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Managing Democracy Beyond Elections: the Experience of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (Pas) in a Political Coalition

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Managing Democracy Beyond Elections: the Experience of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (Pas) in a Political Coalition e-ISSN 2785-9444 VOL. 1, NO 1 (JUNE) 2021: 19-38 Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM) Malaysian Journal of Islamic Movements and Muslim Societies مجلة ماليزية للحركات والمجتمعات اﻹسﻻمية Submission Date: 6/04/2021 Accepted Date: 3/05/2021 Publication Date: 30/06/2021 MANAGING DEMOCRACY BEYOND ELECTIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF PAN-MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC PARTY (PAS) IN A POLITICAL COALITION Mengurus Demokrasi Melangkaui Pilihan Raya: Pengalaman Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS) dalam Pakatan Politik Mohd Izani Mohd Zaina1, aFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) [email protected], [email protected] (corresponding email) Abstract This article deliberates on how the Pan-Malaysia Islamic Party (PAS) weathers the challenges of democracy beyond elections in the People’s Alliance or Pakatan Rakyat (PR). PAS unchartered undertaking to accept democracy as a political culture and not as a tool to achieve political power through an election provides it with a new medium to function within its political coalition since the time of the Alternative Front or Barisan Alternatif (BA). Based on the mutual understanding in PR, PAS has to uphold democracy as a political culture that incorporates universal values, pluralism and tolerance. This article uses a qualitative approach through interview methods with key PAS leaders and examines primary sources from documents and minutes of meetings in the collection of data. Findings from the research indicate that although PAS political cooperation in PR was meant to be a long lasting relationship in its endorsement of democracy beyond an electorate election until to such an extent, that PAS was accused of being too lenient, it nevertheless failed to materialize as a permanent feature. This was because of a conflict of interests between the struggle for democracy as a political culture that integrated the universal values, pluralism and tolerance as compared to the struggle in fulfilling the party tenets. However, this conflict only reinforced PAS’s resolve to go back in realizing again its fundamental doctrine, despite the fact that some members disagreed and quit the party to establish a new party, called, the National Trust Party or Parti Amanah Negara. These findings are proven by the rejection of PAS on democracy of people power, the fight for equality, demands for human rights and the use of the word ‘Allah’ among the non-Muslims that has agitated Islamic stakeholders throughout the country. The outcome of this research is 19 Malaysian Journal of Islamic Movements and Muslim Societies Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021 relevant in looking at the survival of an Islamic party in the mire of political cooperation. It is also important in understanding the discourse of Islamic discipline and democracy or specifically Muslim politic in a democracy. As a whole, this research concludes that PAS still faces the challenges of accommodating democracy beyond the election when it rejects democracy as a political culture with the standard-bearers of universal values, pluralism and tolerance as they are in discord with the quintessence jihad of the party tenets. Keywords: Pan-Malaysia Islamic Party, political coalition, People Front, democracy beyond elections. INTRODUCTION The participation of Islamic groups in the democratic process through an election is seen as a significant transition since the 80’s era (Mohd Izani, 2005). In the 90s, the participation of Islamist groups in the democratic process through an election was increasing as a result of euphoria politics among Muslims as the democratic space expanded (Azyumardi, 2006). This development can be divided into three phases, namely, the radical phase, the democratic phase through an election and the phase when the Islamic groups are confronted with the pluralism of democracy and plurality of religions. Through the third phase there is a shift of discourse and a change of approach of the Islamic groups with the acceptance of democracy beyond the election as a new platform in a political competition. In Malaysia, the Pan- Malaysia Islamic Party (PAS) as an Islamic group that participates in democracy through an election is seen as making an effort to accept democracy not only in the context of an election as a tool to achieve political power but also to accept the Western system as a political culture. PAS has moved into the third curve of its political development which saw the party graduating from a local party to a national one, more multi-ethnic and inclusive leadership (Mujahid, 2012). PAS makes an effort to become a national party championing on relevant context of current issues, such as, democracy, justice and good governance. Besides that, PAS willingness to accept and share power and political coalition (tahaluf siyasi) with People’s Justice Party or Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) and Democratic Action Party (DAP) proves that