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Evseldenizhan.Pdf ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ ANKARA İLİNDE PARK VE SÜS BİTKİLERİNDE ERIOPHYOIDEA (ACARINA) TÜRLERİ, KONUKÇULARI, YAYGINLIKLARI VE DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARININ SAPTANMASI İLE ZARARLI Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa,1892)’ NİN POPÜLASYON GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR EVSEL DENİZHAN BİTKİ KORUMA ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2007 Her hakkı saklıdır. ÖZET DOKTORA TEZİ ANKARA İLİNDE PARK VE SÜS BİTKİLERİNDE ERIOPHYOIDEA (ACARINA) TÜRLERİ, KONUKÇULARI, YAYGINLIKLARI VE DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARININ SAPTANMASI İLE ZARARLI Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa,1892)’ NİN POPULASYON GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Sultan ÇOBANOĞLU Ankara ilinde bulunan süs bitkileri üzerinde zararlı Eriophyoidea üst familyasına ait türlerin saptanması amacıyla 2004–2006 yılları arasında survey çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda Eriophyidae, Phytoptidae ve Diptiliomiopidae familyalarına ait toplam 100 tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerden 41’i Türkiye için ilk kayıt olup; 39’unun Dünya için yeni olduğu düşünülmektedir. Aceria calaceris, A. acroptilon, A. balasi, A. thessalonicae, A. tenella, A. anthocoptes, A. tussilagofoliae, A. aegyptiaca, A. avanensis, Aculops montenegrinus, A. rhodensis, Aculus dimidiatus, A. tetanothrix, A. ligustri, A. mogeri, A. lepidii, A. ilicis, Anthocoptes aspidophorus, Boczekiene celtidis, Brevulacus reticulatus, Cecidophyes gymnaspis, Diptacus gigantorhynchus, Eriophyes septemlineatus, E. viburni, E. platani, E. sorbi, Epitrimerus tanaceti, Glyptacus erevanicus, Phyllocoptes malinus, P. didelphis, P. pruni, P. gracilis, Platyphytoptus sabinianae, Rhynchaphytoptus pauciannulatus, R. ficifoliae, Reckella celtis, Shevtchenkella brevisetosa, S. carinata, Tegolophus califraxini, Tetra concava, Vasates immigrans, Türkiye Eriophyoidea faunası için ilk kayıt niteliğindedir. Buna karşılık, Aceria egmirae, Aceria tinctoriae ve Aceria ankarensis Dünya için yeni türler olarak tanımlanmış ve yayınlanmıştır (Denizhan et al.2006). Bu türlere ilave olarak Aceria sp.(I-III)., Aculus sp.(I-XI), Aculops sp.(I-VI), Anthocoptes sp. (I-III), Eriophyes sp (I- II), Brevulacus sp., Phyllocoptes sp.(I-II), Rhyncaphytoptus sp. (I-IV), Shevtchenkella i sp., Trisetacus sp., Tegonotus sp. türlerinin Dünya Eriophyoidea faunası için yeni olduğu düşünülmekte olup üzerinde çalışmalara devam edilmektedir. Eriophyes platani, Phyllocoptes didelphis, Aceria calaceris türleri ise Avrupa için yeni kayıt niteliğindedir. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında Malus floribunda L. üzerinde zararlı olan Aculus schlechtendali’nin populasyon gelişimi 2004–2006 yılları arasında incelenmiştir. Zararlının kışı deutogyne döneminde ağaçların çatlak ve yarıklarında, henüz açılmamış olan tomurcuk diplerinde geçirdiği saptanmıştır. Sıcaklıkların artmaya başlamasıyla birlikte mayıs başında deutogyne dönemleri kışlaklarından çıkmış açılmakta olan gözlere geçerek burada beslenmiş, yumurtalarını beslendikleri bölgelere bırakmışlardır. Yumurtalardan, protogyne olarak isimlendirilen yazlık dişi ve erkek bireyler çıktığı, genel olarak her üç bölgede protogyne bireylerinin 2005 ve 2006 yıllarının mayıs ve haziran aylarında populasyon düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Eriophyoidea üst familyasına ait türlerin ve A. schlechtendali’nin doğal düşmanları olarak Phytoseiidae familyasına ait 2 avcı tür, Stigmaeida familyasından 1 avcı tür, Tydeidae familyasına ait 1 avcı tür Coccinellidae familyasına ait 14 avcı tür, Anthocoridae familyasından Anthocoris ve Orius cinsine ait bireyler belirlenmiştir. 2007, 267 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Ankara, Acarina, Eriophyoidea, Yaygınlık, Doğal düşman, Süs bitkileri, Aculus schlechtendali, Popülasyon gelişimi ii ABSTRACT Ph. D.Thesis INVESTIGATION ON THE DETERMINATION OF ERIOPHYOIDEA (ACARINA) SPECIES, THEIR HOSTS, DISTRIBUTION, NATURAL ENEMIES AND POPULATION DEVELOPMENT OF Aculus schlechtendalii (Nalepa,1892) ON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN ANKARA Ankara University Graduete School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Plant Protection Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sultan ÇOBANOĞLU In order to identify eriophyid species on ornamental plants in Ankara, surveys were made from 2004-2006. In this study, 100 eriophyid species belonging the family Eriophyidae, Phytoptidae, Diptiliomiopidae were identified. 