UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
Date:______
I, ______, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in:
It is entitled:
This work and its defense approved by:
Chair: ______
U N I F I C A T I O N T H R O U G H T O U R I S M : C I N C I N N A T I ‘ S R I V E R F R O N T R E V I T A L I Z A T I O N
A thesis submitted to the University of Cincinnati Division of Research and Advanced Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Architecture
in the School of Architecture and Interior Design College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning Submitted April 4, 2005 by
Jennie Marie Stegeman B.S. Arch., University of Cincinnati, 2003
Committee Chairs: Udo Greinacher Gordon Simmons Michaele Pride-Wells
A B S T R A C T
Cincinnati has been witnessing a population decline for
decades within the central city and needs to overcome this
phenomenon that has become so popular in cities across the world.
In order to combat this scenario, Cincinnati should be looking at
tourism as a way to draw people into the city on a local level and
well beyond.
Cincinnati needs to take advantage of the growing neighbors
in Northern Kentucky and establish a tourism destination that
unifies the Cincinnati, Covington and Newport areas. The design
will focus on the Ohio Riverfront, which will provide a link between
these cities instead of being perceived as a barrier as it does today.
The tourist destination will build upon the assets that exist in the
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky area. The design will serve as a
catalyst of growth and development for the entire region, while also
Abstract Stegeman benefiting the local residents with the improved infrastructure that it
will create.
The tourist destination in Cincinnati will be unique through its
varied attractions. The experience of the design itself will be based
on the number of venues that it includes within one district. The
environment will provide amenities for all to enjoy – young, young
at heart, day traveler, families, business traveler – regardless of the
activity type that is desired – active, passive, culture, and sports.
Abstract Stegeman
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
To my remarkable parents,
Thanks for all the support and love throughout the years. I could not have made it this far without you. I love you.
To Mike,
You may have been the cause of my biggest distraction, but I love you more for it. Thanks for helping me along the way. I look forward to our life together.
To my wonderful family and friends,
You’ve been by my side the entire time, whether on the weekends or during class, I couldn’t have done it without your support.
To the University of Cincinnati, SAID faculty,
You’ve guided me for the past six years; especially my thesis committee, Udo Greinacher, Gordon Simmons, and Michaele Pride-Wells, who have shared their expertise and encouraged me through this process.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
TITLE PAGE
List of Illustrations……………………………………….……………… i Introduction ……………………………………………………………... 1 Chapter 1………………………………………………………………… 7 Cincinnati Regional and Downtown Information Chapter 2………………………………..……………………………... 15 The Banks Development Reasons Methods and Proposed Design Critique of The Banks Chapter 3……………………………………………………………… 25 Revitalization Strategies Chapter 4……………………………………………………………… 31 Tourism Strategies Chapter 5………………………………………………………………. 41 Precedents Chapter 6………………………………………………………………..53 Design Tourism Applications Master Plan Program Works Cited……………………………………………………………. 60 Appendix……………………………………………………………….. 63
Stegeman L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S
Figure 0.1 ~ Cincinnati, 2005 http://www.cincinnati.com/postcard/lightup7.html Figure 0.2 ~ Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Non-stop flights http://www.ersys.com/usa/airport/cvg.htm Figure 0.3 ~ Proposed Design for The Banks http://www.cincinnatiport.org/pa_pg5A.html Figure 1.1 ~ Cincinnati Official Visitors Guide, 2004 Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau. Cincinnati 2004 Official Visitors Guide. (Cincinnati Magazine: Emmis Publishing, 2004): cover. Figure 1.2 ~ Great American Ballpark, Cincinnati http://www.cincinnati.com/reds/wallpaper/800x600/gabp2.jpg Figure 1.3 ~ Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati http://www.bengals.com/paulbrownstadium/ Figure 1.4 ~ Tall Stacks Festival, Ohio River, Cincinnati http://www.rivercitycharter.com/rcgraphics/2TStallstacks.jpg Figure 1.5 ~ Newport on the Levee, Newport, Kentucky http://www.staynky.com/toolkit/photos/2/med_1088093541- 2.jpg Figure 1.6 ~ Purple People Bridge Photograph by author Figure 1.7 ~ Roebling Suspension Bridge http://www.covington.k12.ky.us/Pictures/Roebling%20Bridge %20Riverfront.htm Figure 1.8 ~ Population Graphic for Cincinnati Area http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/cityfinance/downloads/ cityfinance_pdf 7777.pdf
List of Illustrations i Stegeman Figure 1.9 ~ Shillito Lofts, Downtown Cincinnati http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/cdap/pages/-3901-/ Figure 2.1 ~ Proposed plan for The Banks http://www.cincinnatiport.org/pa_pg5A.html Figure 2.2 ~ National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Cincinnati http://www.cincinnatiusa.org/photos/freedomctr.jpg Figure 2.3 ~ Proposed Residential Square at The Banks http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND2.PDF Figure 2.4 ~ Proposed Entertainment District at The Banks http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND2.PDF Figure 2.5 ~ Proposed Riverfront Park Design at The Banks http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND2.PDF Figure 2.6 ~ Cincinnati Skyline from Kentucky http://www.cincinnati.com/postcard/lightup1.html Figure 2.7 ~ UDA Street Grid Diagram http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND1.PDF Figure 2.8 ~ UDA Highway Barrier Diagram http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND1.PDF Figure 2.9 ~ UDA Riverfront Park System Diagram http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND1.PDF Figure 2.10 ~ UDA Parking Diagram http://www.cincinnatiport.org/APPEND1.PDF Figure 3.1 ~ Node Diagram Author Figure 3.2 ~ Asset Diagram Author Figure 4.1 ~ Eiffel Tower; Paris, France http://www.atkielski.com/inlink.php?/PhotoGallery/Paris/Eiffel /EiffelNightSmall.html
List of Illustrations ii Stegeman Figure 5.1 ~ Baltimore Aerial Photograph http://www.airphotographics.com/new%20images/Balt96920. jpg Figure 5.2 ~ Baltimore Charles Center http://www.spsbe.jhu.edu/professional/archives/fall2003/ima ges/p26.jpg Figure 5.3 ~ Baltimore Inner Harbor, Plaza http://www.airphotographics.com/new%20images/Balt96920. jpg Figure 5.4 ~ Baltimore Inner Harbor http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/i mages/pho/t041/T041042A.jpg Figure 5.5 ~ Baltimore Inner Harbor, Night http://www.mdisfun.org/PostCards/PostCardImages/ecard_bi g_city.jpg Figure 5.6 ~ Montreal World’s Fair, 1967 - Buckminster Fuller’s Geodesic Dome http://www.whiteglovecollection.com/cord/images/gallery/ne w/montreal3.jpg Figure 5.7 ~ Montreal’s Olympic Stadium http://perso.wanadoo.fr/the-bof/specials/sportsevents/ montreal_1998_1.jpg Figure 5.8 ~ Montreal High Lights Festival http://www.montrealenlumiere.com/pdf/FML05_Guide_eng.p df Figure 5.9 ~ Navy Pier, Chicago http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topspots/images/chi_navy.jpg Figure 5.10 ~ Navy Pier – Carousel, Ferris Wheel http://www.navypier.com/SubLink.cfm?Main_ID=15&Sub_ID =60
List of Illustrations iii Stegeman Figure 6.1 ~ Design Concept Diagram Author Figure 6.2 ~ Supporting Attraction Design Diagram Author Figure 6.3 ~ Progression through Site Diagram Author Figure 6.4 ~ Design by Activity Type Diagram Author Figure 6.5 ~ Panoramic Photograph Collage – Cincinnati, Covington, Ohio River Author
List of Illustrations iv Stegeman I N T R O D U C T I O N
Cincinnati is one of the largest metro areas in the United States, but is
witnessing a population decline in the central city which has been happening for
a number of years. People that come to Cincinnati are mainly here for their
careers in one of the Fortune 500 companies, but they do little else involving the
other aspects that influence their lifestyles. Cincinnati should be striving to
incorporate all aspects of a person’s lifestyle into the design of the city, including
Figure 0.1 Cincinnati 2005 the proposed design for The Banks located along the riverfront. A new identity
for the City of Cincinnati can be achieved through the design of a tourism based
environment, creating a sense of place as well as bestowing a sense of pride to
the residents of the area. The design of a tourist destination will be attained
through analyzing the theories used in precedents and establishing a system that
can be implemented within Cincinnati.
Many cities across the world, including Cincinnati, are experiencing a
decline in population due to suburban sprawl. Cincinnati, for example, has seen
Introduction 1 Stegeman a decline in its population within the downtown area for the past decade, while
the Greater Cincinnati area has seen a continuous increase in population.1
People are leaving the area because the roles that were filled in the central city
are now being filled for them in the suburbs. Shopping centers, housing
developments and employers have all begun to move to the suburb where the
highway system has provided easy access. Cities have to invest in numerous
efforts to make their downtown more attractive to end the exodus from
downtown. In order to maintain a vibrant urban core, the goal is to have an
increase in population of all the areas of the city, as well as an increase in
visitors.
In promoting tourism, cities across the country are trying to endorse an
atmosphere to entice all aspects of lifestyles. While the central city has been
dominated by business roles in the past, today’s roles within the core go well
1 The Census Bureau reported earlier this year that Hamilton County’s population had dropped 2.6 percent from April 2000 to July 2003, while the 15-county Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area grew by almost 2 percent to 2,047,333. Ken Alltucker and Cindi Andrews, “Cincinnati leads nation in population decline,” Cincinnati Enquirer. 24 June 2004.
Introduction 2 Stegeman beyond in order to appeal to more people. Cities are considering aspects of
culture and entertainment as well as arts and retail in their design. People are
not traveling to cities just to follow their career, but also considering where they
can see themselves for a longer time period. People are choosing cities based
on what they have to offer on the levels beyond work.
Cincinnati has an array of assets to offer both residents and visitors alike.
The Midwest City is diverse, thanks to the three states and 13 counties in the
region. Cincinnati is home to “one of the world’s fastest-growing airports,
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport”2 which has over 550 daily
departures and over 100 non-stop destinations. This allows the city to be
connected with all the large metropolises across the world. The airport is
beneficial to over five Fortune 500 companies, other large and small businesses,
Figure 0.2 Cincinnati/Northern attractions, festivals, and residents. Kentucky International Airport, Non-stop flights Cincinnati should be striving to draw people to the city. Tourism can be
used as a way for the city to grow without having to increase all the aspects
2 “Cincinnati USA.” The Partnership for Greater Cincinnati: 2002, 4.
