vasta Forssk. Morus mesozygia madagascariense Trilepisium DC. Ficus sur Forssk. L. Scientific name Menispermaceae Moraceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 59 x x x x Yayu x x Sheko x x x x Harenna x x Regions x x x x Bonga x - - - - Bark for fodder; honeybee flora; resin for house fumi gating Edible (plant is naturalized not native) Bark medicinal for live stock; honeybee flora; wood for construction Fruit and leaves for clothes-washing detergent; root medicinal for both hu man and livestock Edible Edible Honeybee flora; fruit ed ible; wood for lumber Leaves for fodder; wood farm tools Description of uses Edible

Social x Remedy x Poisons x x x Material x x x Honey x x x x x x Use category Food Environ x Animal x St St Fr Fr Fr St Fr Rt Fl/Fr/ Le/St used Br/Fl/ Br/Fl/ Parts Fr/Le/ T T T T S C C H H Habit (K) (K), Gunjo (K), Badessa Koko (K) Bulala (O) (K) Torato Handodee (O), Dankee (M) Baha’a, Onoma (O), Yaho Timizi (O) Gagama (O) Yino Yino (O) Vernacular names Vernacular Satol (M) (Gilg L´Her. (Baill.) subsp . Engl. L. (Knobl.) Gilg Sims F. White F. L. f. Passiflora edulis Margaritaria discoidea G. L. Webster Phytolacca dodecandra Olea welwitschii & Schellenb. Piper umbellatum Chionanthus mildbraedii & Schellenb.) Stearn afromontanum Syzygium guineense Eugenia bukobensis Passifloraceae Phyllanthaceae Phytolaccaceae Piperaceae Oleaceae Scientific name Myrtaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 60 Ethnobotany Research & Applications x x x x Yayu x x x x x Sheko x x x x x x Harenna x Regions x Bonga x - Description of uses Bark and leaves medicinal for human and livestock Fruit medicinal; resin boiled as a tea; wood for lumber Medicinal Medicinal for asthmatic problems Medicinal Oil making Leaves medicinal for cattle wounds; stem for construc - tion Medicinal for spider injury Honeybee flora; wood for beehives Leaves medicinal for hu man wounds; stem for con - struction

Social x x x x x x x Remedy x Poisons x x x x Material x

Honey x x Use category Food Environ Animal St Fr Rt Rt Le Se Fl/St used Le/St Le/St Br/Le Parts Fr/Se/ T S S H H C C H C C Habit (M) (O) (O) (K), Hanku Vernacular names Vernacular Birbissa (O) Boldokee (O) Ajash (M) Solee, Balambes - sa (O) Dupo (O) Chago (K), Abayi (O), Tuluti Bagee (O) Hoomaachoo (O), Sismee (M) Hida fiti Sira buzu

. Sims Welw. Welw. Engl. (Thunb) Steud. Spreng Vatke Fresen . Forssk. Pittosporum viridiflorum Podocarpus falcatus Endl. Rumex nepalensis Platycerium angolense ex Hook. Embelia schimperi Maesa lanceolata Clematis longicauda A. Rich. ex Gouania longispicata Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich. Quart.-Dill. & Clematis simensis Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Scientific name Pittosporaceae Podocarpaceae Polygonaceae Polypodiaceae Primulaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 61 x x x x x Yayu x x x x Sheko x x x x x x x x x x x Harenna x Regions x x x x x Bonga x - Fruit and leaves for making local beer Farm tools Bark medicinal; wood for lumber Edible Medicinal Description of uses Edible Edible Edible Edible Fruit edible; stem for tooth - brush Leaves medicinal; seed ed ible; wood for lumber Medicinal for skin diseases Medicinal for stomachache

