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Effect of Salt Stress on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves in Two Contrasting Corn, ‘Lluteño’ and ‘Jubilee’

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Effect of Salt Stress on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves in Two Contrasting Corn, ‘Lluteño’ and ‘Jubilee’ RESEARCH Effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves in two contrasting corn, ‘Lluteño’ and ‘Jubilee’ Libertad Carrasco-Ríos1, and Manuel Pinto2 Salinity is an important problem to crop production; affecting photosynthesis process which favors the production of reactive oxygen species. Plants have generated adaptation strategies to prevent oxidative damage caused by salinity. In this study we evaluated the effect of salinity on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) plants ‘Lluteño’ (adapted to salinity) and ‘Jubilee’ (improved variety). ‘Lluteño’ is the only one corn capable to prosper in the Valley of Lluta under saline conditions (EC = 9.1 dS m-1) and the most widely cultivated crop in terms of area in the desert of northern Chile. Plants of 21 d old were subjected for 15 d to two saline treatments: 50 and 100 mM NaCl. Salinity caused a significant reduction in plant biomass,ca . 65% in ‘Jubilee’ and 20% in ‘Lluteño’ (P ≤ 0.05). The biomass reduction and oxidative damage to cell membranes caused by the generation of peroxides was significantly less in ‘Lluteño’. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in ‘Lluteño’ was significantly greater than in ‘Jubilee’ in all treatments, while glutathione reductase (GR) had greater activity in ‘Jubilee’. However, most enzymes studied were adversely affected by salinity compared to the control. These results indicate that tolerance to salinity exhibited by ‘Lluteño’ should in part due to the high activity that exhibit antioxidant enzymes compared to ‘Jubilee’. Key words: Antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, salt stress, Zea mays. INTRODUCTION part of photosystem I (PSI) to oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Johnson et al., 2003), produced Salinity causes a decrease in the growth of cultivated principally in chloroplasts, which provoke metabolic plants, since salts affect a number of physiological disorders such as oxidation of membrane lipids, proteins processes such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and nucleic acids (Imlay, 2003). osmotic adjustment, ion absorption, protein and nucleic Plants have enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti- acid synthesis, enzymatic activity, and hormone balance oxidation mechanisms which may counteract adverse (Hernandez et al., 2000). It also affects transport of ions effects of salinity. The former include enzymes superoxide and water, which promotes ionic toxicity and nutritional dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase imbalance (Munns and Tester, 2008). (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione The effects of salinity also have an oxidative component reductase (GR); while the latter include compounds such derived from the limitation of the photosynthetic rate as ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, and vitamins C and which occurs in conditions of drought and salinity E (Noctor and Foyer, 1998). Therefore, an imbalance (Lawlor, 1995; Filella et al., 1995; Munns, 2002). If under between production of free radical species and systems of saline stress plants are not capable of photosynthetic cellular antioxidant defense would produce the appearance transformation of all the solar energy they receive, the of oxidative stress. The cell damage which results from an energy excess may produce an increase in singlet and excess of free oxygen radicals has been explained as a triplet forms of chlorophyll and singlet oxygen. The consequence of an alteration of cell membrane produced decrease of NADP+ pool with excess excitation energy by oxidation of acids of the lipid bilayer, a process causes an increase in the flow of electrons from the donor known as lipid peroxidation. This generates changes in chemical composition and deterioration in ultrastructure of cell membranes, decreasing their fluidity, altering their 1Universidad de Tarapacá, Facultad de Ciencias, Velásquez 1775, permeability, and inactivating enzymes and membrane- Arica, Chile. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). linked receptors (Mansour and Salama, 2004). 