Astronomie Et Astrophysique Des Binaires X Galactiques

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Astronomie Et Astrophysique Des Binaires X Galactiques HABILITATION A` DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES Sp´ecialit´e: Astrophysique Pr´esent´eepar : J´erˆome RODRIGUEZ Sujet : ASTRONOMIE ET ASTROPHYSIQUE DES BINAIRES X GALACTIQUES : DE LA NATURE DES SOURCES X A` LA PHYSIQUE DES PHENOM´ ENES` LIES´ A` L’ACCRETION´ tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 Soutenue le 13 Janvier 2010, au CEA-Saclay Devant le jury compos´ede : Mr. Didier Barret Directeur de recherches, CNRS Rapporteur Mr. Christian Motch Directeur de recherches, CNRS Rapporteur Mr. Etienne Parizot Professeur, Univ. Paris Diderot Rapporteur interne Mr. Gilles Henri Professeur, Univ. J. Fourier Examinateur Mr. Peter Kretschmar Directeur des operations scientifiques, ESA Examinateur Mr. Michel Tagger Directeur de recherches, CEA Examinateur tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 i Remerciements Les travaux pr´esent´es dans ce document n’auraient pu ˆetrer´ealis´es sans les contributions diverses et vari´ees d’un grand nombre de coll`egueset collaborateurs. Sans les nommer tous, ce qui serait long et laborieux, ce sont toutes ces personnes que je tiens `aremercier : des coll`egues instrumentalistes qui permettent `ade formidable instruments de fonctionner et d’apporter des donn´ees de qualit´e extraordinaire, aux scientifiques pour les ´echanges d’id´ees, les dicussions, les conseils qui permettent `achacun une progression nette dans sa recherche personnelle. Je voudrais remercier chaleureusement les membres du jury, Etienne, Didier, Christian, Gilles, Peter et Michel, pour avoir accept´ede lire, ´evaluer et participer au jury de cette HDR. Dans mon travail de tous les jours j’aimerais dire un grand merci `aMichel, St´ephane, Peggy, Claude qui sont l`a depuis le d´ebutde mon aventure scientifique, et avec qui c’est toujours un grand plaisir (que j’esp`ere partag´e)d’interagir. Merci `aClaude, Philippe, et Marion, pour plein de choses (discussions sur le foot, courses, ski, etc, la liste est longue), et aussi pour avoir accept´ele rˆolelaborieux de relecteur des premi`eres versions de ce manuscrit. Enfin merci `ames proches et ma famille de me supporter, je sais que ¸capeut ˆetredur. Une speciale mention donc `aDr. Ana, qui elle en plus vit cela au quotidien. You got guts my dear ! tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 ii tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 iii Table des mati`eres 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Introduction . 19 1.2 Accr´etion dans les binaires X : comment et pourquoi ? . 20 1.2.1 Grandes lignes du fonctionnement des binaires X . 20 1.2.2 Utilit´ede l’´etude des binaires X . 21 1.3 Deux grandes familles de binaires X . 21 1.3.1 L’accr´etiondans les binaires X de grandes masses . 21 1.3.2 Binaires X de faibles masses . 23 1.4 Etoiles `aneutrons vs. trous noirs . 23 1.5 Microquasars : processus de rayonnement, ´etats spectraux, et mod`eles d’accr´etion- ´ejection . 24 1.5.1 Processus de rayonnement . 24 1.5.2 Approche temporelle . 25 1.5.3 Etats´ spectraux . 26 1.5.4 Mod´elisation des ´eruptions et connexions accr´etion´ejection . 26 1.6 Les grandes questions li´ees aux binaires X . 28 1.7 Moyens utilis´es/mis en œuvre et justification du plan de ce document . 29 Partie I : Astronomie X et Gamma : d´ecouverte et identification des sources 31 2 L’observatoire : INTEGRAL 33 tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 2.1 Introduction . 33 2.2 L’ISDC et ma participation `a INTEGRAL ....................... 33 2.3 IBIS . 35 2.4 JEM-X . 35 2.5 SPI........................................... 36 3 D´ecouverte de nouvelles sources de rayonnement X et gamma mou 39 3.1 Balayages et suivis des r´egionscentrales et du plan de la Galaxie . 39 3.2 Le bras de Norma . 41 3.2.1 IGR J16318−4848 la premi`ere source d´ecouverte par INTEGRAL ...... 42 3.2.2 Une moisson de nouvelles sources . 42 3.3 Le suivi de la r´egionde l’Aigle : IGR J19140+0951 et autres sources . 42 3.4 Conclusions du chapitre . 45 4 Suivis des nouvelles sources `adiff´erentes longueurs d’ondes 47 4.1 Introduction . 47 4.2 Positions X fines et quelques identifications ”faciles” . 48 4.2.1 Les observations Swift ............................. 48 iv Table des mati`eres 4.2.2 Quelques r´esultats . 48 4.3 Un cas plus complexe IGR J16320−4751 . 50 4.4 Observations visibles et infrarouges d´edi´ees . 52 4.5 Conclusions du chapitre et de la premi`erepartie . 