Social x x x x Remedy x Poisons x x x Material x Honey x x x x x x x x Use category Food Environ Animal St Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Rt Le Le/ Fr/St Br/St Fr/Le used Se/St Parts Le/Se T T T T S S S S S C C C C Habit (K) (K), Ul - (O) (O) (O) Geshoo Tiloo Tiloo Hoomi, Sukee (O) Qaqawi Bururi (O) Limicho mayi (O), Hirm - achayi (M) Vernacular names Vernacular Buna (O), Kari (M) Katigaro (K) Gora (O), Peyin (M) Gora (O), Katiga - ro (K) Sisa (O), Yayo Hadhessa (O) Gora uka (O) (Engl.) (Bak - L´Her. Fresen. (Willd.) (L.) Lam. Schweinf. Sm. ex Baker R. Br. (Hook. f.) Poir. L. Delile Rhamnus prinoides Cassipourea malosana Prunus africana er) Alston Kalkman Rosa abyssinica Pavetta abyssinica Clausena anisata Hook. f. ex Benth. Coffea arabica Rubus rosifolius Rubus steudneri Rubus apetalus Fagaropsis angolensis H. M. Gardner Teclea nobilis Teclea Toddalia asiatica Toddalia Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Scientific name Rubiaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 62 Ethnobotany Research & Applications x x x x Yayu x x x x x Sheko x x x x x x Harenna x Regions Bonga - - - Honeybee flora; fruit edible Edible for house construc Wood tion Fruit edible; wood for lum ber Fruit edible; wood for lum ber Honeybee flora; wood for lumber Lumber Honeybee flora; wood for lumber Description of uses Medicinal Latex for treating toothache Lumber Medicinal

Social x x Remedy x Poisons x x x x x x Material x x Honey x x x x x x Use category Food Environ Animal Fr St St St St Rt Se Fl/Fr Fl/St Fl/St Fr/St Fr/St used Parts T T T T T T T T S S S C Habit (O) (M) (O) (M) (O) Woni (O), Woni Qoolati (M) Hakoku (O) Tatessa Butugi Arabee (O) Hidaa gafarsaa (O) Guduba Shokoshi Chena (O) Vernacular names Vernacular Gomuyi Cucuu (O), Key - am (M) Koomagnoo J.F.

Bruce ex (Wight & (A. Chev.) (A. Chev.) (Burm. f.) (Baker) L. Baker Chiov. (Pic. Serm.) Mimusops kummel A. DC. Merr. Flacourtia indica Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk. Manilkara butugi Vepris dainellii Vepris Mziray Paullinia pinnata Pouteria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) A. Meeuse Pouteria alnifolia Roberty Arn.) Thwaites Filicium decipiens Baehni Pouteria altissima Blighia unijugata Mill. Brucea antidysenterica Salicaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Scientific name Simaroubaceae

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 63 x x x x Yayu x x x x x Sheko x x x x x Harenna x x x Regions

Bonga x - - - dodecan Fruit edible; leaves for snake bites; roots (mixed with P hytolacca dra root) for abortion Fruit edible; seed for rem edy Description of uses Edible Edible Fruit juice for cattle cough treatment; roots for treating veneral diseases Making threads/ropes milk pots and oth Washing er kitchen utensils to add good fragrance

Social x x Remedy x Poisons x Material x Honey x x x x Use category Food Environ Animal Fr Fr Rt Br Le Fr/Rt used Fr/Se Parts Fr/Le/ S S H C H H H Habit (O) (M) (M) (O) (K), Ogiyoo (M), Hidi (O), Dopuyi (O, M) Ogiyo Hida refa, Taru Hida refa, Taru (O), Boyiti Vernacular names Vernacular Berbere sibira (O), Mermit (M) Xoosi, Sambaruf (O), Gongor Tukiti Dobi (M) Kusayee . (C. (Link) Jacq. L. L. Planch (Otto & A. (Otto & Jansen Pereira) P.C.M. annuum Physalis peruviana Solanum giganteum Girardinia diversifolia Friis abyssinica Cufod. Dietr.) Rhoicissus revoilii Zingiberaceae Scientific name Solanaceae Urticaceae Vitaceae

