High Levels of Luteinizing Hormone Analog Stimulate Gonadal
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Use of Tribromoethanol (Avertin)”
Washington State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Policy #32 “Use of Tribromoethanol (Avertin)” Approval Date: 11/18/2019 (Replacing Version: 11/16/2016) A. Purpose To provide guidance on the use of tribromoethanol (TBE) in animal studies and to provide standardized methods for its preparation and storage. B. Background In compliance with federal Animal Welfare Regulations and guidance from regulatory and oversight bodies, the IACUC expects that investigators use pharmaceutical grade medications whenever they are available, even in acute-terminal procedures.1,2 Non- pharmaceutical grade compounds should only be used after specific review and approval by the IACUC for reasons such as scientific necessity, or non-availability of an acceptable veterinary or human pharmaceutical-grade product. Cost savings is not adequate justification for using non-pharmaceutical grade compounds in research animals (see WSU IACUC Policy #29, Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Grade Substances in Laboratory Animals). Tribromoethanol (TBE) is an injectable anesthetic previously manufactured under the trade name Avertin®; however, this product is no longer available in pharmaceutical grade. In addition, TBE can cause a number of deleterious effects when administered to animals2-8: • TBE degrades in the presence of heat or light to produce the toxic byproducts, dibromoacetaldehyde and hydrobromic acid, which are nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic. • Administration of degraded TBE solutions has been associated with post- anesthetic illness and death, often within 24 hours of injection. 1 • Peritonitis abdominal adhesions and ileus (reduced gut motility) leading to death of the animal can occur following intraperitoneal (IP) administration of TBE. • Other side effects include muscle necrosis, hepatic damage, bacterial translocation, sepsis, and serositis of abdominal organs. -
Guidelines for Use of Tribromoethanol in Rodents
Guidelines for Use of Tribromoethanol in Rodents The expectation is that IACUC Guidelines will be followed as best practice. They allow the Animal Care & Use Program to attain acceptable performance outcomes to meet the intent of the regulations. As such, any planned variation from the guidelines requires prior IACUC approval and must be based on a scientific rationale. Introduction Tribromoethanol (TBE) is a popular injectable anesthetic agent used in rodents. It was once manufactured specifically for use as an anesthetic by Winthrop Laboratories under the trade name Avertin®, but this product is no longer available. Currently, it is only available as a non-pharmaceutical- grade powder that must be aseptically reconstituted for injection. When used properly, it has a good margin of safety and it is still popular for certain research applications. TBE is considered a non-pharmaceutical grade drug and as such its use must be in accord with these guidelines and the UGA IACUC Policy on the Use of Outdated Drugs and Materials, Non-pharmaceutical Grade Drugs, and Controlled Substances. The PI is also required to provide information regarding scientific necessity and must take into account the following when proposing the use of this agent in rodents: According to a recent review (Lab Animal 34(10):47-52) tribromoethanol has been associated with serious post-anesthetic effects and inconsistent and variable anesthetic effects. Have these effects been observed by your laboratory? Have alternative anesthetics for this procedure been considered? If so, why has TBE been chosen over these alternatives? Contact your attending veterinarian for consultation on the use of anesthetics. -
Inhibition of Gonadotropin-Induced Granulosa Cell Differentiation By
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 82, pp. 8518-8522, December 1985 Cell Biology Inhibition of gonadotropin-induced granulosa cell differentiation by activation of protein kinase C (phorbol ester/diacylglycerol/cyclic AMP/luteinizing hormone receptor/progesterone) OSAMU SHINOHARA, MICHAEL KNECHT, AND KEVIN J. CATT Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Communicated by Roy Hertz, August 19, 1985 ABSTRACT The induction of granulosa cell differentia- gesting that calcium- and phospholipid-dependent mecha- tion by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is characterized by nisms are involved in the inhibition of granulosa cell differ- cellular aggregation, expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) entiation. The abilities oftumor promoting phorbol esters and receptors, and biosynthesis of steroidogenic enzymes. These synthetic 1,2-diacylglycerols to stimulate calcium-activated actions of FSH are mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (14, 15) led us to and cAMP-dependent protein kinase and can be mimicked by examine the effects of these compounds on cellular matura- choleragen, forskolin, and cAMP analogs. Gonadotropin re- tion in the rat granulosa cell. leasing hormone (GnRH) agonists inhibit these maturation responses in a calcium-dependent manner and promote phosphoinositide turnover. The phorbol ester phorbol 12- MATERIALS AND METHODS myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also prevented FSH-induced cell Granulosa cells were obtained from the ovaries of rats aggregation and suppressed cAMP formation, LH receptor (Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY) implanted with expression, and progesterone production, with an IDso of 0.2 diethylstilbestrol capsules (2 cm) at 21 days of age and nM. -
