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Dynamic Topography of the Western Great Plains : Geomorphic and 40Ar University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-27-2012 Dynamic topography of the western Great Plains : geomorphic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence for mantle- driven uplift sa sociated with the Jemez lineament, New Mexico and SE Colorado Alexander Nereson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds Recommended Citation Nereson, Alexander. "Dynamic topography of the western Great Plains : geomorphic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence for mantle-driven uplift associated with the Jemez lineament, New Mexico and SE Colorado." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/58 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alexander Lewis Nereson Candidate Earth & Planetary Sciences Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Karl E. Karlstrom, Chairperson Dr. Louis Scuderi Dr. Laura Crossey i DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN GREAT PLAINS: GEOMORPHIC AND 40AR/39AR EVIDENCE FOR MANTLE-DRIVEN UPLIFT ASSOCIATED WITH THE JEMEZ LINEAMENT OF NE NEW MEXICO AND SE COLORADO by ALEXANDER LEWIS NERESON B.A., Geology, Macalester College, 2010 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Earth and Planetary Sciences The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many. My primary research advisor, Karl Karlstrom, provided immeasurable support in the form of enthusiasm, ideas, and inspiration. Karl also served as my primary editor and sounding board and continually suggested new paths of inquiry. Also, my committee, Louis Scuderi and Laura Crossey, helped to guide the direction of this research in its earliest and most crucial phase. Because this thesis is also a coauthored manuscript, I would like to thank my coauthors Joseph Stroud, Matthew Heizler, and William McIntosh for their editorial and data contributions. Besides my committee and coauthors, many others have helped advance this research through their assistance with field work, digital analyses, insightful reviews and challenging critiques of previous incarnations of this document. I would particularly like to thank Alexandra Priewisch, Ryan Crow, Magdalena Donahue, and Jason Ricketts. Additionally, I am grateful for the help and hospitality of several commercial ranches and families in northeastern New Mexico who permitted me to conduct fieldwork on their private lands. This research received generous financial support from several sources including the New Mexico Alliance for Minority Participation’s “Bridge to the Doctorate” Fellowship (NSF-EHR-1026412, BDVIII), the American Geological Institute’s Minority Participation Program scholarship, the University of New Mexico Office of Graduate Studies’ “Research, Project, Travel” Grant, The Geological Society of America’s Annual Meeting Travel Grant, and the University of New Mexico’s Alexander and Geraldine Wanek Graduate Scholarship. iii DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN GREAT PLAINS: GEOMORPHIC AND 40AR/39AR EVIDENCE FOR MANTLE-DRIVEN UPLIFT ASSOCIATED WITH THE JEMEZ LINEAMENT OF NE NEW MEXICO AND SE COLORADO By Alexander Lewis Nereson B.A., Geology, Macalester College, 2010 M.S., Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, 2012 ABSTRACT The causal mechanisms for the onset and patterns of post-Miocene erosion of the western Great Plains remain the subject of an enthusiastic debate between the roles of climatically-modulated geomorphic parameters and tectonic rock uplift as drivers of long-term erosion. This study distinguishes between these drivers on the plains of New Mexico and Colorado where post-Miocene erosion and late Cenozoic volcanism of the Jemez lineament have produced distinctive modern landscapes characterized by deep bedrock canyons and inverted, basalt-capped mesas. 40Ar/39Ar ages are used to define an episodic eruption history in the Raton-Clayton volcanic field and to quantify denudation rates from flow-capped paleosurfaces. Several datasets indicate patterns of surface topography that are consistent with dynamic rock uplift along a NE-trending flexural bulge above the Jemez low-velocity mantle anomaly, but are not well-explained by climate. They include: (1) crude volcanic “belts” of similar age, (2) retreating erosional escarpments, (3) differential landscape denudation measured from a NE-trending hinge- line of “low-to-no” erosion, (4) a NE-trending zone of broad (50-100km) convexities in stream profiles identified by an analysis of channel steepness (5) reorganization of stream networks from ESE-flowing streams, to a SSE flowing Canadian River that takes advantage of a relative base level fall in the SE, and (6) a ~150-km-long, 40Ar/39Ar-dated composite paleosurface which indicates total tilting of 64 millidegrees/Ma (and ~34 millidegrees/Ma of tectonic tilting) since 3.4 Ma. Proposed mantle-driven rock uplift along the NE-trending Jemez zone is overprinted on N-S trending mid-Tertiary uplift of the Rocky Mountain orogenic plateau relative to the Great Plains. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures......................................................................................................vii List of Tables.......................................................................................................viii Preface....................................................................................................................ix Manuscript Abstract..............................................................................................1 1. Introduction........................................................................................................2 2. Regional Geologic Setting..................................................................................3 2.1 The Jemez volcanic and geologic lineament..........................................3 2.2 The Jemez mantle anomaly....................................................................4 2.3 Tectonic history of the Great Plains......................................................6 2.4 The Raton section...................................................................................6 3. Geochronology of the Raton-Clayton volcanic field.....................................10 3.1 Field methods.......................................................................................10 3.2 40Ar/39Ar Analytical Methods...............................................................10 3.3 40Ar/39Ar Results...................................................................................12 4. Volcanic topography........................................................................................16 5. Long-term denudation rates...........................................................................16 5.1 Calculating long-term average denudation rates................................18 5.2 Spatial patterns in long-term average denudation..............................19 5.3 Temporal patterns in long-term average denudation..........................22 5.4 Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of denudation..............24 6. Longitudinal stream profile analysis..............................................................26 v 7. Geometry and timing of post-Miocene drainage reorganization................29 8. Origin and evolution of erosional escarpments.............................................33 9. Evidence for tectonically-tilted paleosurfaces...............................................34 10. Synthesis of northeast-trending landscape patterns...................................39 11. Alternative hypotheses: potential influence of climate change and non-tectonic changes in baselevel.......................................................................40 11.1 Climate-driven erosional isostasy......................................................40 11.2 Base level fall by salt collapse...........................................................42 12. Conclusions and Implications.......................................................................43 Appendix: Geosphere Data Repository.............................................................46 References...........................................................................................................122 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Jemez volcanic and mantle lineament..........................................................5 Figure 2. Physiographic overview of the Raton section....................................................8 Figure 3. Geologic cross section of the Raton section........................................................9 Figure 4. Geography of the Raton-Clayton volcanic field................................................11 Figure 5. Age distribution in the Raton-Clayton volcanic field........................................14 Figure 6. Primary eruption phases in northeastern New Mexico......................................17 Figure 7. Long-term average denudation rates in the Raton section................................20 Figure 8. Average denudation rates through time at four locations..................................23
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