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Use diversity ous kinds of ailments of humans and livestock such as rabies, viral disease, headache, stomachache, wounds, The following use categories were recognized: plants for etc. (Table 1). A comparison of the study areas revealed medicine, food (edible), honey, material sources (includ- that the community in Yayu area uses the highest number ing lumber, resin, oils, beehives, detergent), social servic- of plant species (33) for the treatment of different illness- es (ritual/religious value, used in children’s games, etc.), es followed by Harenna (25), Sheko (18) and Bonga (9). animal fodder and environmental uses (soil conservation, However, some species are well known across all study shade for coffee, ornamentals, live fences, etc.) (Table 2). sites for their medicinal values, e.g., Millettia ferruginea The number of species for each use category is indicated (Hochst.) Baker, Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth., in the following paragraphs. Ocimum urticifolium Roth, Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile and Ricinus communis L. Honeybee flora Animal fodder Across the study areas, 32 plant species representing 19 families were recorded as being sources of honeybee for- In all studied areas, many grass and herbaceous species age. Fabaceae contributed the highest amount of honey- are usually used for animal fodder. However, this study bee flora plants with six species. As the majority of honey considered only shrubby and tree species that are known production in the study areas is more of traditional type, to be fodder plants. Overall, nine species were cited as im- these species are highly important. portant sources of animal fodder in the study area. Some of these species were used in all study areas and include Edible plants Vernonia amygdalina, Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., Ficus vasta Forssk., Ficus sycomorus L. and Chionanthus mild- Over 35 wild plant species belonging to 24 plant fami- braedii (Gilg & Schellenb.) Stearn. lies were considered by the local people as edible in all study areas. Of these the highest number of edible spe- Plants for agricultural and domestic uses cies was recorded within Rosaceae and Moraceae, each represented by four species. The majority of the recorded Over 60 plant species were recorded as being used to edible species have their fruits and/or seeds as the edible make different house utensils, farm tools, lumber and bas- parts and the rest have the vegetative parts of the plants, kets. Among these are Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., Cordia i.e., leaves, stems and tubers/roots. Generally, fruits/ africana Lam., Ekebergia capensis Sparrm., F. vasta, Gi- seeds tend to be more common in the families dominated rardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis, Phoenix reclinata Jacq., by trees, and leafy vegetables tend to be more common Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb. and Poute- in the families with many and . The highest ria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) A. Meeuse. In this regard, the numbers of edible plant species were recorded in Yayu highest numbers of plant species were recorded for Yayu site (23) followed by Sheko (20), Harenna (20) and Bonga (43), Harenna (30), Sheko (29) and Bonga (16). For ex- (14). ample, A. toxicaria bark is used to make mattresses, and P. reclinata leaves are used to make baskets. Phoenix Medicinal plants reclinata leaves can be used as mats for floor covering, containers to carry goods or basket-like, general-purpose A total of 50 plant species belonging to 34 families were containers. The products are highly marketable and can recorded as having medicinal uses (Table 1). The high- be found in many local markets. Girardinia diversifolia is est number of medicinal species were recorded within La- widely used to make special rope that can be used local- miaceae (5 species), Fabaceae (4), Euphorbiaceae (4) ly and also marketed in some places. Many of the other and Rutaceae (3). These species are used to treat vari- available tree species are used as building materials in

Table 2. Use categories and the corresponding number of useful plant species recorded in all study sites. Use Number of species Material sources (including lumber, resin, oils, beehives, detergent) 69 Remedies (medicine for both humans and animals) 50 Edible (including fruits, seeds, leaves, tubers) 38 Honeybee flora (pollen or nectar sources) 32 Animal feed (forage, fodder) 9 Environmental uses (soil conservation, shade for coffee, ornamentals, live fences, etc.) 4 Social services (ritual/religious value, used in children’s games, etc.) 2 Poisons (useful and harmful) 1

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 65 carpentry, woodwork, furniture and utensils. The majority Discussion of tools and household items are made up of woods from the different tree species. Plant diversity and uses