Euthanasia of Experimental Animals
EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS • *• • • • • • • *•* EUROPEAN 1COMMISSIO N This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-9694-9 © European Communities, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium European Commission EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Document EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Report prepared for the European Commission by Mrs Bryony Close Dr Keith Banister Dr Vera Baumans Dr Eva-Maria Bernoth Dr Niall Bromage Dr John Bunyan Professor Dr Wolff Erhardt Professor Paul Flecknell Dr Neville Gregory Professor Dr Hansjoachim Hackbarth Professor David Morton Mr Clifford Warwick EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS CONTENTS Page Preface 1 Acknowledgements 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Objectives of euthanasia 3 1.2 Definition of terms 3 1.3 Signs of pain and distress 4 1.4 Recognition and confirmation of death 5 1.5 Personnel and training 5 1.6 Handling and restraint 6 1.7 Equipment 6 1.8 Carcass and waste disposal 6 2. General comments on methods of euthanasia 7 2.1 Acceptable methods of euthanasia 7 2.2 Methods acceptable for unconscious animals 15 2.3 Methods that are not acceptable for euthanasia 16 3. Methods of euthanasia for each species group 21 3.1 Fish 21 3.2 Amphibians 27 3.3 Reptiles 31 3.4 Birds 35 3.5 Rodents 41 3.6 Rabbits 47 3.7 Carnivores - dogs, cats, ferrets 53 3.8 Large mammals - pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses 57 3.9 Non-human primates 61 3.10 Other animals not commonly used for experiments 62 4. -
Repeated Administration of Tribromoethanol in C57BL/6Nhsd Mice
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 52, No 2 Copyright 2013 March 2013 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 176–179 Repeated Administration of Tribromoethanol in C57BL/6NHsd Mice William A Hill,1,3,* Jacquelyn T Tubbs,5 Christopher L Carter,3 Jane A Czarra,3 Kimberly M Newkirk,1 Tim E Sparer,4 Barton Rohrbach,1 and Christine M Egger2 We evaluated the effect of repeated intraperitoneal administration of tribromoethanol on various parameters in C57BL/6NHsd mice. Mice (n = 68) were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 groups to receive tribromoethanol (500 mg/kg IP) on day 0 or days 0 and 8; vehicle (tert-amyl alcohol in sterile water) only on day 0 or days 0 and 8; sterile water injection on day 0 or days 0 and 8; or no treatment. A single dose of tribromoethanol failed to produce loss of pedal reflex and had no effect on median food and water consumption but altered median body weight on days 1 through 4 when compared with that in mice that received vehicle only or no treatment. Median body weight did not differ between mice that received a single dose of tribromoetha- nol and those that received an injection of water. Among mice given 2 doses of tribromoethanol, induction time, anesthetic duration, and recovery time varied widely. Repeated administration of tribromoethanol had no effect on median food and water consumption or body weight compared with those in controls. Median liver weight was significantly greater in mice that received 2 doses compared with a single dose of tribromoethanol. -
Halogenated Ether, Alcohol, and Alkane Anesthetics Activate TASK-3 Tandem Pore Potassium Channels Likely Through a Common Mechanism S
Supplemental material to this article can be found at: http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/suppl/2017/03/21/mol.117.108290.DC1 1521-0111/91/6/620–629$25.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.117.108290 MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY Mol Pharmacol 91:620–629, June 2017 Copyright ª 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Halogenated Ether, Alcohol, and Alkane Anesthetics Activate TASK-3 Tandem Pore Potassium Channels Likely through a Common Mechanism s Anita Luethy, James D. Boghosian, Rithu Srikantha, and Joseph F. Cotten Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.L., J.D.B., and J.F.C.); Department of Anesthesia, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland (A.L.); Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.S.) Received January 7, 2017; accepted March 20, 2017 Downloaded from ABSTRACT The TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 3 (TASK-3; hydrate (165% [161–176]) . 2,2-dichloro- . 2-chloro 2,2,2- KCNK9) tandem pore potassium channel function is activated by trifluoroethanol . ethanol. Similarly, carbon tetrabromide (296% halogenated anesthetics through binding at a putative anesthetic- [245–346]), carbon tetrachloride (180% [163–196]), and 1,1,1,3,3,3- binding cavity. To understand the pharmacologic requirements for hexafluoropropanol (200% [194–206]) activate TASK-3, whereas molpharm.aspetjournals.org TASK-3 activation, we studied the concentration–response of the larger carbon tetraiodide and a-chloralose inhibit. Clinical TASK-3 to several anesthetics (isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, agents activate TASK-3 with the following rank order efficacy: halothane, a-chloralose, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol [TCE], and chloral halothane (207% [202–212]) . -