Introduction 3 Stegeman required for residents by providing an atmosphere that is enticing to tourists and
residents alike. Tourism has proven to be a major economic factor in cities.
“’Tourism, in just over a half century, …has become one of the world’s most
important economic sectors.’ In many cities, it is viewed as a key ingredient of
economic restructuring: the transformation of cities from centers of manufacturing to centers of service.”3 Cincinnati must follow the pack of cities
across the world by promoting itself with tourists in mind. Multiple types of people can be attracted to the area through tourism. The personality of the visitor plays a major role in choosing a destination when considering where to visit. Different people look for different things. Tourism is beneficial in attracting a diverse group of people as well as local and regional residents to the city proper.
Designing an atmosphere for a tourist clientele will improve the overall
quality of the city. The infrastructure needed to support a tourist-based
3 David C. Perry, “Urban Tourism and the Privatizing Discourses of Public Infrastructure” in Dennis R. Judd, ed. The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2003. 34.
Introduction 4 Stegeman environment caters to every day use as well. The infrastructure that is used to
entice tourists, while also serving local residents, consists of accommodations,
transportation, hospitality and attractions. Transforming Cincinnati into a tourist
destination will benefit local and regional population by providing services that
would not be offered otherwise.
Cincinnati’s history has roots in the Ohio River and the benefits it
provided; thus the tourist image of the city should incorporate the River. By
designing along the riverfront, the tourism aspect can become part of the
proposed design for The Banks, which is being developed by the city as a
revitalization effort. Not only will this build on the history of Cincinnati, but it also
Figure 0.3 Proposed Design for The provides one of the best views of the city’s skyline. The riverfront of the city is a Banks unique asset that is capable of providing the greatest degree of identity and
attachment. The design will be used to draw tourists to Cincinnati, thus
enhancing the already diverse culture of theatres and museums that exists within
the city.
Introduction 5 Stegeman This thesis will be looking at theories and precedents regarding tourism as an engine for growth. Key points will be analyzed and put into a system that can be utilized in the design of Cincinnati’s riverfront, while paying careful attention to the similarities and differences between the Queen City and the precedents used as a comparison. The new design will entice people into Cincinnati by adapting methods and ideals of practice in a way that will best fit Cincinnati’s unique attributes. Tourism will be a key element of design in the revitalization of
Cincinnati’s riverfront.
Introduction 6 Stegeman C H A P T E R 1 Cincinnati
The following analysis of Cincinnati is based on the positive aspects set
forth in the Visitors Guide. The guide is put forth by the Convention and Visitors
Bureau that is in charge of conveying the attractions, amenities, culture, society
and additional factors to visitors in the area. The Greater Cincinnati Convention
and Visitors Bureau presents a glamorous picture of their city and does not put
any emphasis on the negative aspects; therefore it is imperative to maintain a
critical viewpoint in order to understand the issues currently facing Cincinnati.
Figure 1.1 Cincinnati Official Cincinnati’s extensive history plays an important role in the characteristics Visitors Guide, 2004 of the city. The history ties together everything from being the Queen City to the
West to “Porkopolis because of the prevalence of pigs in its streets.”4 The past
goes beyond that of nicknames; the city is home to the oldest professional
baseball team as well, the Cincinnati Reds. “Whether you know it as the Queen
4 Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau. Cincinnati 2004 Official Visitors Guide. Cincinnati Magazine: Emmis Publishing, 2004. 13.
Chapter 1 7 Stegeman Cincinnati City, the Blue Chip City or the home of the mythical WKRP, downtown offers a
rich history and plenty of exciting possibilities that won’t disappoint.”5
The history that exists in Cincinnati not only serves as an attraction, but
lends itself as a fabric on which other attractions can be based. The Visitor’s
Bureau makes sure to mention the Cincinnati Reds and Bengals with their new
Figure 1.2 Great American Ballpark, stadiums along the riverfront as well as the collegiate sports teams of the area Cincinnati that have been nationally ranked. They note the claims to fame such as the Lois
and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art and the National
Underground Railroad Freedom Center. But, the culture in the city doesn’t stop
with these venues; they can be found throughout in the form of other renowned Figure 1.3 Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati museums, summer festivals and stage performances. According to Cincinnati’s
Mayor, Charlie Luken, “We’re tapping into the riches of our cultural heritage more
than ever, from a record-breaking Tall Stacks to the largest Oktoberfest outside
of Germany every year…” Mayor Luken also states that “we’ve grown into a
cosmopolitan destination with enough arts and entertainment options to satisfy Figure 1.4 Tall Stacks Festival, Ohio River, Cincinnati 5 2004 Visitors Guide: 13.
Chapter 1 8 Stegeman Cincinnati every age at every hour of the day and night.”6 Attractions that are great for all
ages and families to visit are the world-renowned Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical
Garden, Coney Island, or Paramount’s Kings Island. For others, dining at The
Maisonette, Cincinnati’s Five-star restaurant, enjoying a play at the Aronoff
Center, or an entertaining weekend at one of the city’s festivals may be the
entertainment of choice. Regardless of what activity is chosen, there really is
something for everyone to enjoy.
The Visitor’s Bureau also calls notice to Cincinnati’s neighbors in Northern
Kentucky including attractions in Newport and Covington. The Kentucky side of
the river provides views of the Carew Tower amidst the Cincinnati skyline that
cannot be matched from anywhere else. The recent development boom on the
south side of the river has brought about Newport on the Levee, which is home to Figure 1.5 Newport on the Levee, Newport, Kentucky dining and entertainment, as well as the Newport Aquarium. Further west along
the riverfront is Covington Landing; up the hill is Devou Park, which features an
overlook with remarkable views of Cincinnati. Access across the river can be
6 2004 Visitors Guide. 13.
Chapter 1 9 Stegeman Cincinnati achieved by crossing the Purple People Bridge or the historic Roebling
Suspension Bridge, which served as the model for the Brooklyn Bridge in New
York City.
Despite all the assets that the Greater Cincinnati area has to offer, there
are issues that Cincinnati is attempting to overcome, such as the population
Figure 1.6 Purple People Bridge decline that has been occurring for decades. Cincinnati is “aggressively seeking
a renewed downtown to retain office jobs and attract residents”7 as part of its
effort to revitalize the downtown area. According to Mayor Charlie Luken, “I don’t
think any city has done more to try to reverse these trends than Cincinnati.”8
With the noticeable decline in Cincinnati, Bill Frey, a demographer with
Washington, D.C. based Brookings Institution, said, “Cincinnati shares many of Figure 1.7 Roebling Suspension Bridge the same challenges as other aging Midwest cities. Cleveland, Detroit, Flint,
Mich., and Evansville, Ind., rank among the top 10 declining cities nationally.”9
7 Alltucker and Andrews.
8 Alltucker and Andrews.
9 Alltucker and Andrews.
Chapter 1 10 Stegeman Cincinnati All of these issues relate to how the city is, or should be, dealing with the
population trends of the area.
Cincinnati has seen a shift in population from the downtown area to the
suburbs. The Cincinnati area is ranked 24th in the nation with a population of
2,009,632 in the 2000 census. The Cincinnati Metropolitan Statistical Area,
which consists of 15 counties in 3 states, has seen a growing population from
1,744,124 in 1990 to 2,009, 632 in 2000, 2,033,148 in 2004, and an estimated
Figure 1.8 Population Graphic for 2,171,870 in 2010. 10 Meanwhile, the population within Hamilton County Cincinnati Area (Cincinnati) has seen a decline from 845,303 in 2000 to 832,140 in 2004, and an
estimated 827,940 in 2010.11 One portion of the Hamilton County population
10 “Demographic Profile.” Cincinnati USA.
11 “MSA Population by County.” Cincinnati USA
Chapter 1 11 Stegeman Cincinnati consists of the City of Cincinnati at 331,285 in 2000 (compared to 400,000+ in
1970) and the Central Business District / Riverfront area at 3,189 (2000).12 *
On a contrasting note is Cincinnati’s neighbor, Northern Kentucky, which
has seen a much larger increase in population when compared to the City of
Cincinnati. The three counties in Northern Kentucky increased 29.9% from 1980-
1990 and have continued to increase more every decade to the estimated 2010-
2020 increase of 8.9%.13 *
Northern Kentucky has also seen increases in areas specifically related to
tourism. “Over $243 million in indirect spending was generated to the Northern
Kentucky economy in 2000 through visitors in our area. The direct economic impact on the community by marketing initiatives of the Convention & Visitors
12 “City of Cincinnati Population.” Cincinnati USA
13 “Northern Kentucky Growth and Projections Average Increase in Population (Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties).” Northern Kentucky USA.
Chapter 1 12 Stegeman Cincinnati Bureau was $72 million.”14 Northern Kentucky is a step ahead of Cincinnati at
the moment in its attempts to attract people through aspects of tourism and has
already seen the benefits of doing so.
It would be advantageous for Greater Cincinnati to work with Northern
Kentucky in developing the region as a whole. The riverfront area of Cincinnati
and Northern Kentucky has the potential to attract a tourist clientele. However,
this idea of revitalizing the Cincinnati waterfront alone is not enough to bring
people into the city. In Cincinnati, the attempts at revitalization consist of in
increase in residential and mixed use structures. There are a number of lofts
being renovated as well as new structures. Unfortunately, Cincinnati is going
about these developments with a one-track mind and not seeing all the potential
in designing to attract tourists. They are looking to rebuild the city and
incorporate new ideas, but there is no focus on drawing people to the city for
Figure 1.9 Shillito Lofts, Downtown short-term visits. Cincinnati
14 “Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky: A Great Vacation Destination: Location, Attractions, Cuisine, Value—Area Has It All and More.” 24 June 2003. from < http://staynky.com/news/> (20 December 2004)
Chapter 1 13 Stegeman Cincinnati Cincinnati should be striving to attract tourists to the city so that more people would be able to support and benefit from the services that would be provided and thus an increase in demand for the new construction would then be noticed. The new services that should be provided would include aspects of downtown Cincinnati as well as Newport and Covington, Kentucky.
An important factor to consider is the impact that a tourism based
environment will have on the new design for The Banks. Not only will it increase
profits in spending as already seen in northern Kentucky, but more importantly
provide a regular population for the city while the local residents are taking care
of their individual duties. A tourism based design will allow for the City of
Cincinnati to create an image for itself that can be remembered and realized by those who have visited or heard of the region. The image will express the
qualities of the city and serve as a sense of pride for the local residents.
