Spectral Line Shapes in Astrophysics and Related Topics
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Atomic and Molecular Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Selected Pharmaceuticals
Article Atomic and Molecular Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Selected Pharmaceuticals Pravin Kumar Tiwari 1,2, Nilesh Kumar Rai 3, Rohit Kumar 3, Christian G. Parigger 4 and Awadhesh Kumar Rai 2,* 1 Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382428, India 2 Laser Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India 3 CMP Degree College, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Pragyagraj-211002, India 4 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Center for Laser Applications, 411 B.H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, TN 37388-9700, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-532-2460993 Received: 10 June 2019; Accepted: 10 July 2019; Published: 19 July 2019 Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of pharmaceutical drugs that contain paracetamol was investigated in air and argon atmospheres. The characteristic neutral and ionic spectral lines of various elements and molecular signatures of CN violet and C2 Swan band systems were observed. The relative hardness of all drug samples was measured as well. Principal component analysis, a multivariate method, was applied in the data analysis for demarcation purposes of the drug samples. The CN violet and C2 Swan spectral radiances were investigated for evaluation of a possible correlation of the chemical and molecular structures of the pharmaceuticals. Complementary Raman and Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopies were used to record the molecular spectra of the drug samples. The application of the above techniques for drug screening are important for the identification and mitigation of drugs that contain additives that may cause adverse side-effects. Keywords: paracetamol; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; cyanide; carbon swan bands; principal component analysis; Raman spectroscopy; Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy 1. -
Ioptron CEM40 Center-Balanced Equatorial Mount
iOptron®CEM40 Center-Balanced Equatorial Mount Instruction Manual Product CEM40 (#7400A series) and CEM40EC (#7400ECA series, as shown) Please read the included CEM40 Quick Setup Guide (QSG) BEFORE taking the mount out of the case! This product is a precision instrument. Please read the included QSG before assembling the mount. Please read the entire Instruction Manual before operating the mount. You must hold the mount firmly when disengaging the gear switches. Otherwise personal injury and/or equipment damage may occur. Any worm system damage due to improper operation will not be covered by iOptron’s limited warranty. If you have any questions please contact us at [email protected] WARNING! NEVER USE A TELESCOPE TO LOOK AT THE SUN WITHOUT A PROPER FILTER! Looking at or near the Sun will cause instant and irreversible damage to your eye. Children should always have adult supervision while using a telescope. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1. CEM40 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. CEM40 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Parts List ......................................................................................................................................... -
Atomic Spectroscopy
Atomic Spectroscopy Reference Books: 1) Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian 2) Principles of instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler, Crouch 3) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog 4) Basic Concepts of analytical Chemistry by S. M. Khopkar We consider two types of optical atomic spectrometric methods that use similar techniques for sample introduction and atomization. The first is atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), which for half a century has been the most widely used method for the determination of single elements in analytical samples. The second is atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), which since the mid-1960s has been studied extensively. By contrast to the absorption method, atomic fluorescence has not gained widespread general use for routine elemental analysis. Thus, although several instrument makers have in recent years begun to offer special- purpose atomic fluorescence spectrometers, the vast majority of instruments are still of the atomic absorption type. Sample Atomization Techniques We first describe the two most common methods of sample atomization encountered in AAS and AFS, flame atomization, and electrothermal atomization. We then turn to three specialized atomization procedures used in both types of spectrometry. Flame Atomization In a flame atomizer, a solution of the sample is nebulized by a flow of gaseous oxidant, mixed with a gaseous fuel, and carried into a flame where atomization occurs. As shown in Figure, a complex set of interconnected processes then occur in the flame. The first step is desolvation, in which the solvent evaporates to produce a finely divided solid molecular aerosol. The aerosol is then volatilized to form gaseous molecules. Dissociation of most of these molecules produces an atomic gas. -