Role of FSH in Regulating Granulosa Cell Division and Follicular Atresia in Rats J
Role of FSH in regulating granulosa cell division and follicular atresia in rats J. J. Peluso and R. W. Steger Reproductive Physiology Laboratories, C. S. Moti Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, U.S.A. Summary. The effects of PMSG on the mitotic activity of granulosa cells and atresia of large follicles in 24-day-old rats were examined. The results showed that the labelling index (1) decreased in atretic follicles parallel with a loss of FSH binding, and (2) in- creased in hypophysectomized rats treated with FSH. It is concluded that FSH stimu- lates granulosa cell divisions and that atresia may be caused by reduced binding of FSH to the granulosa cells. Introduction Granulosa cells of primary follicles undergo repeated cell divisions and thus result in the growth of the follicle (Pederson, 1972). These divisions are stimulated by FSH and oestrogen, but FSH is also necessary for antrum formation (Goldenberg, Vaitukaitus & Ross, 1972). The stimulatory effects of FSH on granulosa cell divisions may be mediated through an accelerated oestrogen synthesis because FSH induces aromatizing enzymes and enhances oestrogen synthesis within the granulosa cells (Dorrington, Moon & Armstrong, 1975; Armstrong & Papkoff, 1976). Although many follicles advance beyond the primordial stage, most undergo atresia (Weir & Rowlands, 1977). Atretic follicles are characterized by a low mitotic activity, pycnotic nuclei, and acid phosphatase activity within the granulosa cell layer (Greenwald, 1974). The atresia of antral follicles occurs in three consecutive stages (Byskov, 1974). In Stage I, there is a slight reduction in the frequency of granulosa cell divisions and pycnotic nuclei appear. -
A Four-Year-Old Girl with Ovarian Tumor Presented with Precocious Pseudo Puberty
Journal of Diabetes, Metabolic Disorders & Control Case Report Open Access A four-year-old girl with ovarian tumor presented with precocious pseudo puberty Abstract Volume 3 Issue 5 - 2016 Precocious puberty in girls is generally defined as appearance of secondary sexual Majed Alhabib,1 Alsaleh Yassin,2 Mallick characteristics before eight years of age. Precocious puberty is divided into central 3 1 precocious puberty and precocious pseudo puberty (peripheral).1 Central precocious Mohammed, Alsaheel Abdulhameed 1Pediatric Endocrinology Consultant, Children’s Specialized puberty (gonadotropin-dependent), which involves the premature activation of Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Precocious pseudo puberty (gonadotropin- 2Pediatric Endocrine Fellow, Children’s Specialized Hospital, King independent) is caused by activity of sex steroid hormones independently from the Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia activation of pituitary-gonadotropin axis.1 The commonest cause for precocious 3Pediatric Surgery Consultant, Children’s Specialized Hospital, pseudo puberty is functional ovarian cyst. Ovarian masses are generally considered King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia rare in the premenarchal age group.2 Ovarian tumors of premenarchal girls generally originate from the germ cell line.2 The most common presentation of these tumors in Correspondence: Majed Alhabib, King Fahad Medical City, children is precocious pseudo puberty.3 In This report we describe a 4year-old girl Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 505 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals
GUIDELINES ON ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA IN LABORATORY ANIMALS University of South Florida provides the following guidelines for use by IACUC-certified faculty and staff. CONTENTS PAGE A. Background……………………………………………………….…………………………… 1 B. Definitions....……………………………………………………..…………………………….. 2 C. General Considerations……………………………………….,…………………………….. 3 D. Controlled Substances……………………………………….……………………………… 3 E. Pre-Anesthetic Treatments………………………………….………………………………. 4 F. General Anesthetics………………………………………….………………………………. 4 G. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents………………………….……………………………….. 5 H. Monitoring Anesthesia…………………………………….…………………………………. 6 I. Analgesics……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 J. Comments regarding Anesthetics and Analgesics……………………………………... 7 REFERENCE TABLES PAGE I. Signs of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals………………………………………… 10 II. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Mice….………..…...….………...…… 11 III. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Rats……………………………...…… 12 IV. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Gerbils……….……………..…….. 13 V. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Hamsters…….……………..……. 14 VI. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Guinea Pigs….…………….….……. 15 VII. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Rabbits.……...…………….………… 16 VIII. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Dogs.…………………….…………… 17 IX. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Cats.……………………..…………… 18 X. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics for Pigs ..……………..….………………..19 XI. Commonly Used Anesthetics and Analgesics -