Some species are used to produce oil for lamps, for food Owing to the extreme variations in climate, topography and for medicinal purposes. Some of these local oil plants and ecological systems, Ethiopia possesses diverse plant are Trichilia dregeana Sond., Maesa lanceolata Forssk. and animal species. The higher plants of Ethiopia are and Ficus ovata Vahl. A variety of other plant species have estimated at around 6000 species, of which about 10% also been quoted for various uses, such as for incense are endemic (Hedberg et al. 2009). However, the spe- cies which are or are not useful and the different purpos- (e.g., Ocotea kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns & R. Wilczek es for which the local communities use them are not well and Mimusops kummel Bruce ex A. DC.), glue (e.g., Ficus known. Some studies have demonstrated the presence of umbellata Vahl), gum (e.g., Premna schimperi Engl., War- over 1000 species that are used by the lo- burgia ugandensis Sprague and P. falcatus), and some cal communities for different purposes (Asfaw & Tadesse plants were essential parts of children’s games (e.g., 2001, Getahun 1974). Nevertheless, the National Herbar- Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf). ium of Ethiopia has already had a database of more than 1000 vascular plant species that are used in traditional Other uses medicine alone (Ethiopian Medicinal Project Database). On top of that, the diversity of cultural and indigenous knowledge of plant uses is unevenly distributed among Some plants are used for spiritual/ritual purposes. For ex- the different communities in Ethiopia (Asfaw 2001). Peo- ample, F. sycomorus is a symbol of Oromo people. It is a ples with different religious, linguistic and cultural back- tree that the Oromo people use as a “live church,” gener- grounds and locations have their own specific knowledge al assembly place and for other social gatherings. Impor- about the use of plants, which, in part, has gradually en- tantly, it is a traditional courthouse, where people sit under tered wide circulation in the country. The present study it and make a dialogue and solve their disputes. This use has revealed that 143 useful plant species are used for is only known from Yayu and Harenna where the Oromo different purposes by the local communities dwelling in people are the dominant ethnic group. the Yayu, Sheko, Bonga and Harenna areas of Southwest and Southeast Ethiopia. In all the study areas, the local There are also some poisonous (useful and harmful) spe- communities consider plants as very important items for their livelihoods. cies that are used by the local communities for different purposes. In addition to its medicinal and environmental Similar studies have also reported a considerable num- use, the seed of M. ferruginea is used as fish poison. ber of plant species that are used for medicine, food and others in other parts of the country. For example, 74 vet- Management and marketing erinary medicinal plant species were reported from Bale Mountains National Park, Southeast Ethiopia (Yineger Respondents were asked to tell whether they are manag- et al. 2007), 29 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species ing the plant species or not. Accordingly, about 95% of the from Gilgel Ghibe area (Yineger et al. 2008), 120 tradi- respondents stated that they are not managing the use- tional medicinal plant species from the lowlands of Kon- ta, Southern Ethiopia (Bekalo et al. 2009), 30 wild edible ful plant species and their habitat in their locality due to trees and shrubs from the semi-arid lowlands of south- different reasons like ownership and lack of awareness. ern Ethiopia (Assefa & Abebe 2011), 51 traditional medici- This perception was reflected in the same way in all study nal plant species from Erer Valley, Eastern Ethiopia (Be- areas. layneh et al. 2012), and 230 medicinal plant species from Mana Angetu, Southeastern Ethiopia (Lulekal et al. 2008). Regarding the marketing of the plant products, coffee and All of these findings, including the present study, show the honey were noted as the most traded products among the existence of vast accumulated ethnobotnical knowledge others. All respondents (100%) claimed that these two and the diversity of useful plant species in Ethiopia. products are highly marketable at various levels. Thou- In the present study, the greater proportions of the record- sands of tons of coffee and honey had been produced in ed species were used for timber, firewood, construction, each study area every year which makes trading more farm tools and production of charcoal. Almost all available conducive. But the other products are less marketed and trees are quoted for building materials use, such as car- mostly consumed at a household level, occasionally with pentry, woodwork, furniture and utensils. A comparison of limited local market value in all sites. ethnic groups showed that the community from Yayu dis- closed the highest number of plant species for the differ-

