L'exil Intérieur Des Québécois Dans Le Canada De La Charte

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L'exil Intérieur Des Québécois Dans Le Canada De La Charte L’exil intérieur des Québécois dans le Canada de la Charte Guy Laforest* Introduction Je vais commencer cet article par une note J’utilise ce ton pour montrer un certain sens personnelle. Il y a vingt-cinq ans, au temps de des proportions dans les analyses que je vais l’entrée en vigueur de la Charte canadienne des développer sur l’exil intérieur des Québécois dans droits et libertés1, je vivais à Montréal et j’étudiais le Canada de la Charte. Comme pas mal d’autres à l’Université McGill. Parmi mes professeurs, il y personnes au Québec, sur les plans de l’identité avait deux grands intellectuels qui étaient aussi politique et de l’appartenance, je ne suis pas un 4 deux grands idéalistes, Charles Taylor et James citoyen heureux dans le Canada de la Charte . Tully2. J’ai beaucoup appris d’eux et avec le temps, Au-delà de mes sentiments personnels, je crois ils sont devenus des amis. J’avais d’autres profes- que cela s’explique par le fait que le Québec n’est seurs qui m’ont in#uencé, peut-être moins directe- pas intégré correctement dans le nouveau Canada ment, mais tout aussi durablement, notamment qui a surgi depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de les Blema Steinberg, Daniel Latouche, James Mal- 1982. Paradoxalement, cette réforme a vu le jour, lory et Harold Waller. Leur approche était teintée pour une bonne part, à cause du dynamisme et de réalisme, et elle contrebalançait à merveille des pressions exercées par le Québec sur le Cana- celle que je trouvais chez Taylor et Tully. En phi- da dans la foulée de la Révolution tranquille. Au losophie, l’approche réaliste est celle du libéral- lieu d’améliorer la situation, la réforme de 1982 isme sans illusions que l’on trouve chez les Judith l’a aggravée. Telle est la thèse que je promouvrai Shklar, Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin et Karl Pop- dans cet article. L’expression « exil intérieur » per, selon laquelle en politique, il faut d’abord et décrit très bien le fondement de ma pensée. Car avant tout éviter le pire. Il faut entendre par là la un exilé de l’intérieur, c’est quelqu’un qui se sent cruauté, l’e$roi, la terreur, la violence, tout ce qui inconfortable, qui vit comme un étranger au sein peut broyer la personne humaine, l’atteindre dans de son propre pays. sa dignité et dans son intimité. A ce titre je part- age le jugement d’Irvin Studin qui écrivait récem- Pierre Trudeau, l’exil des Québécois ment que le Canada est un formidable succès à l’échelle de l’humanité, l’un des pays parmi les et la Charte 3 plus « paci%ques, justes et civilisés » . Un pays où, Mais c’est encore une fois la tendance tou- pour ajouter ma propre voix, les forts comme les jours accentuée, c’est le poids dans la balance faibles peuvent dormir tranquilles dans un milieu du côté du provincialisme aux dépens d’une social humain, décent, confortable, sans crain- institution fédérale, ou d’une législation, qui, dre le pire. Tout cela compte pour beaucoup dans jusqu’à présent, donnait aux Canadiens un l’histoire de l’humanité. sens d’appartenance nationale, un peu comme la Charte des droits et libertés était impor- Constitutional Forum constitutionnel !" tante pour l’unité canadienne, un peu comme an attack on provincialism. It was a way of try- le rapatriement de la Constitution, un peu ing to get Canadians to think of themselves as comme le drapeau canadien. Tout cela, c’est possessors of a common body of rights inde- important en ce sens que ça fait comprendre pendent of geographical location, which would aux Canadiens qu’ils partagent avec TOUS les constitute a lens through which they would Canadiens, de TOUT le pays, un MÊME en- then view what all governments were doing. semble de valeurs fondamentales5. So it was really a de-provincializing strategy, primarily aimed at Quebec nationalism, but La question de l’exil intérieur des Québé- also at the general centrifugal pressures that cois est rendue immensément plus complexe were developing across the federal system10. si l’on y ajoute le rôle prépondérant qu’y a joué Pierre Elliott Trudeau, sans conteste l’une des Dans son livre de 2005, André Burelle ex- plus grandes personnalités politiques du Qué- plique lucidement les péripéties politiques qui bec et du Canada au XXe siècle. Sur les plans ont amené M. Trudeau en 1980 à rompre le dé- de l’appartenance et de l’identité, les Québécois licat équilibre qui prévalait jusqu’alors dans son ont été en quelque sorte mis en exil par l’un des esprit entre le personnalisme communautaire leurs. Le fédéralisme a occupé une place impor- de l’époque citélibriste - la pensée des Jacques tante dans