Effect of Predator Stress on the Reproductive Performance of Female Mice After Nonsurgical Embryo Transfer
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 58, No 3 Copyright 2019 May 2019 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 304–310 Effect of Predator Stress on the Reproductive Performance of Female Mice after Nonsurgical Embryo Transfer Shimin Zhang,1,† Ayman Mesalam,1,2,† Kyeong-Lim Lee,1,† Seok-Hwan Song,1 Lianguang Xu,1 Imran Khan,1,3 Yuguo Yuan,1,4 Wenfa Lv,5 and Il-Keun Kong,1,6,* Predator stress can exert detrimental effects on female mammals, leading to disrupted reproduction. Although many studies have addressed the effects of predator stress on reproductive output in rodents, few studies have focused on the effect of visual or auditory stress on pregnant females. In this study, we investigated the possible effect of predator stress, either visual only or combined visual and auditory (visual+auditory), on the reproductive performance of female mice after nonsurgical embryo transfer. Reproductive performance was assessed as pregnancy rate, implantation rate, gestation length, live pup rate, and neonatal birth weight. Moreover, serum cortisol and progesterone levels in dams were measured by using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Exposure to predator (cat) stress did not lead to a significant change in pregnancy rates in the tested mice. However, the stressed mice showed significantly decreased implantation rates compared with the control group. Similarly, the live pup rate and neonatal birth weight were significantly lower in the group exposed to preda- tor stress than in the control group. Furthermore, mice exposed to visual+auditory stress showed a significant reduction in gestation length compared with the control mice. -
Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Grade Drugs in Research and Extension Animals Peter Autenried, Campus Veterinarian Version November 18, 2015
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Effective Date: 12/15/2015 Policy, Procedure, and Guidance Last Revised: 11/18/2015 Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Grade Drugs in Research and Extension Animals Peter Autenried, Campus Veterinarian Version November 18, 2015 Preamble A pharmaceutical grade drug is a biologic or reagent that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or for which a chemical purity standard has been established by the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) or British Pharmacopeia (BP). OLAW and USDA state that pharmaceutical-grade chemicals and other substances, when available, must be used to avoid side effects that may threaten the health and welfare of vertebrate animals or interfere with the interpretation of research results. Page 1 of 7 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Effective Date: 12/15/2015 Policy, Procedure, and Guidance Last Revised: 11/18/2015 Contents I. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 2 II. Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 III. Policy ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 A. Mandate To Use Pharmaceutical Grade Drugs ................................................................................. 3 B. IACUC Criteria -
Effects of Insulin and Luteinizing Hormone on Ovarian Granulosa Cell Aromatase Activity In
Effects of Insulin and Luteinizing Hormone on Ovarian Granulosa Cell Aromatase Activity in 1998 Animal Science Cattle Research Report Pages 223-226 Authors: Story in Brief The direct effect of insulin and luteinizing hormone (LH) on ovarian granulosa cell function in L.J. Spicer cattle was evaluated by using a serum-free culture system. Granulosa cells were obtained from large (³ 8 mm) follicles collected from cattle and cultured for 4 d. During the last 2 d of culture, cells were exposed to testosterone in serum-free medium to assess aromatase activity. Culture medium was collected for quantification of estradiol, and cell numbers were determined. Insulin significantly increased estradiol production after 1 and 2 d of treatment. Alone, LH had no effect on estradiol production. However, 30 ng/mL of LH reduced the stimulatory effect of insulin on estradiol production after 1 d but not 2 d of treatment. (Key Words: Insulin, Luteinizing Hormone, Granulosa Cells, Estradiol, Cattle.) Introduction Increased secretion of estradiol by growing dominant ovulatory and non-ovulatory follicles is a critical step during the estrous cycle that leads to the expression of estrus, release of an ovulatory surge of LH, ovulation of the follicle and release of the oocyte (Spicer and Echternkamp, 1986; Ginther et al., 1997). However, the hormonal factors that regulate production of estradiol by the dominant follicle in cattle are not completely understood. Estradiol is produced by bovine granulosa cells via the action of aromatase which is a granulosa- cell specific enzyme that converts androgens (e.g., testosterone) into estrogens (e.g., estradiol). Previous studies have shown that insulin is a potent stimulator of aromatase activity in cattle (Spicer et al., 1994) but direct effects of LH on aromatase activity have not been reported for cattle.