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf 66 Ethnobotany Research & Applications ent use categories followed by Harenna, Sheko and Bon- Management and marketing ga. In all studied areas, the forests are offering various goods Among the quoted use categories, medicinal value is more and services for the local communities living in and around important both locally and nationally. It could be because them. Despite their importance, however, the forests and of this importance that the majority of the ethnobotanical their products are less managed in many of the studied studies so far made in Ethiopia focused on medicinal plant areas. Many people perceived the resources as com- surveys (Bekalo et al. 2009, Belayneh et al. 2012, Lule- munal—anybody could go and collect whenever there is kal et al. 2008, Yineger et al. 2007, Yineger et al. 2008). an opportunity. If the potential of wild plant resources is For instance, Lulekal (2005) and Yineger (2005) have re- to be managed and sustainably used by local communi- vealed a significant number of medicinal plants in south- ties, then ownership of the resources must be clearly es- eastern Ethiopia (about 337 species). In Ethiopia, medici- tablished. There is little incentive for the local communi- nal plants still play a crucial role in the provision of pri- ties to engage in management activities as land tenure is mary health care (e.g., Farnsworth et al. 1985). Despite uncertain (Agrawal 2003, Fisher et al. 2010). Many rural this importance, however, over 70% of the medicinal plant households, especially those with little land of their own, collections involve destructive harvesting because of the rely on common property areas for gathering wild plants use of parts like roots, bark, leaves and the whole plant, in or plant products that contribute to their household econ- the case of herbs. Because of the destructive harvesting omies. Both focus group discussants and respondents method followed for exploitation, some of these species have voiced in the same way. The forest offers something are already under threat and some are on the verge of for everyone, but to maintain its abundance over time it extermination locally, according to the respondents. This must be managed, keeping in mind this great diversity of is compounded with the loss of habitats and indigenous needs. knowledge, which are also aggravated by the level of me- dicinal plant harvest. Such threats can create significant As to a marketing of useful plant products, very few are traded in the studied areas. Among others, two of the problems to the future well-being of the human and ani- most traded plant products noticed in the study areas mal populations that have relied for generations on these were coffee and honey. In the study areas, the coffee ber- resources to combat various ailments. ries are still being harvested from wild (i.e., non-domesti- cated) coffee trees growing naturally in the forests (Sen- Honey production is another major source of income for beta & Denich 2006, Senbeta et al. 2005). Other than cof- many rural communities dwelling in the study areas. Like fee, honey is also one of the well-traded products in the other use categories, the wild honeybee flora also plays studied areas. According to all respondents (100%), both an important role in honey production. Apparently, the ma- coffee and honey are important sources of livelihoods in jority of the remnant forest vegetation is serving as refu- the area. Others like fruits and seeds of wild edible plants, gia of honeybee flora in the absence of modern honey medicinal plants and resins are less traded and mostly production systems. However, with the growing frequen- used for home consumption as highlighted by respon- cy of habitat changes and deforestation, the abundance dents. and diversity of honeybee flora is declining or disappear- ing. These concerns were raised repeatedly by many key Threats and conservation informants. Some respondents indicated the declining amount of honey production in the recent years because Deforestation due to agricultural expansion, over-harvest- of the continuing destruction and loss of forest resources. ing, fire, cultivation of marginal lands, overgrazing and ur- banization appear to be threatening the plant resources Generally, the floristic similarity coefficient of useful spe- and their habitats in Ethiopia (Senbeta & Denich 2006, cies recognized among the study areas/communities Senbeta et al. 2007, Woldemariam et al. 2002). Such was found to be between 0.3 and 0.5. Overall, Yayu and threats can be a challenge for the future well-being of hu- Harenna shared a high number of useful plant species in manity and the environment. For example, some medici- common as compared to the others which is probably at- nal plant species in Ethiopia are reported to have been tributed to ethnic similarity. Of the total listed species (Ta- already threatened through the overuse for marketing or ble 1), about 25 species (19%) were similarly used across domestic consumption purposes, e.g., Hagenia abyssini- three or more studied ethnic groups. ca G.F. Geml. (Asfaw 2001, Deffar 1998, Teketay et al. 2010). This holds true for many of the other useful plant The implication is that there is a difference between and species in many parts of the country. Although Ethiopia among the four communities studied for general plant has already developed policies and strategies that en- knowledge and uses. This result is expected because of hance sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity, the dissimilarities in cultural, social and economic aspects including plants, the threats are still continuing. So far, the among the communities studied. impacts of these policies and strategies are very slow or inadequate. Apparently, sustainable use of plant resourc-