52 5 Articles de recherche li´es`ala partie I 53 5.1 D´ecouverte de IGR J16318−4848 . 54 5.2 D´ecouverte de IGR J19140+0951 . 60 5.3 Suivis d’IGRs avec Swift ................................ 64 5.4 IGR J16320−4751 avec XMM–Newton ........................ 83 Partie II : “Astro-ph´enom´enologie” : vers une compr´ehensiondes sources accr´etantes 89 6 Ph´enom´enologie en astronomie 91 6.1 Astro-ph´enom´enologie. 91 6.2 IGR J16320−4751 trahi par ses signatures temporelles . 92 6.2.1 Une premi`ere id´eedue au comportement spectral : comparaison avec d’autres sources . 92 6.2.2 D´ecouverte de la pulsation : un pulsar confirm´e . 92 6.3 IGR J19140+0951 et ses ´etats spectraux . 94 6.4 IGR J17497−2721 : un trou noir silencieux en radio ? . 94 6.5 Conclusions du chapitre . 95 7 Liens accr´etion-´ejectiondans GRS 1915+105 : une premi`ere´etape 99 7.1 GRS 1915+105 : un objet bien fascinant . 99 7.2 GRS 1915+105 parle Grec ! . 100 tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 7.3 Corr´elations X-radio . 104 7.4 Un mod`ele basique obtenu `apartir de la campagne INTEGRAL ........... 105 7.4.1 La campagne INTEGRAL et premiers r´esultats. 105 7.4.2 Deux ans de suivis : des liens accr´etion-´ejection universels ? . 106 7.5 Conclusions sur le chapitre . 108 8 Conclusion de la partie II 111 8.1 Introduction . 111 8.2 Le diagramme de Corbet . 112 8.3 Au-del`adu diagramme de Corbet . 113 8.3.1 Premi`ere ´etape : un catalogue . 113 8.3.2 Les sources d´etect´ees par INTEGRAL au cours de ses quatre premi`eres ann´ees d’observations . 113 8.3.3 Binaires X et localisation Galactique . 114 8.3.4 HMXB : les “diagrammes de Bodaghee” . 115 8.4 Pour conclure : un lien Be-HMXB vers sg-HMXB ? . 115 Table des mati`eres v 9 Articles de recherche li´es`ala partie II 117 9.1 Nature de IGR J19140+0951 . 118 9.2 L’´eruption du trou noir IGR J17497−2721 . 130 9.3 2 ans de suivis de GRS 1915+105 : papier 1 . 134 9.4 IGR J19294+1816 : SFXT ou syst`emeBe ? . 147 Partie III : Quelques ´etudes de la physique des ph´enom`enes li´es`al’accr´etion et aux ´ejectionsde mati`ere 153 10 Quelques aspects de la physique des syst`emesaccr´etant par vent 155 10.1 Introduction . 155 10.2 Une radiographie du syst`emepermise par les rayons X . 155 10.3 IGR J16320−4751 : exc`es mou et raie du fer . 156 10.3.1 Origine possible de l’exc`es mou . 157 10.3.2 La raie du fer et les diagnostiques associ´es. 159 10.4 L’´evolution orbitale de IGR J19140+0951 d´evoile sa g´eom´etrie . 159 10.4.1 Variations spectrales . 160 10.4.2 Exc`esmou . 160 10.4.3 Les variations de NH et le vent de l’´etoile . 161 10.4.4 Conclusions : une vision sch´ematique de la binaire dans IGR J19140+0951 . 162 10.5 Conclusions du chapitre : pour aller plus loin . 162 11 La couronne : origine de la mati`ere´eject´eedans les microquasars ? 165 11.1 Eruptions´ des microquasars et liens accr´etion-´ejections . 165 11.2 GRS 1915+105 et la campagne INTEGRAL : approche physique . 167 11.2.1 La couronne ´eject´eedans GRS 1915+105 . 169 11.2.2 Une influence du jet compact dans les X durs ? . 172 11.3 L’´ejection de la couronne est-elle un ph´enom`ene g´en´eral dans les microquasars ? . 173 11.4 Conclusions du chapitre . 175 tel-00451332, version 1 - 28 Jan 2010 12 QPO dans les microquasars 179 12.1 Introduction . 179 12.2 QPO et connexions spectro-temporelles . 180 12.3 Spectres des QPO dans XTE J1550−564 . 180 12.4 Spectres des QPO dans GRS 1915+105 . 182 12.4.1 Ajustement des spectres des QPO . 182 12.4.2 Forme spectrale des QPO : une influence du jet compact `ahaute ´energie ? . 183 12.5 QPO : oscillations de la couronne ? . 185 12.6 Conclusions . 186 13 Conclusions : microquasars et mod´elisation th´eorique 187 13.1 Que doit prendre en compte un “bon” mod`ele d’accr´etion-´ejection ? . 187 13.2 L’instabilit´emagn´eto-rotationnelle dans l’´etatmou . 188 13.3 Diff´erentes prescriptions des r´egionscentrales . 189 13.3.1 Le CENBOL . 189 13.3.2 SAD-JED . 191 13.4 L’AEI . 192 vi Table des mati`eres 13.4.1 AEI = ´etats durs . 192 13.4.2 Le scenario de crues magn´etiques . 193 13.4.3 D´eveloppements ult´erieurs . 193 13.5 Conclusions . 194 14 Articles de recherche li´es`ala partie III 197 14.1 IGR J16320−4751 vu par XMM–Newton et INTEGRAL ............... 198 14.2 Le vent de la surperg´eante dans IGR J19140+0951 . 207 14.3 L’´eruption de 2000 de XTE J1550−564 vue par RXTE ............... 217 14.4 2 ans de suivis de GRS 1915+105 : papier 2 . 224 14.5 Propri´et´esspectrales des QPO dans GRS 1915+105 .
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