la vie de M. Trudeau. Sauf qu’un exa- Maritain et Emmanuel Mounier - réconciliable men de ses actions et de ses écrits dans les années avec le fédéralisme de 1867 et une certaine ac- quatre-vingt, replacé sur l’horizon d’ensemble ceptation de la di$érence nationale québécoise, de sa vie politico-intellectuelle, révèle en lui un et un libéralisme ultra-individualiste et symé- nationaliste et un souverainiste canadien bien trique faisant l’a$aire du « nation-building » 11 plus qu’un fédéraliste. C’est très clairement ce canadien . Dans l’esprit de Burelle, le fédéral- qui ressort du très important livre qu’André isme « one nation » de la Loi constitutionnelle 12 Burelle, philosophe et ancien rédacteur des dis- de 1982 s’appuie sur l’unitarisme républicain cours de M. Trudeau, vient de consacrer à son et part des prémisses d’un libéralisme individ- œuvre6. J’y reviendrai dans un moment. Au ualiste et anti-communautaire. Selon lui, cela soir de sa carrière, M. Trudeau rêvait d’établir s’opérationnalise de la manière suivante : une fois pour toutes la souveraineté de la nation a) Tous les individus y sont fondus en une canadienne et celle du gouvernement central. seule nation civique qui délègue au Par- Dans le débat sur l’Accord du lac Meech7, il se lement fédéral la totalité de sa souveraineté demanda souvent « comment peut-on rendre nationale; un pays plus fort en a$aiblissant le seul gouver- nement capable d’exprimer le point de vue de b) Investi de cette souveraineté, le Parlement tous les Canadiens »8. Plutôt que de chercher à central con%e aux provinces les pouvoirs trouver dans le fédéralisme et ses institutions un fonctionnellement mieux exercés par équilibre entre un projet national canadien et elles13. un projet national québécois, il résolut après le référendum de 1980 à recourir au nationalisme Quelle sorte de fédéralisme découle d’une canadien pour changer le pays et l’emporter telle logique? Selon Burelle, c’est un fédéralisme dé%nitivement contre les souverainistes québé- qui ne respecte plus la di$érence québécoise, qui cois9. La Charte fut l’instrument d’un tel des- fait % du principe de non-subordination entre sein, comme le politologue Alan Cairns l’a rap- deux ordres de gouvernement souverains dans pelé dans un entretien avec l’historien Robert leurs compétences respectives, qui s’éloigne au- Bothwell : trement dit de ce que les fondateurs de la fédéra- tion canadienne avaient voulu faire en 1867. 'e prime one, the obvious one, is what the Selon Burelle, l’esprit de 1982 bafoue celui de Charter appears to be on its face, a way of pro- 1867 par l’opération entrecroisée des principes tecting citizen rights against the state. From suivants : Trudeau’s perspective, however, the much more important goal was the attempt to gener- a) la pratique d’une subsidiarité dévoyée i.e. ate a national identity, and this really meant d’une dévolution de souveraineté descen- !& Volume 16, Number 2, 2007 dante (top down) qui part de l’État central; le transfert entre les mains des tribunaux du pouvoir de mise en œuvre de ces droits et lib- b) l’existence d’un gouvernement senior « na- ertés et le développement de normes nation- tional » et de gouvernements juniors « pro- ales positives et négatives qui en découleraient vinciaux »; joueraient dans un sens centralisateur16. c) l’attribution à Ottawa d’un droit d’ingérence Dans la mesure où la protection des droits par pour garantir « l’intérêt national » dans les un instrument constitutionnel est un dispositif champs de compétence provinciale; antimajoritaire, elle vient limiter l’autonomie politique des minorités qui disposent d’une ou d) l’identité de droit et de traitement des indi- de plusieurs entités territoriales. La minorité vidus et des provinces vu leur fusion au sein qui contrôle une telle entité voit son pouvoir d’une seule et même nation républicaine14. politique limité au pro%t de ses propres mi- norités et de ses propres membres… La ma- Dans l’ensemble, l’interprétation de Burelle jorité au niveau national peut alors céder à la me semble assez juste. Il avait dit cela autrement tentation d’utiliser son pouvoir pour imposer dans son livre de 1994, en parlant d’un gouver- à sa minorité le respect de garanties excessives nement par les juges via une « Charte nationale » au pro%t de « la minorité dans la minorité ». On a l’impression, parfois, que le groupe ma- et d’un gouvernement par le « peuple canadien » joritaire au niveau national défend ses propres permettant à Ottawa de contourner le partage 15 intérêts sous le prétexte des droits de la per- des compétences. J’y apporterais toutefois une sonne et des droits des minorités17. nuance : il faut faire une distinction entre la vi- sion de la Charte promue par M.
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