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The Episcopal Church in Louisiana, 1805-1861 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 The piE scopal Church in Louisiana, 1805-1861. Robert Campbell Witcher Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Witcher, Robert Campbell, "The pE iscopal Church in Louisiana, 1805-1861." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1571. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1571 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thia dissertation has been 6 9 -1 7 ,1 3 5 microfilmed exactly at received WITCHER, Robert Campbell, 1926- THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN LOUISIANA, 1805 -1861. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, FhJ)., 1969 History, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN LOUISIANA, 1805-1861 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State university and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Robert Campbell Witcher B.A., Tulane University, 1949 B.D., Seabury Western Theological Seminary, 1952 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1960 January, 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank the following persons who have assisted him in the research and writing of this dis­ sertation: Dr. Edwin A. Davis, Professor of History, Louisiana State University, who served as advisor; Dr. J. Preston Moore, Professor of History, who served as advisor; Dr. John L. Loos, Professor and Head of the Department of History; Dr. Jo Ann Carrigan, Dr. James Hardy, and Dr. Fred B. Kniffen, Professor of Geography and Anthropology, who served on the faculty committee; Mrs. Lulu M. Robinson who assisted the author at every stage of the research and writing; The Right Reverend Girault M. Jones, Bishop of Louisiana; The Right Reverend Iveson B. Noland, Bishop Co­ adjutor of Louisiana; Miss Mary Louise Beasley, Secretary to the Bishop and acting Archivist of the Diocese of Louisiana; Mrs. John Whiteknact; The Very Reverend Leonard E. Nelson, former Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, New Orleans; The Reverend Sherwood Clayton of New Orleans; Miss Sidney Kil­ patrick and Mr. Herman Cope Duncan of Alexandria, Louisiana; Dr. John A. Hunter, President of Louisiana State University; Dr. Jay Taylor, President of Louisiana Polytechnic Institute; Mrs. Sam P. Mistretta Who typed the manuscript; the late Mr. J. Hereford Percy; Mrs. Charles E. Coates; Mrs. Edith Atkinson, Louisiana State Library; Dr. Virginia Nell Bellamy, Archivist, Church Historical Society, Austin, Texas; Mr. V. L. Bedsole, Archivist, Louisiana State University; Dean Charles V. Harris, Seabury Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois; The Reverend Otis C. Edwards, Nashota, Wisconsin; The Reverend J. Arthur Klein, St. Francisville, Louisiana; The Reverend Robert Ratelle, Alexandria, Louisi­ ana; The Reverend Frank Hipwell, New Orleans, Louisiana; Mrs. J. C. Cole, Lettsworth, Louisiana; Mr. Warren Green, Baton Rouge; The Reverend Thomas M. Wade, III; and my wife Elisabeth Alice Witcher. The author used these library facilities; Louisiana State University, Tulane University of Louisiana, the New Orleans Public Library, the Library of Washington Cathedral, the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, Seabury Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois, and the Church Historical Society, Austin, Texas. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................ ii PREFACE................................................. vi ABSTRACT ................................................. viii CHAPTER I. FIRST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN ORLEANS TERRITORY......................... 1 II. PHILANDER CHASE, FIRST RECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH ......................... 21 III. DR. HULL AND THE WAR OF 1 8 1 2 ............... 44 IV. THE PROPOSED SOUTHWESTERN DIOCESE........... 61 V. TWO CONVENTIONS CANCEL EACH OTHER........... 78 VI. LOUISIANA'S OTHER EPISCOPAL PARISHES .................................. 99 VII. PROVISIONAL EPISCOPATE FOR THE DIOCESE OF LOUISIANA..................... 125 VIII. LEONIDAS POLK, SOLDIER TO BISHOP ........... 146 IX. POLK AS MISSIONARY BISHOP OF ARKANSAS .................................. 167 X. BISHOP OF LOUISIANA.......................... 179 XI. PAROCHIAL DEVELOPMENT........................ 201 XII. SPECIAL NEW ORLEANS MISSIONS, THE MARINER'S CHURCH AND THE FRENCH CHURCH.............................. 228 XIII. EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS IN THE DIOCESE, 1825-1860.................................. 244 CHAPTER PAGE XIV. THE NEGRO IN THE DIOCESE OF LOUISIANA.................................. 