* See appendix for additional data and charts.
Chapter 1 14 Stegeman Cincinnati C H A P T E R 2 The Banks
A number of revitalization efforts have been adapted within Cincinnati.
From restoring the run-down Over-the Rhine neighborhood, to providing a new
look for Fountain Square, and adding a community to The Banks, the city sees
that changes need to be made in order to sustain its large metropolitan area.
Unfortunately, these adjustments are still being evolved and not yet completed Figure 2.1 Proposed Plan for The Banks leaving Cincinnati behind in its efforts to improve the city. As Mark Twain once
said, he “wished to be in Cincinnati when the world ended, since everything
happened later in the slow-paced river city.”15 Cities across the world have
made similar attempts to revitalize their urban centers and improve the overall
city; now it is time for Cincinnati to learn from the other cities and provide an
attraction that is enticing to tourists and will serve the local residents as well.
The City of Cincinnati has proposed the development of The Banks along
the Ohio River as one of its main revitalization efforts for the city and its
15 2004 Visitors Guide. 13.
Chapter 2 15 Stegeman The Banks waterfront. These revitalization efforts are encouraging people to live downtown
by providing more housing options and creating a new community along the
riverfront. The anchor attractions of The Banks are already built and open; they
include Paul Brown Stadium, Great American Ballpark, National Underground
Railroad Freedom Center, and US Bank Arena. In order for this development to
thrive and benefit the city, over 6,000 parking spaces, for both The Banks Figure 2.2 National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, development and the Central Business District, are planned. Another component Cincinnati that is being incorporated is a mixed-use district comprised of housing units,
retail, entertainment, offices, and hotel space.
The components of The Banks supplement what is already being done in
downtown Cincinnati. The 2000 proposal for the banks incorporates from 900-
1,300 housing units. Two to four hundred rooms will be available in the hotel unit
for business travelers as well as those coming to the city for special events or a
visit to the anchor attractions. The Banks will incorporate 100,000-200,000 Figure 2.3 Proposed Residential Square at The Banks square feet of office space for anything from small businesses to entrepreneurs
creating a more specialized, boutique type, atmosphere. The final component of
Chapter 2 16 Stegeman The Banks the mixed-use district is 400,000-500,000 square feet of retail and entertainment
space. The retail space could be used for small boutique type shops or unique
venues for local stores, while entertainment might include bars, restaurants, and
art galleries.16
In addition to the mixed-use district, the Port of Greater Cincinnati
Development Authority has planned for a 70-acre riverfront park that would act
as the ‘front door’ of Cincinnati. This is slated to be the future location for many Figure 2.4 Proposed Entertainment District at The Banks of Cincinnati’s festivals that are currently held within the city, such as the May
Festival, Taste of Cincinnati, Jazz Festival, Kidsfest, Riverfest, and Oktoberfest-
Zinzinnati. The riverfront park will link with older park and recreation areas, such
as Sawyer Point, to provide a network of parks and open space instead of a
number of separate repeat entities.
As a way to incorporate The Banks development within the Central
Figure 2.5 Proposed Riverfront Park Business District, there are also plans to deck parts of Fort Washington Way, design at The Banks
16 Urban Design Associates. “Central Riverfront Urban Design Master Plan” April, 2000: p 32.
Chapter 2 17 Stegeman The Banks which will provide parking and new commercial office and retail along Third
Street. The plan is to tie the CBD to The Banks and thus reconnect downtown
with the historic importance of the Ohio River. This development will provide
better connections with the city street grid all the way to the shore of the River.
One complaint is that there is no easy access to the riverfront because of the
barrier of Fort Washington Way. Figure 2.6 Cincinnati Skyline from Kentucky The people of Cincinnati were given the opportunity to provide their input
into the design of the components of The Banks as well as discussions of what is
liked and disliked about Cincinnati as it is today. Regarding the downtown area,
restaurants, shopping, clean and safe perception of downtown were liked best,
while the dislikes consisted of weak retail, not enough entertainment, not enough
parking, and isolation from the river. Regarding the riverfront, likes included the
eastern riverfront parks, the beauty of the river, and festivals, while dislikes
included Fort Washington Way, and poor access. The consensus among those
present was that the views to and from downtown should not be blocked with
large stadiums or buildings because it would dilute the strength of downtown.
Chapter 2 18 Stegeman The Banks People do not want to hide the skyline of the city that has become its own
trademark, especially the views from the riverfront and neighboring Northern
Kentucky. Given all of these comments, the general themes that were
considered and carried through to the proposed design include reconnecting
downtown to the riverfront, creating a new riverfront park, and developing the
riverfront right this time.
With the help of the Urban Design Associates (UDA), the design of The
Banks has developed and evolved to the point where it stands now. UDA
researched information on streets, residential uses, open space, parking, and
Figure 2.7 UDA Street Grid Diagram other factors. They were struck by the fact that the city street grid no longer
extended to the riverfront. Fort Washington Way presented a barrier for
pedestrians and cars. The riverfront’s predominant land use was parking in
1996. Finally, there was a perceived lack of residential development downtown
and especially along the riverfront.
UDA came back with a variety of solutions to overcome these issues. Figure 2.8 UDA Highway Barrier Diagram One of their suggestions was to connect the city street grid to the river, which
Chapter 2 19 Stegeman The Banks must include a pedestrian friendly streetscape. Another suggestion involves the
open space along the river. UDA suggested that the existing and proposed
parks should be combined into a riverfront park system to connect with
residential and commercial developments. Along with these ideas to connect the
Central Business District with the riverfront is the idea of capping off Fort
Washington Way, to eliminate the perceived barrier that cuts off access from
Figure 2.9 UDA Riverfront Park downtown to the riverfront. System Diagram The Banks incorporates a centrally-located parking area. This parking will
serve the users of The Banks as well as CBD workers and visitors. The parking
idea goes along with the other common themes in linking the new development
with downtown. To continue this idea, there are proposed economic
development sites such as Broadway Commons which can benefit from the
supporting uses, and will in turn, hopefully fuel revitalization in Over-the-Rhine.
Figure 2.10 UDA Parking Diagram Through this development Cincinnati feels that it will be enough to provide for a
true 24-hour city containing stadiums, culture, entertainment, housing, offices
and parks.
Chapter 2 20 Stegeman The Banks In reality, the development that is being proposed at The Banks is not going to be enough to change Cincinnati. The method of revitalization is a continuation of the development strategies for the central city which has been unable to halt the decline in the population. The development at The Banks is merely looking at ways to achieve a 24/7 lifestyle within the city rather than attempting to draw outside people into the area as well. Instead, Cincinnati should be looking to step out of the box and follow the lead of other cities across the country that have realized the benefits of drawing people to the city beyond the realms of the suburbs that surround the city. Cincinnati should be looking to attract people from all over the world instead of looking to attract those that they have already lost due to sprawl.
The design of The Banks is meant to tie seamlessly to the central business district, but why should a new development focus so much on it’s integration with a declining city center? In the design of The Banks, Cincinnati has invested too much in the betterment of the central business district to fully realize the potential of the new development. The proposed Banks project is
Chapter 2 21 Stegeman The Banks designed to enhance the center city without deterring from the projects currently
underway, such as the ideas of extending the street grid and providing access to
the river. Unfortunately, the central business district is already in to much of a
decline that the development has to minimize its plan for construction so that it
doesn’t make the city look like it’s in despair. Instead, The Banks should be
considered an entity in itself. This process would allow for a new design to
consider methods such as tourism; encouraging people to come to the city above
and beyond the few methods that Cincinnati is currently trying to pursue. The
Banks would be looked at as an addition to the region that may then spur improvements in the center city, but should not wait on the downtown area to develop first.
Another problem with the development of The Banks is that the thought
process behind the master plan of the design has not been fully worked out prior
to the addition of key elements such as the Great American Ballpark, Paul Brown
Stadium, and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. Fortunately, the two stadiums work well as book ends for the site and do not hinder further
Chapter 2 22 Stegeman The Banks development. The Freedom Center on the other hand, was placed on the axis of the historic Roebling Bridge, paying little attention to the alignment with the city street grid that is intended to extend to the river, according to UDA’s analysis.
The scale of the Freedom Center is not large enough to stand on its own like that of the stadiums and will therefore be very dependent on the development that occurs surrounding it. The small scale of the Freedom Center will now drive the rest of the design so that the museum does not get lost in the mix. With regards to the future economic benefits provided by the design of The Banks, the degree to which it will be allowed to produce will be miniscule compared to the potential that was present before the construction of the Freedom Center. This is another example of how the ideas in the planning are not fully realized and end up inhibiting the overall potential of The Banks.
The new development along the river should instead focus on the aspects of tourism, which is being seen as a major industry all across the world.
“Tourism, it is argued, is part of the new economic development. It offers one of the few alternatives for cities to build a clean, newly designed urban core—part
Chapter 2 23 Stegeman The Banks safe space and part spectacle... after all, it is alleged that tourism, in general, is the fastest-growing industry in the world.”17 The addition of tourists to the area can provide a consistent clientele that is not met by having local residents alone because of work and other obligations. In general the idea of bringing people to the city is a good plan, but Cincinnati needs to look at this at a larger scale. As proof that tourism is an appropriate solution for Cincinnati, the following chapters will discuss the more specific aspects of tourism and the roles that it plays on cities everywhere.
17 Perry. 40.
Chapter 2 24 Stegeman The Banks C H A P T E R 3 Revitalization Strategies
Cities are constantly looking at ways to keep up with the changing times
through methods of revitalization. The strategies used in rejuvenating a city can
take on a large or small scale depending on the situation. The goal for
revitalizing a city can have multiple purposes including growth, identity and
economics. At times, these efforts are merely fine tuning existing conditions, and
at the other end of the spectrum is a complete overhaul of existing conditions.
“Massive downtown revitalization schemes are usually enormous, too large to
manage, and hardly ever get off the ground. ‘Planners, politicians, developers, and downtown business organizations must recognize the diverse nature of their downtowns and support this diversity. Development that is sympathetic to the character of its district helps that district flourish. Development that goes against the character usually suffers along with the district.’”18
18 Maureen Atkinson and John Williams. “Managing Downtown Revitalization by District,” in Roger L. Kemp ed. The Inner City—A Handbook for Renewal. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001. 79.