41 of these species were first records for Turkish fauna, while 39 of them were thought as new species for the world. The species which were new records for Turkey are Aceria calaceris, A. acroptilon, A. balasi, A. thessalonicae, A. tenella, A. anthocoptes, A. tussilagofoliae, A. aegyptiaca, A. avanensis, Aculops montenegrinus, A. rhodensis, Aculus dimidiatus, A. tetanothrix, A. ligustri, A. mogeri, A. lepidii, A. ilicis, Anthocoptes aspidophorus, Boczekiene celtidis, Brevulacus reticulatus, Cecidophyes gymnaspis, Diptacus gigantorhynchus, Eriophyes septemlineatus, E. viburni, E. platani, E. sorbi, Epitrimerus tanaceti, Glyptacus erevanicus, Rhynchaphytoptus pauciannulatus, R. ficifoliae, Phyllocoptes malinus, P. didelphis, P. pruni, P. gracilis, Platyphytoptus sabinianae, Reckella celtis, Shevtchenkella brevisetosa, S. carinata, Tegolophus califraxini, Tetra concava, Vasates immigrans, while Aceria egmirae, Aceria tinctoriae, Aceria ankarensis, Aceria sp.(I-III), Aculus sp.(I-XI), Aculops sp.(I-VI), Anthocoptes sp. (I-III), Eriophyes sp (I-II), Brevulacus sp., Phyllocoptes sp.(I-II), Rhyncaphytoptus sp. (I-IV), iii Shevtchenkella sp., Trisetacus sp., Tegonotus sp. are thought new records for the science. Three species, Eriophyes platani, Phyllocoptes didelphis are new records for the Europea. In the second part of the study, the population development of Aculus schlechtendali which is harmful to Malus floribunda L., was studied in the years 2004-2006. This mite species was overwinter as a deutogyne stage in the crevices and bases of buds of the threes. Deutogynes emerged from the overwintering sites at the beginning of May, infested newly opened buds, started to feed and laid eggs. They laid first eggs in May. The summer females and males of A. schlechtendali as protogynes. In general, population levels of protogynes were high in May and June in 2005 and 2006. Protogynes started to lay eggs soon after they began feeding and their population decreased in August. As a natural enemies; two species from Phytoseiidae, 1 species from Stigmaeida, 1 species from Tydeidae, 14 species from Coccinellidae and Anthocoris sp. and Orius sp. (Anthocoridae) were identified as predators for the Eriophyoidea superfamily and A. schlechtendali. 2007, 267 sayfa Key Words: Ankara, Acarina, Eriophyoidea, Distribution, Natural enemies, Ornamental plants, Aculus schlechtendali, Population development iv TEŞEKKÜR Bana bu konuda çalışma imkanı sağlayan, çalışmalarım sırasında yardım, ilgi ve desteğini esirgemeyen danışmanım Prof. Dr. Sultan ÇOBANOĞLU’na şükranlarımı sunarım. Çalışmalarım sırasında bana her konuda yardımcı olan, Eriophyoid türlerinin teşhislerinde, tüm laboratuar olanaklarını ve geniş literatür koleksiyonunu kullanmama olanak sağlayan sayın Prof. Dr. Enrico de LILLO, Prof. Dr. Giorgio NUZZACI (Di.B.C.A Bölümü İtalya/Bari) ve Amerika West Wirginya Üniversitesinden J. AMRİN’e sonsuz minnetlerimi sunarım. Tez izleme komitesinde bulunan ve bana her zaman yol gösteren ve destek olan sayın hocalarım Prof. Dr. Neşet KILINÇER, Doç. Dr. Cengiz KAZAK’ a teşekkür ederim. Çeşitli gruplardan böcek ve konukçu bitkilerin teşhislerinde yardımcı olan sayın Prof. Dr. Nedim UYGUN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Derya ŞENAL, A.Ü. Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü öğretim elemanlarından Dr. Ümit BİNGÖL’e teşekkür ederim. İtalya Bari Üniversitesi Di.B.C.A bölümünde çalışmalarım sırasında bana yardımcı olan Rosita Monfereda, Öğretim elemanları ve çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. Çalışmam sırasında yardımcı olan Ayhan ÖĞRETEN, Dinçer AKAY, Didem SAĞLAM, Begül GÜLDAL, çalışmam sırasında ilgi ve desteklerini esirgemeyen tüm A.Ü. Bitki Koruma Bölümü çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmamı proje kapsamında destekleyen TÜBİTAK (104O236 nolu)’a, Y.Y.Ü Araştırma fonuna (2006FBE-D39), Çalışmayı BİYEP kapsamına alarak destekleyen A.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitütüsü’ne teşekkür ederim. Aileme her zaman yanımda oldukları için teşekkür ederim. Bu tez Anneme ve Babama, ithaf olunur. Evsel DENİZHAN Ankara Mayıs, 2007 v İÇİNDEKİLER 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ............................................................................................ 6 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM .................................................................................. 29 3.1 Materyal ................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Eriophyoidea üst familyasının genel özellikleri .............................................. 29 3.1.1.1 Sistematikteki yeri ............................................................................................. 30 3.1.1.2 Genel Morfolojileri............................................................................................ 30 3.1.1.2.1 Gnathosoma .................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1.2.2 Ağız parçaları ................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1.2.3 Podosoma ........................................................................................................ 31 3.1.1.2.4 Opisthosoma
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