PAS is ready to compromise with demands so as to achieve a political success. At the grassroots level PAS introduces an inclusive policy so as to attract support from the people of various backgrounds. The slogan, “PAS for ALL” indicates that PAS is ready to be more open and not to be an exclusive party. On the other hand, this new approach to accept democracy beyond an election is a conflicting situation for PAS, as it must bear the impact of demonstrating ostensibly the universal values, pluralism and tolerance which are at variants with the struggle of its party constitution. This can be seen on how PAS manages in 20 Managing Democracy Beyond Elections: The Experience of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) In A Political Coalition handling the demands of equality and human rights based on individual freedom and the polemics in the usage of the word ‘Allah’ which agitated a tense relationship situation between Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia. This article will analyse the conflicts that arise and how PAS manages to handle the impact of recognizing democracy beyond an election which ultimately affected PAS’s political cooperation specifically in the Alternative Front or Barisan Alternative (BA) and the People’s Alliance Pakatan Rakyat (PR). METHODOLOGY This article uses in-depth interview methods to obtain data aimed at gaining a clear understanding of the consensus and conflict faced by PAS in political cooperation, with namely Barisan Alternatif and Pakatan Rakyat. Informants were chosen based on predetermined characteristics. Informants are the main leaders of PAS who are directly involved in exploring political cooperation. They have the authority to provide views based on PAS’s experience in political cooperation. Their election is also very important to examine the important challenges and issues faced by PAS in political cooperation. In addition, the views of some of them have not yet been focused on in previous studies. The list of informants can be found in Table 1: Table 1: List of Informants No. Name Brief info on informants 1. Dato’ Dr. Mujahid Yusuf Interviewed on 24 Februari 2014 in Parit Rawa Buntar. He is one of the pioneers of PAS’s cooperation with non-Muslims. Mujahid is currently the Parit Buntar Member of Parliament. Now he joins the Parti Amanah Nasional (Amanah). 2. Tuan Haji Nasharuddin Mat Interviewed on 21 April 2015 in Bandar Isa Sri Putra. He dealt extensively in the cooperation between PAS and UMNO and the establishment of a unity government. Nasharuddin is a former PAS Deputy President 3. Dato’ Dr. Hassan Mohd Ali Interviewed on 27 June 2015 via telephone. He is a former PAS Vice President. 4. Dr. Mohd Zuhdi Marzuki Interviewed on 18 December 2014. Mohd Zuhdi is a former PAS Research Center, Director of Operation. He is currently the Political Secretary to 21 Malaysian Journal of Islamic Movements and Muslim Societies Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021 Minister of Environment and Water. The verbal information received was supplemented with primary sources texts such as the minutes from the Central Working Committee Meeting, the Central Working Committee Daily Meeting, a series of keynote addresses from the President’s Policy Speech, during the Annual General Assembly (Muktamar) of the party, Presidential Speech during the Alternative Front and People’s Alliance Conventions, the Election manifestos, common policies of People’s Alliance and its bulletins. This research also went through the Party Media organ, Harakah and the mainstream media such as Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. The rarely known tabloid Eksklusif which was part of the alternative media since the inception of the reform movement in 1999 was also inspected. PAS’S POLITICAL COALITION AND DEMOCRACY BEYOND THE ELECTION PAS’s political coalition in PR revolved around common issues and interests such as democracy, justice, freedom and good governance. Accordingly, the true and transparent democratic pursuit as constituted in the Orange Book was the basic thrusts of the opposition alliance.1 This kind of cooperation had compelled PAS to strengthen its commitment to democracy beyond the electorate election as a political culture that extolled universal values, pluralism and tolerance (Norani Othman, 2007: pg. 16). This aspect encouraged PAS to have a more open and realistic strategy by acknowledging civil rights and respecting various differences (Tibi, 2012: 121). This strategic manoeuvre has a definite relationship with the Muslim political evolution at a global level when facing the challenges of pluralism in democracy and diverse religious beliefs as illustrated in Table 1. The sine qua non or indispensable element of this phase is that the Islamic movement should no longer embrace democracy as a weapon to achieve political power only, but also as a political culture that cherishes highly the universal values, pluralism and tolerance. Throughout the duration of PAS’s political partisanship its allegiance towards democracy could be observed at two stages. At the first stage, it was through the party internal assemblage as found in the key Policy Speeches of the PAS President in the PAS Annual General Assembly (Muktamar) between1999 to 2015.2 The 1 Orange Book, ‘Let’s Change, Save Malaysia’, People Front, 2010.
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