Chapter 3 25 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies Revitalization strategies deal with a number of factors in cities, one of
which is allowing the city to function better as a whole. Atkinson and Williams
look at the relationship of various aspects of the city and how they should work
together to be successful. They look at the distinct characteristics, what they call
“nodes”, in the city. Atkinson and Williams categorize these nodes into eight
districts: business, mainstream shopping area, avant-garde arts,
cultural/entertainment, visitor, upscale retail, low-end retail, and ethnic. The most Figure 3.1 Node Diagram successful scenario with these nodes is when the adjacent nodes or districts
have an overlapping client. “Careful planning and organization around the
realities of a downtown’s nodes – with the aim of building upon strong nodes,
nurturing weak nodes and maximizing synergy between them – is the most
appropriate framework for downtown revitalization.”19 This combination of nodes
is what can make or break a city with respect to how the city is perceived and
how well it performs.
19 Atkinson and Williams. 82.
Chapter 3 26 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies Jane Jacobs has similar ideas regarding how diverse areas should work
together for a common good. She states, “I think that unsuccessful city areas are
areas which lack this kind of intricate mutual support, and that the science of city planning and the art of city design, in real life for real cities, must become the
science and art of catalyzing and nourishing these close-grained working
relationships.”20 Jacobs goes on to relate this to the diversity of cities: “The more
successfully a city generates diversity and vitality in any of its parts, of course,
the better become its chances for building success, ultimately, in still other
parts—including, eventually, those most discouraging to begin with.”21 This
diversity is likely to occur in large cities, but the success of its occurrence is not
definite in any situation and should therefore not be expected. There are
economic factors that also play into the diversity of the city.
Overall, generalized pictures of a city do not tell the whole story. The
important factor is noticing how the individual components work together in the
20 Jane Jacobs. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House Publishing, 1961. 14.
21 Jacobs. 177.
Chapter 3 27 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies environment to make up the real-life composition. Jacobs considers this real-life
factor the most appropriate way to look at cities, “because this is the only way to
learn what principles of planning and what practices in rebuilding can promote
social and economic vitality in cities, and what practices and principles will
deaden these attributes.”22 Jacobs’s ideas regarding diversity extend into the
notion that cities have to build from the assets that they already have and by
doing so are then capable of making more assets. The notion of building on
assets relates to Jacobs, principles of revitalization: it is better to fix existing
elements and work within the given fabric than to undertake a complete overhaul
Figure3.2 Asset Diagram of an area.
As cities look to revitalize their areas, a common theme is to draw people
to the region. Richard Florida, in his research, argues that people are less and
less attached to their career as a means to determine where they live, but are
more interested in the lifestyle they can have in the city where they live. People
are choosing cities based on what they have to offer beyond work. Florida points
22 Jacobs. 4.
Chapter 3 28 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies out in The Rise of the Creative Class that people in the ‘Creative Class’ are looking for lifestyles to promote their enthusiasm and creativity. This ‘Creative
Class’ consists of “People engaged in complex problem solving that involves a great deal of independent judgment and requires high levels of education or human capital that share a common creative ethos that values creativity, individuality, difference, and merit. For the members of the Creative Class, every aspect and every manifestation of creativity- technological, cultural and economic
– is interlinked and inseparable.”23 As cities try to attract the Creative Class, an
overall improvement can be seen through image and economic means.
Cincinnati is attempting to provide the aspects related to Florida’s Creative
Class through its new developments within the downtown area, but has not yet reached the same caliber as others. Cincinnati ranks 33rd out of 50 on Florida’s
Creativity Index thanks to its Midwest roots.24 Cincinnati residents are “less
23 Richard Florida. Rise of the Creative Class. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002. 8.
24 James Schroder. “Creative Class: Cincinnati Discovers Cosmopolitan” in The Next American City. January 2005.
Chapter 3 29 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies interested in the progressive agendas of Florida and his followers than in basic
quality-of-life issues and traditional Middle American values. While Cincinnatians
enjoy the arts and theater, they also love old-fashioned attractions like sports,
beer, barbecues, and outdoor festivals.”25 Cincinnati is not focusing on drawing
all of the Creative Class type including those with diverse lifestyles such as gays
and lesbians. “City officials have recognized that continued development in the
center city depends heavily on its ability to attract a wide range—not just one
type—of residents and visitors.”26 Therefore, Cincinnati needs to look at the possibilities involved in attracting visitors to the area through tourism.
25 Schroder.
26 Schroder.
Chapter 3 30 Stegeman Revitalization Strategies C H A P T E R 4 Tourism Strategies
Revitalization in some form is occurring all over, but for cities looking to
draw people into their areas the preferred method is tourism. The creation of a
tourist destination is beneficial in achieving an overall image for the city as well
as providing an economic increase created by the consumption spending of
visitors. Much like the icon of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, this image can serve as a
lasting impression in the mind of its residents, visitors, and potential visitors as
well. It is what links people to the place and can be passed on from one Figure 4.1 Eiffel Tower; Paris, France individual to another.
Recently, tourism has been studied and implemented more thoroughly in
the design of urban centers. “Although some of the origins of tourism and leisure
projects can be found in the 1970s when festival markets were developed to
attract consumer activity in downtown areas, in tourism terms these were
insufficient to expand the visitor base to the downtown areas in North American
cities. They were supplemented by a range of ‘special activity generators’ (i.e.
Chapter 4 31 Stegeman Tourism Strategies sport arenas, stadia, casinos, entertainment complexes) which were able to
attract tourists and day-trippers (Robertson 1995) and to compete with
suburbs.”27 Meanwhile, “’Tourism, in just over a half century, …has become one
of the world’s most important economic sectors.’ In many cities, it is viewed as a
key ingredient of economic restructuring: the transformation of cities from centers
of manufacturing to centers of service.”28 These ideas explain how tourism is
changing with modern society. They can be related to a method of revitalization
that cities are looking towards.
Tourism has been proven to benefit revitalization efforts in cities. “In an
era of increased leisure, recreational participation, and increased environmental
and heritage concern, many of the world’s major waterside city areas have been
redeveloped with conservation, recreation, and tourism in mind. There is little doubt that recreation and tourism can be used as catalysts for redevelopment;
27 Stephen J Page. and C. Michael Hall. Managing Urban Tourism. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2003. 44.
28 Perry. 34.
Chapter 4 32 Stegeman Tourism Strategies but there may be concern, however, when tourism and leisure are used as the only purpose for redevelopment.”29 Tourism should not be the lone method of revitalization, but must work in correspondence with other efforts in the city. The most successful solutions for revitalization happen when a number of factors come together and work hand-in-hand for the common goal of the betterment of the city.
Considering aspects of revitalization in congruence with methods related to tourism it is important to look at the writings of Stephen J. Page and C.
Michael Hall. They have worked with tourism on a number of levels, including looking at precedents and studying information on economics. The study of tourism looks at the consumption and leisure activities in cities, while the use of precedents provides concrete examples of methods that have been both successful and unsuccessful as a means of understanding how the various aspects of tourism can be used.
29 Stephen J. Craig-Smith and Michael Fagence, ed. Recreation and Tourism as a Catalyst for Urban Waterfront Redevelopment: An International Survey. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1995. 8.
Chapter 4 33 Stegeman Tourism Strategies Cities have experienced tourism since ancient times. Page and Hall note that tourism “has moved from a neglected field of social science a decade ago to a position where the importance of urban tourism is now receiving due recognition in a variety of academic fields, not least of which is tourism studies itself, but increasingly it is being seen as a specialized area of destination management and marketing with its own set of concerns and issues.”30 The study of tourism by Page and Hall includes communities from small towns to large mega-cities.
Looking at cities, it is important to consider the quality of life that already exists. Page and Hall reports “One of the prevailing problems, which has important consequences for tourism, is the impact of mega-cities on the quality of life of residents and visitors…. Thus if the quality of life deteriorates, the attraction for visitors will diminish too.”31 This quality of life issue relates back to the ideas previously discussed regarding Richard Florida’s ‘Creative Class.’ As
30 Page and Hall. xviii.
31 Page and Hall. 8-9.
Chapter 4 34 Stegeman Tourism Strategies the study of tourism has grown, it has become a complex process that looks at culture, lifestyles, and demand in different societies for holidays and travel. Page and Hall explain that tourism had previously been described mostly by international tourism, but “Pearce (1987) identifies the significance of domestic tourism, which in statistical terms estimated to be four times greater in volume than international travel. Domestic tourism is the movement of people within their own country for the purposes of tourism, whereby they spend at least one night away from their home area.”32 The ideas related to domestic tourism are associated with the increase in leisure time and the growing opportunity for flexible hours in the workplace.
Within the realm of domestic tourism lies urban tourism as a distinct activity. Urban tourism “is sufficiently important either as a particular group of tourism activities or in the role such tourism does, or might play within the
32 Page and Hall. 10.
Chapter 4 35 Stegeman Tourism Strategies broader context of cities (Ashworth 1992a: 3).”33 One benefit to urban tourism is
that the functions that exist among the ideas of tourism are rarely produced for,
or consumed by, tourists, but by a range of users that incorporates those that
work and live there and can use these functions on a regular basis. The
functions that are being discussed include everything from improved utilities
within the city to increased amenities. These functions are related to the idea
that tourism is a consumption system.34
Tourism and leisure activities co-exist with other productive activities.
“The tourist city is not necessarily a distinct spatial entity that the visitor can easily recognize: it is a patchwork of consumption experiences, spatially dispersed and often grouped into districts and zones (e.g. the entertainment zone) with symbols, a unique language and range of icons to differentiate the
experience of place consumption… The tourist city is predicated on a series of
33 Page and Hall. 16.
34 Page and Hall. 22.
Chapter 4 36 Stegeman Tourism Strategies primary attractions and an infrastructure that is utilized by non-tourists.”35 An
infrastructure that is used by non-tourists allows the services of tourism to be
associated with other aspects of the city including the central business district or other areas of revitalization.
Page and Hall discuss ideas of consumption as they relate to aspects of
tourism. Specifically, Murphy’s ideas of consumption: “While consumption is
significant within the postmodern city, it needs to be remembered that the places
or sites of consumption are manufactured or created spaces. Shopping malls,
hypermarkets, multiplexes, planned communities, waterfront spaces, museums
and cybercafés are all products of service, property and entertainment
industries.”36 Page and Hall also discuss Mullins’ similar ideas related to
consumption. Mullins recognized the relationship of tourism and leisure to the
pursuit of pleasure. According to Mullins (1991), “This pleasure-seeking is part of
a constant search for the new, different, bigger and better pleasures, with
35 Page and Hall. 49.
36 Page and Hall. 35.
Chapter 4 37 Stegeman Tourism Strategies services being either collectively packaged as spectacles and festivals (e.g.
theme parks), or available as number individual services ranging from concerts to
purchased sex, and from sports to holiday accommodation.”37 Cities are
constantly providing this range of consumption opportunities.