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-049.pdf Senbeta et al. - Diversity of Useful Plants in the Coffee Forests of Ethiopia 67 es is a timely issue in Ethiopia because of the continued tend their appreciation for the local communities and key resource degradation in many parts of the country. Eco- informants who have helped as providers of information. system conservation will ensure in situ conservation of many of the useful plant species by applying sustainable Literature Cited harvesting methods for collecting plants for any type of use from their wild habitats. The issue of plant conserva- Addis, G. 2009. Edible wild and semi-wild plants of Hamar tion in Ethiopia today calls for categorical studies and doc- and Xonso (South Ethiopia) with emphasis on their eth- umentation of useful plant species before environmental nobotany and nutritional composition of selected species. Ph.D. Thesis. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. change (e.g., climate change) and cultural transformation destroy the last remaining biophysical entities and the as- Addis, G., K. Urga & D. Dikasso. 2005. Ethnobotanical sociated knowledge base. Innovative options like eco-ag- study of edible wild plants in some selected districts of ricultural, maintenance of traditional farming systems and Ethiopia. Human Ecology 33(1):83–118. linking conservation with utilization by community need to be carefully developed and implemented. Aga, E., T. Bryngelsson, E. Bekele & B. Salamon. 2003. Genetic diversity of forest coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ethiopia as revealed by random amplified polymorphic Conclusions DNA (RAPD) analysis. Hereditas 138:36–46.

Traditional knowledge of plant use is becoming less com- Agrawal, A. 2003. Sustainable governance of common- mon in many parts of Ethiopia (Addis 2009, Guinand & pool resources: Context, methods, and politics. Annual Lemessa 2000). Trends in frequency of use are in favor Review of Anthropology 32:243–262. of introduced and economically important species. Local Asfaw, Z. 2001. The role of home gardens in the produc- knowledge of useful native plants, especially medicinal tion and conservation of medicinal plants. Pp. 76–91 in plants, may, therefore, disappear in the medium to long Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in term as many parts of the study areas are rapidly chang- Ethiopia. Edited by Z. Medhin & D. Abebe. Proceedings of ing. Despite the ongoing habitat conversion, the present the National Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and study highlighted the presence of diverse plant species Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia, Institute and their uses in some of the coffee forests of Ethiopia. of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. The study showed that there is still traditional knowledge Asfaw, Z. & M. Tadesse. 2001. Prospects for sustainable available in the public domain, and this reflects the cul- use and development of wild food plants in Ethiopia. Eco- tural heritage of the studied communities with respect to nomic Botany 55(1):47–62. their ethnobotanic knowledge of wild plants. The diverse plant resources and associated knowledge are impor- Assefa, A. & T. Abebe. 2011. Wild edible trees and shrubs tant for the survival and livelihoods of the people. A fu- in the semi-arid lowlands of Southern Ethiopia. Journal of ture ethnobotanical study of local knowledge experiences Science & Development 1(1):5–19. and transfer within the rural communities would be useful. Awas, T., Z. Asfaw, I. Nordal & S. Demissew. 2010. Ethno- A complete inventory of floristic account and genetic di- botany of Berta and Gumuz people in Western Ethiopia. versity of important species is badly needed. A thorough Biodiversity 11(3/4):45–53. study of the life cycles of economically important, vulner- able and endangered plant species should be a priority Balemie, K. & F. Kibebew. 2006. Ethnobotanical study of in future efforts. Awareness should be generated among wild edible plants in Derashe and Kucha Districts, South the local communities to adopt the strategy for the sus- Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2:53. tainable use of important species, such as these endemic plant resources. Balemie, K., E. Kelbessa & Z. Asfaw. 2004. Indignous me- dicinal plant utilization, management and threats in Fen- Acknowledgments talle area, Eastern Shewa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences 3:37–58. This research was supported in part by CoCe project from Bekalo, T.H., S.D. Woodmatas & Z.A. Woldemariam. the Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, 2009. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used and the Ethiopian Coffee Forest Forum (now Environment by local people in the lowlands of Konta Special Wore- and Coffee Forest Forum). The authors would like to ex- da, southern nations, nationalities and peoples regional

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