2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Santa Rosa 11610, Since salinity is an important cause of oxidative stress, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile. Received: 12 July 2013. in this study we evaluated the activity of antioxidant Accepted: 16 January 2014. enzymes expressed in two corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars: doi:10.4067/S0718-58392014000100014 ‘Lluteño’ (the only one corn capable to prosper in the 88 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 74(1) JANUARY-MARCH 2014 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 74(1) JANUARY-MARCH 2014 89 valley of Lluta under saline conditions -EC = 9.1 dS m-1- Determination of relative membrane permeability, and the most widely cultivated crop in terms of area in the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and ascorbic desert of northern Chile) and ‘Jubilee’ (improved variety, acid normally cultivated in the North of Chile in non-saline Relative membrane permeability (EC %) was calculated soils), which have different levels of tolerance to salt stress from measurements of electrolytic conductivity (Yang et (Carrasco-Ríos et al., 2013). The specific objectives of the al., 1996). The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content was study were: i) to evaluate the oxidative damaged caused colorimetrically measured as described by Patterson et al. by salinity, and ii) evaluate the relative importance of the (1984). The content of H2O2 was calculated by comparison enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms in salt tolerance. with a standard calibration curve, previously plotted by using different concentrations of H2O2. Oxidative damage MATERIAL AND METHODS to leaf lipids resulting from salt stress was estimated by the total content of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive Plant material and experimental conditions substances expressed as equivalents of malondialdehyde The study was performed at the Experimental Station (MDA). The content of MDA was calculated using its of the Tarapacá University (18º31’2” S, 70º10’34” W) absorption coefficient (ε) and expressed as nmol MDA using young plants of ‘Lluteño’ and ‘Jubilee’ corn, g-1 fresh mass (Cakmak and Horst, 1991). To extract this last is a corn variety bred (Syngenta, Wilmington, and quantify the total ascorbic acid content (AsA and its Delaware, USA) commercialized in Chile by Bioamerica oxidized form dihydroascorbic acid DHA) we used the S.A. Seeds were sown in plastic pots containing perlite- method of Gossett et al. (1994), based on the reduction vermiculite 1:1 (v/v) as substrate. To keep humidity, pots of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by AsA in an acid solution; absorption was were covered with a plastic wrap until epicotyls appeared measured at 525 nm and compared with a calibration curve 4 to 5 d after sowing. Then plants were cultivated for 2 previously prepared with AsA using the same procedure. wk under greenhouse conditions where mean maximum Reduced AsA was quantified using the above procedure temperature was 35 °C and mean relative humidity but using 0.1 mL distilled H2O instead of dithiothreitol was 34%. Along this time, plants were cultivated in (DTT). Concentration of DHA was calculated as the hydroponic conditions using a non-saline Hoagland difference between total AsA and reduced AsA. Results solution (Arnon and Hoagland, 1940). Twenty one days were expressed in nmol g-1 FW. after sowing, plants were randomly placed outdoors and subjected to the treatments for 15 d (Table 1). During the Enzyme determinations experiment, midday photosynthetically active radiation Proteins were extracted from approximately 0.25 g (PAR) intensity was 2200 µmol m-2 s-1, mean maximum fresh material and the slurry frozen at -80 °C based on temperature 27.6 °C and mean minimum 16.9 °C. The the method of Ferrario-Mery et al. (2002). The slurry relative humidity averaged 50% in the day and 80% in was desalted with molecular exclusion columns packed the night. with Sephadex G-25, diluting the sample with 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) and quantified in a molecular Dry matter accumulation and Na content absorption spectrophotometer using the bicinchoninic measurements acid method (Brown et al., 1989). Superoxide dismutase After 15 d of saline treatments, five plants per treatment (SOD) activity was determined by measuring its capacity were harvested and divided into leaves, stems, and roots, to inhibit the photochemical reduction of the chloride of for their respective fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) nitrobluetretrazolium (NBT) (Giannopolitis and Ries, determination. Dry weight was obtained after drying each 1977). Absorbance was measured at 560 nm; one unit of part of the plant in an oven at 80 °C for 48 h. Accumulation SOD activity (U) was defined as the quantity required to of DM was expressed as the plant weight at the end of inhibit 50% of photoreduction rate of NBT. Results were treatments minus the weight of plants recorded at the expressed as U mg-1 protein. Catalase (CAT) activity was beginning of treatments. For Na+ analysis, samples of determined by the method of Beers and Sizer (1952). dried leaves and roots were ashed in a furnace at 500 °C for We monitored decrease of H2O2 by the absorbance at + 6 h. Contents of Na were determined by flame emission 240 nm for 1 min from the moment H2O2 was added. photometry (PFP7, Jenway, Stone, Staffordshire, UK). The difference in absorbance (∆A240) was divided by -1 the coefficient of molecular extinction of 2H O2 (36 mM -1 -1 cm ); CAT activity was expressed as µmol H2O2
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