Within the role of consumption exists the idea of the individual tourist and
the concept of the tourist experience. “According to Graefe and Vaske (1987),
the ‘tourist experience’ is the culmination of a given experience which can be
influenced by individual, environmental, situational and personality-related factors
as well as the degree of communication with other people.”38 Cooper acknowledges the connection of consumption and influencing factors by saying,
“the demand for tourism at the individual level can be treated as a consumption process which is influenced by a number of factors. These may be a combination of needs and desires, availability of time and money, or images,
37 Page and Hall. 39.
38 Page and Hall. 56.
Chapter 4 38 Stegeman Tourism Strategies perceptions and attitudes.”39 It is important to remember that tourists have different desires.
Therefore, the types of tourists should be described and classified. In
1972, Cohen identified four types of tourist travelers: mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorers and drifters. The ‘mass tourist’ is highly organized, visiting specific sights on a tour or other organized system. The ‘individual mass tourist’ similarly visits the specific organized sights but also makes it a point to visit side interests on his or her own. The ‘explorers’ are looking to experience the social and cultural lifestyles that exist in the given destination. The ‘drifter’ seeks to feel part of the destination and not encounter other tourists. These are ways to classify types of tourists, but what is it that the urban city does to attract tourists in general? What are their qualities?
Regarding visitors to urban areas, there are a number of different motivators – visiting family and friends, business travel, entertainment, sightseeing, personal matters, etc. “One can argue that tourists are attracted to
39 Page and Hall. 58.
Chapter 4 39 Stegeman Tourism Strategies cities because of the specialized functions they offer and the range of services provided.”40 The significance of these aspects to the tourist varies according to importance of destination and attractions.
There are several key criteria that should be met in the design of a tourism-based environment. An analysis of the future development must be made to determine the existing situations that are to be built upon. The type of tourist that the design is intending to attract must also be considered. In order to attract the most possible number of visitors, the design should be appealing to all types of people from the mass tourist to the drifter. In order to continue to appeal to the wide range of visitors there must be a number of attractions to satisfy their need for consumption. Finally, one of the most important aspects to consider is the idea of flexibility. The flexibility of the overall design will allow for the design to adapt over time and continue to prosper. These criteria are being considered in cities across the world, which can be further examined in cities where these strategies have been taken.
40 Page and Hall. 20.
Chapter 4 40 Stegeman Tourism Strategies C H A P T E R 5 Precedents
Numerous cities have used tourism based revitalization as the key
strategy to draw people into their city. In order to describe the variations in how
tourism strategies are used, it is important to look at examples from other cities.
Some key examples include the waterfront revitalization attempts in Baltimore,
the event-based venues in Montreal, as well as the evolving efforts at Chicago’s
Navy Pier.
Baltimore City was suffering in a variety of ways that were fairly common
for cities across the country and the world. The city was “Declining from a
population of 950,000 in 1950 to about 651,000 in 2000.” Also, “in 1950, 79.1
percent of metropolitan area employment was located in the city, by 2000, only Figure 5.1 Baltimore Aerial Photograph 33 percent.”41 “This statistical portrait indicates a central city that has clearly
41 Donald F. Norris, “If We Build It, They Will Come! Tourism-Based Economic Development in Baltimore.” in Dennis R. Judd, ed. The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2003. 140.
Chapter 5 41 Stegeman Precedents been in decline for at least the past five decades.”42 Baltimore responded to
these statistics with two developments: Charles Center, an office-based
development, and the Inner Harbor, a tourism-based development in order to
prevent the situation from deteriorating.
It was the initial development of Charles Center that made the Inner
Harbor possible. Although Charles Center is not the main draw for tourists,
“without this office growth, there would not have been sufficient critical mass to
encourage the overall rejuvenation of the Inner Harbor.”43 Baltimore’s business
and civic leadership chose this tourism-based development partly because they Figure 5.2 Baltimore Charles Center couldn’t find another viable strategy for their city. Another reason was to use the
existing assets within the urban waterfront area. Charles Center was designed to
serve as a centerpiece and principal attraction.
Prior to the Inner Harbor development, there was nothing there to attract
anyone to the waterfront. In fact, the industrial and shipping yards did more to
42 Norris. 141.
43 Norris. 142.
Chapter 5 42 Stegeman Precedents deter people from the harbor. Within a short time after opening, “the area drew
millions of visitors, and it continues to attract large numbers today from within
and beyond the Baltimore region.”44 The amenities that attract visitors consist of
office buildings, local cultural attractions, a multi-income residential community,
as well as parks and open space immediately adjacent to the harbor.
Much of this development stemmed from observing the way that people
used the site while development was taking place. “By the early 1970s, the
blocks immediately around the Inner Harbor were either developed or under
development. However, the shoreline was mostly open. It was in this area that a
variety of urban and ethnic festivals began to be held. These festivals attracted Figure 5.3 Baltimore Inner Harbor, Plaza people to the Inner Harbor and showed that it could be a popular place for local
residents.”45 Today, a public promenade exists along the entire circumference
of the Inner Harbor waterfront.
44 Norris. 146.
45 Norris. 146.
Chapter 5 43 Stegeman Precedents The redevelopment efforts in Baltimore have been quite successful on a
variety of different levels. Not only has the image of the city been altered, but
more people visit the city annually than before the revitalization.46 “By nearly any
measure, the physical redevelopment of Baltimore’s once run-down, dilapidated
waterfront area has been impressive. In just over twenty-five years, decaying
and derelict wharves and warehouses have been demolished, and in their place
numerous modern buildings and other physical facilities have been constructed,
totally transforming the Inner Harbor.”47 The Inner Harbor has become an
energetic area of activity that provides a public space for recreation activities for
anyone who wishes to visit. Figure 5.4 Baltimore Inner Harbor The success of Baltimore is visible in a number of ways. “By the
measures of attracting tourists and tourist spending, the Baltimore Renaissance
has been quite successful. People come to Baltimore, mostly to the Inner Harbor
46 “Baltimore City as a whole draws an estimated 13 million visitors annually.” Norris. 147.
47 Norris 144.
Chapter 5 44 Stegeman Precedents and proximate areas, where they spend money. They did neither prior to the
redevelopment of the Inner Harbor. Without the Inner Harbor redevelopment, the
city would have lost (or at least it would have never gained) most of the tourists
(and their spending) that it currently receives….”48 These redevelopments led to
an increase of jobs. “Prior to the development of Charles Center, the city
estimated that about 9,500 people worked in the project area. The same source
estimated that 10,000 new jobs were added after Charles Center redevelopment.
The Inner Harbor redevelopment resulted in yet an additional 25,000 jobs.”49
These visitors and their spending habits affect the state and local economies. Figure 5.5 Baltimore Inner Harbor, Night The area is not used only by tourists, but by the area’s own inhabitants.
The success of Baltimore can be seen in the physical redevelopment,
attracting tourists, creating employment, and producing tax revenues. “Since the
completion of the Charles Center and Inner Harbor redevelopment projects, a
great deal has been added to the built environment of downtown Baltimore, a
48 Norris. 149.
49 Norris. 150.
Chapter 5 45 Stegeman Precedents previously dilapidated area has been aesthetically improved, thousands of new
jobs have been produced, and the assessed value of property in the downtown
and the property tax revenues derived from the city center have increased.”50 A
final, less tangible, benefit includes the city’s overall view of itself and the national
and international recognition that it has gained as a result of this redevelopment.
It is important to notice with Baltimore that no attempt was made to
completely overhaul a city that was in decline, but to add an asset to the city that
would make its own claim. The change that occurred in Baltimore was not
necessarily the elimination of the slums, but creating an atmosphere for tourists
that was positive instead of the negative image that existed prior to the
development of the Inner Harbor.
Another city that has succeeded in providing for tourists as well as local
residents is Montréal. Like Baltimore, Montréal strived to create a tourist-based
environment. In a first attempt, Montréal focused on mega-events as a way to
provide for tourists, including the 1967 World’s Fair and the 1976 Olympic
50 Norris. 153. Figure 5.6 Montreal World’s Fair, 1967 - Buckminster Fuller’s Geodesic Dome Chapter 5 46 Stegeman Precedents games. These mega-events did not result in the economic boost that Montréal
was looking to achieve. As director of the Center for Economic Development at
the University of Wisconsin, Marc Levin, reveals, “Despite the post-Olympics
letdown, Montréal did not abandon tourism. Montréal’s tourism policy shifted
away from mega-events to development of a diverse array of tourism
attractions.”51 This array included sports, entertainment, culture, and hotels. In regard to these attractions, Levin notes, “Tourists constitute about 25 percent of their (summer festivals and Vieux-Port) clientele, and they draw large numbers of suburbanites to the city. Moreover, … these are not simply tourist attractions; they are recreational facilities and entertainment events mainly frequented by city residents, enhancing the quality of life in a “ville-festive”—a difficult-to-quantify but important factor in assessing their fiscal worthiness.”52 Montréal is a prime example of how to draw both visitors and local residents into the urban core.
51 Marc V. Levine. “Tourism Infrastructure and Urban Redevelopment in Montreal.” in Dennis R. Judd, ed The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. 250.
52 Marc V. Levine. 258.
Chapter 5 47 Stegeman Precedents The idea of an array of tourist attractions may serve to bring the scale and
risk of the tourist-based environment into a manageable realm for a city like
Cincinnati. The mega-event, like that in Montréal, may result in a negative
outcome where the cost involved in achieving such a grand event is not sufficient
when considering the paybacks. The idea of developing multiple arrays of
attraction allows for assessment of the individual entities on a smaller scale and
possibly redeveloping if needed instead of a complete overhaul of a mega-event.
There is no doubt that this method of tourism is a large-scale project by any
means, and therefore one that takes much research and consideration when
determining the most appropriate actions that should be taken for Cincinnati. In
particular, consideration of the aspects based on its culture and society must be
given priority.