Methods Employed in Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: a Review
Ingeniería y Ciencia ISSN:1794-9165 | ISSN-e: 2256-4314 ing. cienc., vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 239–267, enero-junio. 2015. http://www.eafit.edu.co/ingciencia This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 By Methods Employed in Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: a Review D. M. Devia 1, L. V. Rodriguez-Restrepo 2and E. Restrepo-Parra 3 Received: 15-06-2014 | Acepted: 25-09-2014 | Onlínea: 01-30-2015 PACS: 52.25.Dg, 31.15.V- doi:10.17230/ingciencia.11.21.12 Abstract In this work, different methods employed for the analysis of emission spec- tra are presented. The proposal is to calculate the excitation temperature (Texc), electronic temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) for several plasma techniques used in the growth of thin films. Some of these tech- niques include magnetron sputtering and arc discharges. Initially, some fundamental physical principles that support the Optical Emission Spec- troscopy (OES) technique are described; then, some rules to consider dur- ing the spectral analysis to avoid ambiguities are listed. Finally, some of the more frequently used spectroscopic methods for determining the phy- sical properties of plasma are described. Key words: OES; plasma parameters; elemental determination; line intensity; broadening; shifting 1 Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia, [email protected]. 2 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Colombia, [email protected] . 3 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Colombia [email protected]. Universidad EAFIT 239j Methods Employed in Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: a Review Métodos empleados en el análisis de espectroscopía óptica de emisión: una revisión Resumen En este trabajo se presentan diferentes métodos empleados para el análisis de espectros ópticos de emisión. -
Atomic Spectroscopy 008044D 01 a Guide to Selecting The
PerkinElmer has been at the forefront of The Most Trusted inorganic analytical technology for over 50 years. With a comprehensive product Name in Elemental line that includes Flame AA systems, high-performance Graphite Furnace AA Analysis systems, flexible ICP-OES systems and the most powerful ICP-MS systems, we can provide the ideal solution no matter what the specifics of your application. We understand the unique and varied needs of the customers and markets we serve. And we provide integrated solutions that streamline and simplify the entire process from sample handling and analysis to the communication of test results. With tens of thousands of installations worldwide, PerkinElmer systems are performing WORLD LEADER IN inorganic analyses every hour of every day. Behind that extensive network of products stands the industry’s largest and most-responsive technical service and support staff. Factory-trained and located in 150 countries, they have earned a reputation for consistently AA, ICP-OES delivering the highest levels of personalized, responsive service in the industry. AND ICP-MS PerkinElmer, Inc. 940 Winter Street Waltham, MA 02451 USA P: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602 www.perkinelmer.com For a complete listing of our global offices, visit www.perkinelmer.com/ContactUs Copyright ©2008-2013, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Atomic Spectroscopy 008044D_01 A Guide to Selecting the Appropriate -
Prospects in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
Russian Chemical Reviews 75 $4) 289 ± 302 $2006) Prospects in analytical atomic spectrometry AABol'shakov, AAGaneev, V M Nemets Contents I. Introduction 289 II. Atomic absorption spectrometry 290 III. Atomic emission spectrometry 292 IV. Atomic mass spectrometry 293 V. