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1,4-Dioxane Remediation by Extreme Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE) October 2017

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1,4-Dioxane Remediation by Extreme Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE) October 2017 (ER-201326) 1,4-Dioxane Remediation by Extreme Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE) October 2017 This document has been cleared for public release; Distribution Statement A Page Intentionally Left Blank This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Page Intentionally Left Blank 1,4-Dioxane, a cyclic diether and an additive in the chlorinated solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane, has proven to be a persistent groundwater contaminant. Conventional soil vapor extraction (SVE) can remove some 1,4-dioxane, but a substantial residual source is left behind causing long-term groundwater contamination. Although 1,4-dioxane’s vapor pressure in the range of trichloroethylene or benzene, it is totally miscible in water soluble. As a result, 1,4-dioxane becomes sequestered in vadose zone pore water which serves as a long-term source of groundwater contamination. Extreme soil vapor extraction (XSVE), an enhancement of SVE, specifically addresses 1,4-dioxane-contaminated soil by incorporating enhancements such as decreased infiltration, increased air flow, focused vapor extraction, and injection of heated air. 61 Page Intentionally Left Blank COST & PERFORMANCE REPORT Project: ER-201326 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... ES-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE DEMONSTRATION ............................................................. 2 1.3 REGULATORY DRIVERS ......................................................................................... 2 2.0 TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................ 3 2.2 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGY............................ 3 3.0 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 5 4.0 SITE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ 7 4.1 SITE SELECTION ....................................................................................................... 7 4.2 SITE LOCATION AND HISTORY ............................................................................. 7 4.3 SITE GEOLOGY/HYDROGEOLOGY ....................................................................... 8 4.4 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................ 8 5.0 TEST DESIGN .................................................................................................................... 11 5.1 CONCEPTUAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ........................................................... 11 5.2 BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION ACTIVITIES ................................................. 12 5.3 1,4-DIOXANE SOIL VAPOR SAMPLING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.. 14 5.4 DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS ............................ 15 5.5 FIELD TESTING........................................................................................................ 18 5.6 SAMPLING METHODS ............................................................................................ 18 5.7 SAMPLING RESULTS .............................................................................................. 20 5.7.1 XSVE SYSTEM MONITORING ................................................................................ 20 5.7.2 POST-DEMONSTRATION SOIL SAMPLING ......................................................... 25 5.8 HYPEVENT XSVE FOR 1,4-DIOXANE .................................................................. 27 6.0 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 31 7.0 COST ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................... 33 7.1 COST MODEL ........................................................................................................... 33 7.1.1 Capital Costs ................................................................................................................ 33 7.1.2 Operations and Maintenance Costs .............................................................................. 33 7.1.3 Demonstration-Specific Costs ..................................................................................... 34 7.2 COST DRIVERS ........................................................................................................ 34 7.2.1 General Considerations ................................................................................................ 34 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 7.2.2 Competing Treatment Technologies ............................................................................ 35 7.3 COST ANALYSIS...................................................................................................... 35 7.3.1 Base Case ..................................................................................................................... 35 7.3.2 Excavation Using Traditional Methods ....................................................................... 36 7.3.3 Excavation Using Large Diameter Augers .................................................................. 37 8.0 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES ........................................................................................... 39 8.1 APPLICABLE REGULATIONS ............................................................................... 39 8.2 END USERS ............................................................................................................... 39 9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 41 ii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1.1. 1,4-Dioxane Henry’s Law Constant (dimensionless; vapor/aqueous) as a function of temperature (Ondo and Dohnal, 2007). .............................................................. 1 Figure 4.2.1. Former McClellan AFB, located near Sacramento, California .......................... 7 Figure 4.4.1. 2004 Facility-wide VOC Distributions in Groundwater (left) and Soil Vapor (right) .................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 4.4.2. OU-D 1,4-dioxane Soil Gas Concentrations Observed in 2013 Prior to This Demonstration Project ........................................................................................ 9 Figure 5.1.1. Plan View Schematic of Conceptual XSVE Demonstration Layout. .............. 11 Figure 5.1.2. Plan View Conceptual Schematic of Soil Borings to be Taken before and after XSVE Demonstration Showing the Three Zones Used for Incremental Sampling (outer, inner, and center). ................................................................................. 12 Figure 5.2.1. Extraction, Injection and Vapor Monitor Well Locations Relative to VES-105. .......................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 5.2.2. 1,4-Dioxane (mg/kg) and Soil Moisture (%) Concentrations prior to XSVE. 13 Figure 5.3.1. 1,4-Dioxane Mass for Condensate and Vapor Phases per Hour in Vapor Generator (18.5 mg/L 1,4-dioxane sparged at 1.0 L/min) Using Vapor/Condensate Sampling Apparatus. ......................................................... 14 Figure 5.3.2. Vapor/Condensate Sampling Apparatus as Used in the Field (left). Ice Bath Condensate Coil Mockup with Stopper and VOA Condensate Collection Vessel is Shown on Right. ........................................................................................... 15 Figure 5.4.1. Well Construction and Instrumentation Details for XSVE Demonstration. .... 16 Figure 5.4.2. Schematic of XSVE Demonstration System Design. ....................................... 16 Figure 5.4.3. Injection Wellheads .......................................................................................... 17 Figure 5.4.4. Layout of XSVE Demonstration Site. .............................................................. 18 Figure 5.7.1. Injection Well Flow Rates and Pressures during XSVE Operation. ................ 20 Figure 5.7.2. Extraction Well Flow Rates and Pressures (after AWS) during XSVE Operation. .......................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 5.7.3. Injection Well Temperatures at the Wellhead and Mid-screen during XSVE Operation. ......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5.7.4. Treatment Zone Temperatures for During XSVE Operation.
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