In consideration of Montréal’s efforts, it is important to take into account
both strategies as a means to draw people to the city. The first attempt – the
Olympics – was a major overhaul of existing conditions that left little space for
Figure 5.8 Montreal High Lights minor adjustments once the Olympic Games had come to an end. As a result, Festival
Chapter 5 48 Stegeman Precedents Montréal changed its approach to be less obtrusive. The design now allows for
changes to be made on a smaller level with altering festivals. If attendance for
one or two festivals begins to decline, minor revisions can be made to the
schedule of events to allow for the revamp of the tourist area. This smaller scale
approach to revitalizing a tourist area makes the most sense for a city where the
destination is the main attraction and there is a need to keep the attraction up
and running, even in the event that a portion would need to be rejuvenated.
Similar to the strategy in Montreal is that of Chicago’s Navy Pier, which
has changed its use over time to adapt to the needs of the city. The Chicago
design has taken on roles as the Municipal Pier, Navy training base, University of
Illinois, and Navy Pier as it stands today. The most important thing to notice is
the design as it stands now. The design by VOA and Benjamin Thompson and
Associates “was intended to serve as a backdrop for the activities of people
using the pier.”53
Figure 5.9 Navy Pier, Chicago 53 Douglas Bukowski. Navy Pier: A Chicago Landmark. Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority: Chicago, IL; 1996. 64.
Chapter 5 49 Stegeman Precedents The number of venues present at Navy Pier allow for a wide range of
visitors. The pier is appealing to a number of different types of visitor because of
the variety of attractions present. The setting at the pier includes activities at the
IMAX Theater, beer garden, Children’s Museum, local vendors, Shakespeare
Theater, exhibition space, and more. The overall appeal of the design is in the
number of attractions available from a relaxing visit to the winter garden to a
night out with live music in one of the restaurants. The design also allows for
longer stays at the pier. When a visitor gets tired of one particular activity there Figure 5.10 Navy Pier – Carousel, Ferris Wheel is a wide variety to sustain their other interests as well.
The constant presence of events at the pier is the main focus of its
success. The committees make sure that there is always something going on at
Navy Pier year-round. One example is the weekly fireworks shows that occur
every Wednesday and Saturday throughout the summer. The Pier attracts
Chapter 5 50 Stegeman Precedents hundreds of thousands of people each year – 600,000 people during the pier’s first summer of operation.54
The methods put forth in these precedents are strategies that should be
taken into account in the design of a tourism based environment for Cincinnati. It
is important to acknowledge the success of any precedent and the length of
success when considering the method that was used in attracting people to the
area especially when that same approach is being applied for yet another city –
Cincinnati.
To analyze these strategies used in the previous cities, it is now important
to see how those roles would impact the design for Cincinnati. Similar to
Baltimore, Cincinnati has existing developments already established – residential
developments downtown, Newport on the Levee, sport stadiums – which can be
expanded on to achieve an entirely new design. In comparison to Montreal, the
design for Cincinnati should allow for flexibility in the events that would occur
within the design while also providing venues to support visitors when festivals
54 Bukowski. 72.
Chapter 5 51 Stegeman Precedents are at a lull. Finally, in comparison to the design of Navy Pier, Cincinnati should
be able to adapt over time and allow for the design of a tourism environment that
can serve its residents as well as attract visitors from all over. Therefore, without conclusive evidence of a single, best method for tourism design, the answer for
Cincinnati lies in the variety that it is able to provide for its future visitors.
** See appendix for additional precedent images
Chapter 5 52 Stegeman Precedents C H A P T E R 6 Design
The design of a tourism based environment in Cincinnati should be based
on the criteria already established in texts and cities. The proposed destination
will build on the assets already in place in Cincinnati, the historic district in
Covington and the newly developed Newport on the Levee. The project will be
located along the banks of the Ohio River serving Cincinnati, Newport, Covington
and the region as a whole. Figure 6.1 Design Concept Diagram Given the increase in development of Cincinnati’s neighbors in Northern
Kentucky, the design along the River will also build on these assets as well. The
new image for Cincinnati will take place as an amendment to the current design
for The Banks, providing a new way to approach the aspects of development;
tourism. This site will take advantage of the historic context of the riverfront. The
site along the riverfront also has the benefit of being at the base of the beautiful
Cincinnati skyline. The design of the new tourist destination will be able to stand
alone, while keeping in mind the area that it is designed to serve. The idea of
Chapter 6 53 Stegeman Design taking over a complete city is too much, but the idea given by Hannigan in his
description of the Fantasy City is that the city can take on the characteristic of
“Solipsisicity, where the city is economically, culturally and physically detached
and isolated from surrounding neighborhoods in a City of Illusion.”55 The new
complex will be designed with these same principles of illusion found in Fantasy
City drawing attention to itself and away from those that may be less desirable in
Cincinnati.
Through design, the new complex will encourage the visitor to explore and
visit the existing assets that are available even if, given the condition of
Cincinnati’s urban layout, the assets are not easily accessible or visible. Visitors
to Cincinnati only know about what they can see or what they have heard. But
given the opportunity to educate the visitor about everything that is available
through design instead of the simplicity of the traditional visitor center, it will
Figure 6.3 Progression through Site create a new experience for the visitor through its wide array of attractions. Diagram ** see appendix for additional information
55 Page and Hall. 44-45.
Chapter 6 54 Stegeman Design The idea behind this tourist destination is providing a wide variety of
attractions in one destination. It will be located along the riverfront consisting of a
range of uses for tourists and local residents. Given the negative instances of
one sole approach as a means to attract visitors, this design will be a
conglomeration of the various methods currently being used throughout the
world. The design will consist of elements serving a number of client types
including families, adults, business travelers, and more. By providing a range of
attractions, given that times will change, if a particular venue goes into decline it Figure 6.4 Design by Activity Type Diagram can be revitalized as a small project amongst the larger whole instead of the
entire complex requiring a complete overhaul. This is an appropriate tactic for
Cincinnati as they strive for long term success.
The complex will include a combination of tourism venues, including:
historic district, marina, health spa, shopping, indoor waterpark, restaurants and
nightlife, festival park, amusement area, as well as a visitor’s center. This
combination will allow for both an active setting which emphasizes the tourist
attractions and overall supply and a leisure setting, which together will give the
Chapter 6 55 Stegeman Design city the distinct image which will be achieved through the progression through the
site.
Figure 6.5 Panoramic Photograph Collage – Cincinnati, Covington, Ohio River * See appendix for additional images. Covington Kentucky will consist of the historic district. Additions to the
area will be kept to a minimum in order to preserve the significant context of the
site. This attraction consists of historic buildings as well as remarkable views of
the Cincinnati skyline.
The marina will be located on the Ohio River with access from the
adjacent Licking River. The marina will provide short term opportunities for river
travelers to access the tourist destination. There will also be water taxi access to
provide alternate transportation options to the other attractions as part of the
tourist destination.
Chapter 6 56 Stegeman Design The health spa and hotel will be located in a garden setting as part of a resort complex in Newport, Kentucky. The health spa and hotel can be seen as an amenity to business travelers needing some time to relax during their trip to the city as well as being an enticing element in itself for visitors and local residents looking for a getaway from their stressful lives.
Another attraction in Newport includes a shopping area that will feed from the existing Newport on the Levee. This shopping will include local vendors in permanent and temporary structures. Vendors may sell anything from regional produce and foods to handcrafted arts.
An addition to Sawyer Point includes an indoor waterpark and recreation area. The waterpark provides year-round aquatic adventures despite
Cincinnati’s cold seasons. This attraction will satisfy even the most active visitors.
The restaurant and nightlife area will provide entertainment on the
Cincinnati side of the Ohio River. This destination will not only be fueled by the
Chapter 6 57 Stegeman Design visitors to the area, but can also serve as a prime destination as part of the professional sports seasons.
In the past, parks and festivals have been held in the city streets requiring them to be shut down. The park and festival venue will allow for a number of festivals to take place within the area without having to close down city streets.
The success of this destination will be based on the activities that can be continuously scheduled for a variety of visitor preferences
Another family oriented destination is the amusement park. This area will have high and low energy attractions. Some rides include: a rollercoaster, a ferris wheel, a carousel, an observation tower, as well as miniature golf and go- karts for the competitive type.
Finally, the visitor’s center will be located on a bridge over the Ohio River connected the two states as well as the entire tourist destination. The visitor center will provide information on the entire region while being a landmark for the
Greater Cincinnati area.
Chapter 6 58 Stegeman Design The design of the tourist destination for Cincinnati’s Riverfront will improve
the overall quality of the city and region as a whole. It will be based on the
existing assets of the area while providing yet another self-sustaining amenity.
The overall design will consist of an array of experiences that progress through the site to provide an atmosphere for all to enjoy. The variety-based tourist destination along Cincinnati’s riverfront will attract people from all over and serve as a unifier to the region as a whole, thus eliminating the perception that the river is a divider and encouraging the river to be seen as the element that links the region together with the support of the tourism destination. The revitalization of the riverfront will come full circle with the complete design of the tourist destination.
Chapter 6 59 Stegeman Design W O R K S C I T E D
Alltucker, Ken and Cindi Andrews. “Cincinnati leads nation in population decline.” Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 June 2004.
Atkinson, Maureen and John Williams. “Managing Downtown Revitalization by District.” The Inner City—A Handbook for Renewal. Edited by Roger L. Kemp. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001.
Bukowski, Douglas. Navy Pier: A Chicago Landmark. Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority: Chicago, IL, 1996.
“Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky: A Great Vacation Destination: Location, Attractions, Cuisine, Value—Area Has It All and More.” 24 June 2003.
“Cincinnati USA.” The Partnership for Greater Cincinnati. 2002.
“City of Cincinnati Population.” Cincinnati USA
Craig-Smith, Stephen J. and Michael Fagence, ed. Recreation and Tourism as a Catalyst for Urban Waterfront Redevelopment: An International Survey. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1995.
Bibliography 60 Stegeman “Demographic Profile.” In Cincinnati USA.
Florida, Richard. Rise of the Creative Class. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002.
Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau. Cincinnati 2004 Official Visitors Guide. Cincinnati Magazine: Emmis Publishing, 2004.
Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House Publishing, 1961.
Levine, Marc V. “Tourism Infrastructure and Urban Redevelopment in Montreal.” The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. Edited by Dennis R. Judd. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2003.
“MSA Population by County.” Cincinnati USA
Norris, Donald F., “If We Build It, They Will Come! Tourism-Based Economic Development in Baltimore.” The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. Edited by Dennis R. Judd. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2003.