273 XV. ORGANIZATION OF THE DIOCESE, 1838-1861.................................. 297 XVI. PAROCHIAL GROWTH, 1847-1860................... 320 XVII. SECESSION OF THE DIOCESE OF LOUISIANA.................................. 351 XVIII. EPILOGUE ................................. 364 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................ 375 VITA ................................................... 389 v PREFACE Reconstruction of the past is a never-ending dialogue with the present. Writers twenty years ago selected facts and subject matter and interpreted them from their vantage point, but in a new day the points of view change and new interpretations become necessary. Likewise new facts and data provided by recent discoveries of sources demand a new ordering of materials according to the demand of a new age. The founding of the Episcopal Church in the newly- acquired Orleans Territory and its subsequent development in the State of Louisiana is a part of the social and religious history of Louisiana and American history. In it are reflected not only the growth of an institution, but the attitudes of the leaders and people of that institution toward the social, economic, and political problems of the day. The bare facts of that story were sketched in 1888 by the Reverend Dr. Herman Cope Duncan in The Diocese of Louisi­ ana. 1805-1888 (New Orleans, 1888), and elaborated somewhat in a more recent undocumented work by Hodding Carter and Betty W. Carter called So Great a. Good. A History of the Episcopal Church in Louisiana and of Christ Church Cathedral, 1805-1955 (Sewanee, 1955) . Since the publication of these books new records have been discovered and others not pre­ viously known or used have provided a means of bridging critical gaps in the former works and reinterpreting the entire story. Special chapters in this present study have been given to the place of the Negro in the ante-bellum church, to education, and to work among seamen and French- speaking citizens. An interpretation is also offered of the bishop's reaction to the secession of Louisiana which made the diocese independent of the National Episcopal Church. No problem existed in selecting a beginning date since the movement to establish an Episcopal Church in New Orleans took place in 1805 with a meeting of interested persons. The year 1861 was selected as a terminal point because in that year the bishop gave his diocese independent status, and left to serve in the Confederate Army with the consequent collapse of diocesan life. Emphasis in this work is given to the evolution of the Episcopal Church in Louisiana to full diocesan status under its first bishop. It is not a biography of Leonidas Polk, although as Bishop of Louisiana, he was the center around which diocesan life developed from 1841 to 1861. vii ABSTRACT Shortly after the Louisiana Purchase a group of New Orleans citizens formed an English-speaking church naming it Christ Church. The Reverend Philander Chase came from New York in 1805 by vote of the people and he made Christ Church an Episcopal Church, the first in the Mississippi Valley. The Right Reverend Thomas C. Brownell, of Connecticut, made several visits to Louisiana and made efforts to establish a diocese but the effort failed. In 1838 clergy and laity of the three Episcopal Churches succeeded in founding a diocesan structure and were given episcopal oversight of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, who was then Bishop of Arkansas. Bishop Polk made three extensive tours of Louisiana before devoting his full energies to the diocese from 1841- 1861 as Bishop of Louisiana. In his first convention address he revealed his theological views and programs upon which he built for the next twenty years. His efforts were rewarded by expansion of new parishes into every area of Louisiana. Special ministries were directed to seamen in the Port of New Orleans and to the French-speaking citizens of that city. Bishop Polk called upon the diocese to give special emphasis to the task of education and asked that every parish have a day school for the education of the church's children. The state education system was unsatisfactory, hence a real need existed for good schools. A number of such schools were established and functioned for varying periods of time. The bishop's interest in education led him ultimately to organize his Southern brother bishops in a cooperative effort which resulted in the founding of the Uhiversity of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. The Negro was also a major concern for Bishop Polk, He ministered to
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