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry 295 VI. Atomic ionisation spectrometry 296 VII. Sample preparation and introduction, atomisation and data processing 298 VIII. Conclusion 298 Abstract. The trends in the development of five main branches of processing $averaging) of noise and enhances the analysis accu- atomic spectrometry, viz., absorption, emission, mass, fluores- racy due to the use of correlation models and neural network cence and ionisation spectrometry, are analysed. The advantages algorithms. and drawbacks of various techniques in atomic spectrometry are The development of analytical spectrometry and detection considered. Emphasised are the applications of analytical plasma- techniques is stimulated by the diverse and increasing demands in and laser-based methods. The problems and prospects in the industry, medicine, science, environmental control, forensic ana- development in respective fields of analytical instrumentation lysis, etc. The development of portable analysers for the determi- are discussed. The bibliography includes 279 references.references. nation of elements in different media at the immediate point of sampling, which eliminates the stages of collecting, transportation I. Introduction and storage of samples, is one of the most important directions. It should be noted that the development of atomic spectro- Analytical atomic spectrometry embraces a multitude of techni- metry slowed down in recent years; particularly, a trend towards a ques of elemental analysis that are based on the decomposition of decreasing number of scientific publications occurred. -
Gamma Equulei and Gamma Cygni - SONG Observations
Gamma Equulei and Gamma Cygni - SONG Observations Moletai Summer School 2016-08-07 Zydrune, Tavo, Samuli INTRODUCTION Introduction The project was split into two parts: 1. Analysis of observed data of γ Equulei 2. Identification of another bright star and observations of selected star: γ Cygni Both were observed with SONG telescope. SONG SONG • Stellar Observations Network Group • Launched in 2006 • Fully robotic • Aim: Global network of 8 telescopes assuring continous data collection • Scientific goals of SONG are: - study the internal structure and evolution of stars using asteroseismology - to search for and characterize planets with masses comparable to the Earth in orbit around other stars. Telescope is 1m in diameter • Currently building a telescope in China -> located at the Observatorio testing phase del Teide on Tenerife SONG Lucky Imaging It's a technique to remove the smearing effect the atmosphere causes of stars on images. SONG Spectrograph Separates the light into its different colours allowing us to study them individually which can be used to determine the mass, size and chemical composition of stars. Picture shows the output spectrum from this spectrograph. WEATHER OBSERVATIONS DATA ACQUISITION OBSERVATIONS GAMMA EQUULEI GAMMA EQUULEI - γ Equ is a double star in the northen constellation of Equuleus. - At a distance of around 118 ly - With apparent visual magnitude of 4.7 - Primary component is a chemically peculiar star of A9 type - It undergoes periodic pulsations in luminosity - Surface magnetic field undergoes long term variation with a period of 91.1 ± 3.6 yrs - Variable radial velocity -17km/s - Teff about 8790 (few diff. values) - log.g = 4.49 - Vsini = 10 r - why low vsin i values are good? -> slow rotator GAMMA EQUULEI: Background [ref.1] - γ Equulei is the second brightest roAp star. -
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright kjpargeter, 2011. DepositPhotos First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh p. -
Atomic Spectroscopy Atomic Spectra
Atomic Spectroscopy Atomic Spectra • energy Electron excitation n = 1 ∆E – The excitation can occur at n = 2 different degrees n = 3, etc. • low E tends to excite the outmost e-’s first • when excited with a high E (photon of high v) an e- can jump more than one levels - 4f • even higher E can tear inner e ’s 4d n=4 away from nuclei 4p 3d - – An e at its excited state is not stable and tends to 4s return its ground state n=3 3p - – If an e jumped more than one energy levels because 3s of absorption of a high E, the process of the e- Energy n=2 2p returning to its ground state may take several steps, - 2s i.e. to the nearest low energy level first then down to n=1 next … 1s Atomic Spectra • Atomic spectra energy – The level and quantities of energy n = 1 - ∆E supplied to excite e ’s can be measured n = 2 & studied in terms of the frequency and n = 3, the intensity of an e.m.r. - the etc. absorption spectroscopy – The level and quantities of energy emitted by excited e-’s, as they return to their ground state, can be measured & studied by means of the emission spectroscopy 4f – The level & quantities of energy 4d n=4 absorbed or emitted (v & intensity of 4p e.m.r.) are specific for a substance 3d 4s n=3 3p 3s – Atomic spectra are mostly in UV Energy (sometime in visible) regions n=2 2p 2s n=1 1s Atomic spectroscopy • Atomic emission – Zero background (noise) • Atomic absorption – Bright background (noise) – Measure intensity change – More signal than emission – Trace detection Signal is proportional top number of atoms AES - low noise (background) AAS - high signal The energy gap for emission is exactly the same as for absorption. -
Molecular and Atomic Spectroscopy
MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 1. General Background on Molecular Spectroscopy 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Beer’s Law 5 1.3. Instrumental Setup of a Spectrophotometer 12 1.3.1. Radiation Sources 13 1.3.2. Monochromators 18 1.3.3. Detectors 20 2. Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Effect of Conjugation 28 2.3. Effect of Non-bonding Electrons 34 2.4. Effect of Solvent 37 2.5. Applications 39 2.6. Evaporative Light Scattering Detection 41 3. Molecular Luminescence 42 3.1. Introduction 42 3.2. Energy States and Transitions 42 3.3. Instrumentation 49 3.4. Excitation and Emission Spectra 50 3.5. Quantum Yield of Fluorescence 52 3.6. Variables that Influence Fluorescence Measurements 54 3.7. Other Luminescent Methods 60 4. Infrared Spectroscopy 62 4.1. Introduction 62 4.2. Specialized Infrared Methods 65 4.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 68 5. Raman Spectroscopy 73 6. Atomic Spectroscopy 79 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Atomization sources 80 6.2.1. Flames 80 6.2.2. Electrothermal Atomization – Graphite Furnace 83 6.2.3. Specialized Atomization Methods 85 6.2.4. Inductively Coupled Plasma 86 6.2.5. Arcs and Sparks 89 1 6.3. Instrument Design Features of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers 89 6.3.1. Source Design 89 6.3.2. Interference of Flame Noise 92 6.3.3. Spectral Interferences 94 6.4. Other Considerations 95 6.4.1. Chemical Interferences 95 6.4.2. Accounting for Matrix Effects 96 2 1. GENERAL BACKGROUND ON MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1.1. -
![A Roap by Any Other Name Would Cast a Spell As Sweet [PDF]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/1863/a-roap-by-any-other-name-would-cast-a-spell-as-sweet-pdf-2751863.webp)
A Roap by Any Other Name Would Cast a Spell As Sweet [PDF]
W. Shakespeare The Globe Theatre Stratford-on-Avon, UK Observations of roAp stars Observations of Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, University of British Columbia British of University Jaymie Matthews Jaymie What’s in a name? What’s would cast a spell as sweet a spell would cast An roAp by any other name An roAp by any other What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star “r-o-A-p” abbreviation What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star “r-o-A-p” abbreviation “rope” acronyms “rho-App” What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star “r-o-A-p” abbreviation p-mode “rope” acronyms g-modes “rho-App” What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star “r-o-A-p” abbreviation p-mode “rope” acronyms g-modes “rho-App” “rho-A-p” What’s in a name? rapidly oscillating Ap star “r-o-A-p” abbreviation p-mode “rope” acronyms g-modes “rho-App” “rho-A-p” hybrid What’s in a name? slowly pulsating B star The new class was announced at the 1986 pulsation conference in Los Alamos Christoffel Waelkens hybrid What’s in a name? slowly oscillating B star The new class was announced at the 1986 pulsation conference in Los Alamos but with a different name Christoffel Waelkens hybrid What’s in a name? slowly oscillating B star The new class was announced at the 1986 pulsation conference in Los Alamos but with a different name and this abbreviation Christoffel Waelkens S.O.B. -
CONSTELLATION EQUULEUS the Little Horse Or the Foal Equuleus Is the Head of a Horse with a Flowing Mane Which the Arabs Called A
CONSTELLATION EQUULEUS The Little Horse or The Foal Equuleus is the head of a horse with a flowing mane which the Arabs called Al Faras al Awwal, 'the First Horse', in reference to its rising before Pegasus. Equuleus is the second smallest of the modern constellations (after Crux), spanning only 72 square degrees. It is tucked between the head of Pegasus and the dolphin, Delphinus. It is also very faint, having no stars brighter than the fourth magnitude. Its name is Latin for 'little horse', a foal. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. The actual inventor is unknown; it may have been Ptolemy himself, or one of his predecessors, such as Hipparchus, the Greek astronomer who lived around 190-120 B.C. Hipparchus mapped the position of 850 stars in the earliest known star chart. His observations of the heavens form the basis of Ptolemy's geocentric cosmology. Ptolemy called the constellation Protomé Hippou, the forepart of a horse, perhaps Ptolemy had in mind the story of Hippe and her daughter Melanippe: Hippe, daughter of Chiron the centaur, one day was seduced by Aeolus, grandson of Deucalion. To hide the secret of her pregnancy from Chiron she fled into the mountains, where she gave birth to Melanippe. When her father came looking for her, Hippe appealed to the gods who changed her into a mare. Artemis placed the image of Hippe among the stars, where she still hides from Chiron (represented by the constellation Centaurus), with only her head showing THE STARS Equuleus consists merely of a few stars of fourth magnitude and fainter, forming the head of a horse, next to the head of the much better-known horse Pegasus.