Bibliography 61 Stegeman “Northern Kentucky Growth and Projections Average Increase in Population (Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties).” Northern Kentucky USA.
Page, Stephen J. and C. Michael Hall. Managing Urban Tourism. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2003.
Perry, David C. “Urban Tourism and the Privatizing Discourses of Public Infrastructure.” The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City. Edited by Dennis R. Judd. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2003.
Schroder, James. “Creative Class: Cincinnati Discovers Cosmopolitan.” The Next American City. January 2005.
Urban Design Associates. “Central Riverfront Urban Design Master Plan” April, 2000.
Bibliography 62 Stegeman A P P E N D I X
Appendix 63 Stegeman
Appendix 64 Stegeman Greater Cincinnati Visitor Map http://www.cincyusa.com/maps/downtown.asp?sec=map&cat=dt
Appendix 65 Stegeman
Inner Harbor Context Map http://www.clivar2004.org/CLIVAR_baltimore_map_color.gif
Appendix 66 Stegeman
Inner Harbor Map http://www.sailingship.com/directions.htm
Appendix 67 Stegeman Inner Harbor 3D Map http://www.emich.edu/public/geo/557book/d370.innerharbor.html
Appendix 68 Stegeman 2005 Montreal Calendar of Events http://www.vacationsmadeeasy.com/MontrealPQ/eventCalendar.cfm (3 March 2005)
April 2005
March 10 - April 24 Spring Break in Montreal
While most people wouldn't think of Canada as a chart-topper for Spring Break vacations, Montreal will pleasantly surprise all who give it a chance. For fans of culture Montreal features the Notre Dame Basilica, Old Port, and Old Montreal. For the nature lovers Montreal has a breath taking Biosphere, and a Biodome De Montreal exhibit. And, for the sports enthusiast, Montreal is home to an Olympic stadium. So, no matter your love, Montreal has more than a few ways to satisfy it
Apr. 14 - 17 Braderie de mode griffe
Braderie de mode griffe will be an all out fashion event featuring the top designers in Canada and many of their great pieces on sale. Menswear and womenswear, coats to swimsuits, will all be available at remarkable prices. And many of the designers will be on site to discuss the varying intricacies of the fashion world. Whether completely immeresed in fashion or merely wanting to get a stunning wardrobe for cheap, Braderie de mode griffe will offer something for everyone this spring.
Apr. 28 Daffodil Ball
The Daffodil Ball always goes all out in its successful attempts to produce an evening of sophistication that will truly make a difference. 65,000 decorative daffodils, dining, dancing and a raffle combine to help raise money for the Canada Cancer Society. This April, treat yourself to a truly fabulous gala night with the Daffodil Ball.
Appendix 69 Stegeman May 2005
May 29 - June 5 Montreal Bike Fest
Last year's Montreal Bike Fest had 66,000 participants, and 619,800 spectators. So, whether looking to take part in the festivities, or merely wanting to watch, the numbers show that everyone has a good time. Aside from the various races lined up, there are also a number of bicycle demonstrations, as well as family oriented parties. This is an event no bicyclist, or active family, should miss out on.
May. 4 - 19 Acces Asie Festival
Authentic asian art, comedy, dance, film, music and other various presentations will be displayed throughout Acces Asie Festival. Everything from ancient to trendy offerings will be presented by more than 12 countries giving visitors a varied look at an area of the world steep with tradition. Some of the area's highlighted throughout the festival will include China, Japan, Korea, Lebanon and Pakistan.
May. 10 - 15 Elektra
Gaming, film, music, if it has an artistic edge to it chances are it will be highlighted and enhanced with Elektra. Throughout the week long festival visitors will experience how electronic image manipulation and music can enhance a variety of artistic projects. Whether in the electronics business or merely wishing to be amazed, Elektra will open your eyes to a number of things once never thought possible.
June 2005
May 29 - June 5 Montreal Bike Fest
Last year's Montreal Bike Fest had 66,000 participants, and 619,800 spectators. So, whether looking to take part in the festivities, or merely wanting to watch, the numbers show that everyone has a good time. Aside from the various races lined up, there are also a number of
Appendix 70 Stegeman bicycle demonstrations, as well as family oriented parties. This is an event no bicyclist, or active family, should miss out on.
June 18 - July 30 Le Mondial SAQ (International Fireworks Competition)
Summer is the time for fireworks, and every summer Montreal invites only the very best in pyrotechnic design to Le Mondial SAQ. Experience the very latest in pyrotechnic technology, and innovation. Ten teams, representing their respective countries, will be competing for the crown at this year's Le Mondial SAQ.
June 30 - July 10 Montreal International Jazz Festival
Although all of the scheduled acts of the Montreal International Jazz Festival are truly talented musicians, there are a few certain entertainers worthy of special mention. On July 2, Bobby McFerrin will be performing. On July 7, the heavenly Roberta Flack, and scat-master Al Jarreau will be playing a double bill. And, Madeleine Peyroux, with her likeness to Billie Holliday, will perform on July 3-4.
June 30 - July 3 Montreal en Arts
Montreal en Arts offers a refreshing open-air atmosphere that will provide a great opportunity of art appreciation. Watching various artists creating and displaying their works while offering them for sale to the eager public. Last year's festival attracted more than 320,000, ensuring that this is definitely a hot commodity in Canada. Whether visiting for a day or staying for the entirety of the festival, Montreal en Arts will definitely be worth the time spent.
Jun. 1 - 5 Mondial de la Biere
90 breweries, featuring more than 340 beers, will help to fill the streets of Montreal this summer with Mondial de la Biere. Along with the astonishing collection of beer on hand there will also be a number of ciders and gourmet food to add a little variety to the event. Whether a fan of beer or a fan of festivities, Mondial de la Biere will offer a great time for everyone this June.
Appendix 71 Stegeman Jun. 9 - 19 Montreal Fringe Festival
Dance, music and plays, there are available in shocking fashion with the Montreal Fringe Festival. Montreal has always been a city that welcomes performance art with open arms and because of this the performance art community, likewise, embraces the city. Those looking for a truly special performance show this summer should definitely check out the Montreal Fringe Festival, where you'll be able to witness dozens upon dozens of performances.
Jun. 10 - 12 2005 Grand Prix of Canada As Grand Prix action starts to heat up, be sure to catch all of it. Get to Montreal for the 2005 Grand Prix of Canada. This exciting event promises heart-pounding thrills as you witness F1's best race head to head. Whether an avid fan, or not, the Grand Prix of Canada will keep the entire family entertained. Learn More
July 2005
June 18 - July 30 Le Mondial SAQ (International Fireworks Competition)
Summer is the time for fireworks, and every summer Montreal invites only the very best in pyrotechnic design to Le Mondial SAQ. Experience the very latest in pyrotechnic technology, and innovation. Ten teams, representing their respective countries, will be competing for the crown at this year's Le Mondial SAQ.
June 30 - July 10 Montreal International Jazz Festival
Although all of the scheduled acts of the Montreal International Jazz Festival are truly talented musicians, there are a few certain entertainers worthy of special mention. On July 2, Bobby McFerrin will be performing. On July 7, the heavenly Roberta Flack, and scat-master Al Jarreau will be playing a double bill. And, Madeleine Peyroux, with her likeness to Billie Holliday, will perform on July 3-4.
Appendix 72 Stegeman June 30 - July 3 Montreal en Arts
Montreal en Arts offers a refreshing open-air atmosphere that will provide a great opportunity of art appreciation. Watching various artists creating and displaying their works while offering them for sale to the eager public. Last year's festival attracted more than 320,000, ensuring that this is definitely a hot commodity in Canada. Whether visiting for a day or staying for the entirety of the festival, Montreal en Arts will definitely be worth the time spent.
July 8 - August 8 Festival De Lanaudiere
More than 30 classical concerts will be highlighted throughout the entire month of July with Festival De Lanaudiere. From the open-air atmosphere of Lanaudiere Amphitheater to the calming historical churches of Montreal, the environments for this glorious festival will definitely live up to the music showcased. Whether coming for one select concert or wishing to sample a handful, Festival De Lanaudiere will definitely please all who visit.
July 28 - August 6 Les FrancoFolies de Montreal
Hundreds of thousands of individuals annually flood the city of Montreal for the pinnacle in french music, Les FrancoFolies de Montreal. Legendary artists such as Bernard Lavilliers and Pierre Lapointe-Pepiphonique were in attendance last year to help round out the some 150 shows. To all of those in the United States, don't be intimidated by the largely French language music showcased at this festival, regardless of the words you'll still be able to feel the music with acute accuracy.
Jul. 9 - 17 Montreal International Tango Festival
Every aspect of Tango will be covered, in a variety of ways, throughout the longevity of the Montreal International Tango Festival. From classes and lectures on Tango to dances and dance performances, there will be an event for every fan of the Tango. Whether a professional dancer or born with two left feet, the Montreal International Tango Festival will help everyone become more confident in their Tango ability.
Appendix 73 Stegeman Jul. 14 - 24 Just For Laughs Festival
Last year's Just For Laughs featured notable names, such as Tim Allen, Drew Carey, Wayne Brady, and Family Guy Live. And, with the success of last year's event, 2005 looks to be even bigger. Circle your calendar for mid-July, and get ready. Whether searching for that particular entertainer, or merely wanting to get away and laugh, the Just For Laughs Festival is sure to have all you're looking for.
Jul. 31 Montreal Highland Games
The events of the Montreal Highland Games are extremely varied with the only semblance being their undeniable Scottish feel. Heavy athletics, dancing, drumming and piping will have exciting competitions throughout the day. In addition to the various events, there will also be an ample supply of authentic Scottish food and souvenirs such as kilts. This summer come enjoy the serene atmosphere of Montreal and the great culture of Scotland with the Montreal Highland Games.
August 2005
July 8 - August 8 Festival De Lanaudiere
More than 30 classical concerts will be highlighted throughout the entire month of July with Festival De Lanaudiere. From the open-air atmosphere of Lanaudiere Amphitheater to the calming historical churches of Montreal, the environments for this glorious festival will definitely live up to the music showcased. Whether coming for one select concert or wishing to sample a handful, Festival De Lanaudiere will definitely please all who visit.
July 28 - August 6 Les FrancoFolies de Montreal
Hundreds of thousands of individuals annually flood the city of Montreal for the pinnacle in french music, Les FrancoFolies de Montreal. Legendary artists such as Bernard Lavilliers and Pierre Lapointe-Pepiphonique were in attendance last year to help round out the some 150 shows. To all of those in the United States, don't be intimidated by the largely French language music
Appendix 74 Stegeman showcased at this festival, regardless of the words you'll still be able to feel the music with acute accuracy.
August 26 - September 5 World Film Festival
The World Film Festival brings together film from more than 70 different countries, and the events of this mammoth festival are nearly as expansive as the festival itself. A world competition, separate continental competitions, a documentary competition, tributes, highlights on student film, discussions, lectures and enormous outdoor screenings all combine for one of the largest film festivals in the world. This summer save your vacation for Montreal's World Film Festival.
Aug. 5 - 7 The Lachine International Classical Guitar Festival
The Lachine International Classical Guitar Festival is a truly unique festival offering some of the greatest names in classical guitar, while at the same time allow amateurs to compete in a competition offering cash prizes. Past artists of this unique festival have included Vincea McClelland, Isabelle Heroux and Ioana Gandrabur.
Aug. 6 - 14 Tennis Masters Series Canada Held in the beautiful Uniprix Stadium, the Tennis Masters Series Canada is an event that covers eight days in August. The first three days offer day, and evening sessions of the opening round. Quarter final day, and evening, sessions are on August 11-12. Semi Finals will be on August 13. And, the TMS Canada Finals will be held on the last day of the tournament. Pick a certain level of the tournament to see, or watch it all.
Aug. 13 - 21 International Balloon Festival
Hot air balloons from around the world will fill up the skies of the Montreal area with the always successful International Balloon Festival. From morning take offs to night time glow events, where pilots use their flames to light up the balloons in the dark, you have ample opportunity to witness hot air balloons in the middle of action. Other events will include two stages of various live entertainment. This August in your summer in style, visit the Montreal area for the International Balloon Festival.
Appendix 75 Stegeman
Aug. 18 - 21 Festiblues
Last year's Festibules featured more than 20 of the most prominent Canadian blues artists, as well as a few from other areas of the world, and this year's festival looks to follow suit. For four days, visitors of the Montreal area will be welcomed to exquisite blues in a relaxed outdoor environment. Events for the festival will include a kids and teens area, as well as a talent contest finale for amateur blues musicians.
September 2005
August 26 - September 5 World Film Festival
The World Film Festival brings together film from more than 70 different countries, and the events of this mammoth festival are nearly as expansive as the festival itself. A world competition, separate continental competitions, a documentary competition, tributes, highlights on student film, discussions, lectures and enormous outdoor screenings all combine for one of the largest film festivals in the world. This summer save your vacation for Montreal's World Film Festival.
September 9 - October 31 The Magic of Lanterns
Every year the Montreal Botanical Garden is covered in authentic Chinese Silk Lanterns, commemorating The Magic of Lanterns. The theme of the event changes yearly, and new lanterns are always added, as well. Whether this will be your first viewing of the garden, or you've been numerous times, its never the same during The Magic of Lanterns.
Sep. 2 - 5 Labor Day Weekend in Montreal
Those looking for a touch of excitement this Labor Day Weekend will find all they need and more in the unique setting of Montreal. With its collection of diverse locales you'll be able to experience so much in just one weekend. From Old Montreal and Old Port to the Biosphere and Notre-Dame Basilica, the sights will abound as your wonder soars. This Labor Day Weekend make your time mean something. Visit Montreal.
Appendix 76 Stegeman
Sep. 11 Festival de la Sant Oasis
Whether cycling, running or skating, you're sure to get a great workout while visiting the Festival de la Sant Oasis. From a full out 42k marathon to a less strenuous 5k walk, there will be a level of difficulty for everyone when they visit Montreal. In addition to the always popular marathon, there will also be an Experts' in-line Skating and Health Cycling Event. Come celebrate health and Montreal this year with the Festival de la Sant Oasis. Learn More
October 2005
September 9 - October 31 The Magic of Lanterns
Every year the Montreal Botanical Garden is covered in authentic Chinese Silk Lanterns, commemorating The Magic of Lanterns. The theme of the event changes yearly, and new lanterns are always added, as well. Whether this will be your first viewing of the garden, or you've been numerous times, its never the same during The Magic of Lanterns.
Oct. 7 - 10 Columbus Day Weekend in Montreal
If you're looking for a change of pace this Columbus Day Weekend, the city of Montreal will offer exactly what you're looking for without having to travel half the world over. As the second largest French speaking city, behind only Paris, Montreal will offer a great foreign touch while staying relatively close to your backyard. With a number of architectural styles, large mix of people among the population and constant stream of events and festivals, Montreal will make your vacation this fall one that will never fade in memory.
Oct. 28 - 30 The Grand Masquerade
For three days in October the focus of downtown Montreal is turned towards the celebration of Halloween. Whether a true connoisseur of the holiday or merely looking for a wild way to spend your vacation, The Grand Masquerade will definitely appeal to all. Monster shows, variety shows
Appendix 77 Stegeman and an all around festive time will mark the downtown area as the place to be. This Halloween let yourself go in the city of Montreal.
November 2005
Nov. 3 - 13 Cinemania Film Festival
From viewing the newest releases of French film to intimate discussions with industry insiders, the Cinemania Film Festival will offer fans of film a truly unique chance to experience a great niche within the film industry. For nearly two weeks the Maxwell-Cummings Auditorium will be flooded with only the best of French film. Clear your schedule for this November and make room for the always inspiring Cinemania Film Festival.
December 2005
December 3 - January 8 Christmas at the Garden
The Montreal Botanical Garden is a truly magical place, and during Christmas the air in the gardens becomes thick with cheer and good spirits. An array of foliage including cyclamens, fir trees, ivy and poinsettias will warm the heart during the cold winter months. In addition to the amazing display there will also be carolers offering good tidings and a chance to purchase an amazing poinsettia from the garden's gift shop. Start making your plans today to enjoy the holiday cheer of Christmas at the Garden.
Dec. 31 New Year's Eve at the Blu Montreal
Some of the most renowned DJs from Canada and the United States annually attend the New Year's Eve celebration at Blu Montreal, offering the perfect mix of sound to keep you partying well into the new year. This New Year's Eve don't go to the same old house party that usually dies out by 11:30. Visit the beauty of Montreal and attend the party that just won't stop. Aside from the main bash, an after party will be held the next night for those who just didn't get enough of New Year's Eve.
Appendix 78 Stegeman
Navy Pier Map http://www.navypier.com/SubLink.cfm?Main_ID=13&Sub_ID=56
Appendix 79 Stegeman Navy Pier Event Calendar http://www.navypier.com/SubLink.cfm?Main_ID=14&Sub_ID=1 Event Date Time Ticket Prices/Information Admission is $6.75 for adults and M-F 10 am- $5.25 for children under the age of 10pm;Sat 03/11/2005- 12. On weekends, nine-hole play will Golf Around Chicago 10am- 04/13/2005 be available at a reduced rate. For 11pm; Sun more information, please visit 10am-7 pm www.golfaroundchicago.com Fri 3pm- 8pm; Sat 04/01/2005- Festival Hall A The Chicago Bike Show 10am-7pm; 04/03/2005 www.chicagobikeshow.com Sun 10am- 5pm Festival Hall B 04/23/2005- Diabetes Expo 10am-4pm www.americandiabetes.com. 04/23/2005
Fri-Sun Festival Hall A/B Chicago Contemporary + 04/29/2005- 12pm- www.thepiershow.com. Classic Art Fair 05/02/2005 8pm;Mon
12pm-6pm Pier 05/06/2005- For more information, please visit Navy Pier Walk 2005 operating 10/31/2005 www.pierwalk.org hours Budweiser Clydesdales at 05/20/2005- 12 p.m. - 4 Meet the Budweiser Clydesdales! Navy Pier 05/22/2005 p.m. 05/21/2005- Armed Forces Day TBA Navy Pier's salute to the military. 05/21/2005 The Classical Symphony 05/22/2005- Grand Ballroom 3pm-5pm Orchestra 05/22/2005 www.classicalsymphonyorchestra.org PSI Executive Diversity Job 05/25/2005- 10 a.m. - 4 Job Fair Fair 05/25/2005 p.m. Xtreme Cyber Mania At Navy 05/27/2005- Fri. 5pm- Tickets available in advance are:
Appendix 80 Stegeman Pier 05/29/2005 10pm; Sat Friday $15; Saturday $20; Sunday 12pm- $15. Tickets at the door will be: Friday 10pm; Sun $20; Saturday $25; Sunday $20. 12pm- Spectators and children under 11: $7 10pm Located in Festival Hall. www.cyberfest.us Memorial Day Weekend 05/28/2005- Fireworks Saturday at 10:15 p.m.; TBA Celebration 05/30/2005 Sunday at 9:30 p.m. 06/02/2005- Family Fun Thursdays TBA Activities TBA 09/01/2005 Sat. & Sun. Tickets $10 in advance; $15 at the 06/24/2005- WIRED NextFest 9 a.m. - 6 door. Festival Hall A 06/26/2005 p.m. www.nextfest.net City of Chicago July 3rd 07/03/2005- Viewable from Navy Pier. Please call TBA Fireworks 07/03/2005 (312) 744-3315 for more information. Pier Independence Day 07/04/2005- operating Fireworks at 9:30 p.m. Celebration 07/04/2005 hours Pier Labor Day weekend 09/03/2005- Final fireworks performances of the operating Celebration 09/05/2005 season. hours 09/13/2005- Festival Hall B Women in Business 2005 8am-5pm 09/15/2005 Visit: www.wbdc.org Festival Hall A/B Expressions of Culture, 10/28/2005- 11am-8pm For more details, visit Inc./S.O.F.A. 2005 10/30/2005 www.sofaexpo.com The LaSalle Bank Winter 12/09/2005- TBA Activities to be announced. WonderFest 01/01/2006
Appendix 81 Stegeman Site Photos taken by author:
Photograph collage taken from Carew Tower, Cincinnati
Photograph collage taken from Newport on the Levee, Kentucky
Photograph collage taken from Roebling Bridge
Appendix 82 Stegeman Photograph collage taken from Purple Pedestrian Bridge
Photograph collage taken from The Banks site, Cincinnati
Photograph collage taken from The Banks site, Cincinnati
Appendix 83 Stegeman
Photograph collage taken from Sawyer Point, Cincinnati
Photograph collage taken from Taylor Park, Newport, Kentucky
Appendix 84 Stegeman