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Colombo, Sri Lanka GLOBAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE COLOMBO, SRI LANKA GARI International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research ISSN 2424-6492 Volume: 05 | Issue: 04 On 31st December 2019 http://www.research.lk GARI PUBLISHER 87/23A, KohilaKotuwa Road, Neelammahara, Maharagama, Colombo, Sri Lanka Tel: +94-112-849-268 / Fax: +94-112-849-426 Mobile: +94-773-940-838 / +94-715-279-696 For Paper Submission: [email protected] For Help: [email protected] Whatsapp / Viber: +94-773-940-838 Skype: gari.conference Web: http://globalacademicresearchinstitute.com Journal Brief GARI International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes original and high-quality research papers in all areas of Multidisciplinary. As an important academic exchange platform, scientists and researchers can know the most up- to-date academic trends and seek valuable primary sources for reference. This E-journal publish 05 times per annually DISCLAIMER The responsibility for opinions expressed, in articles, studies and other contributions in this publication rests solely with their authors, and this publication does not constitute an endorsement by the Global Academic Research Institute of the opinions so expressed in them. Volume: 05 | Issue: 04 ISSN 2424-6492 Edited by Global Academic Research Institute Publication Department EDITOR | REVIEW TEAM A.M.G.S. Priyankara – Sri Lanka (Chief Editor) Prof. Aref Maalej - Engineering School of Sfax Director, Tunisia Prof. Soufiane Belhouideg - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Morocco Prof. M. Eswaramoorthy - ACS College of Engineering, India Dr. Chandana Kasturi Arachchi, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Dr. Khaled Ghaedi - VR-CAM Technologies, Malaysia Dr. Guelailia Ahmed - Research Department of Space Mechanics, Algeria Dr. Dheeraj Nim - Lovely Professional University, India Dr. Jagbir Singh Kadyan - University of Delhi, India Dr. Raj Kumar Boora - Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia Dr. Zubair Ahmed Laghari - Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan Dr. Mayank Singhal - Academic Hospitalist at Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, USA 100 Pages All right are reserved according to the code of intellectual property act of Sri Lanka, 2003 Publish by: Global Academic Research Institute Publication Department http://www.research.lk Table of Contents 1. Evaluation of sustainability of a tourism destination: a case study of Pigeon Island in Trincomalee (Dillhara Dissanayake, Suresh Shanaka Kariyawasam) 01-16 2. Ethical Practices and Technology in Financial Institutions of Sri Lanka (Dr. Thesara V.P. Jayawardane) 17-26 3. Effectiveness of E-commerce Websites as a means of Transforming Traditional Grassroots Businesses in Sri Lanka (Anuruddika Upul Bandara Ratnamalala) 27-44 4. Career Decision Making Difficulties and Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy: Understanding the moderating effect of Personality (WDNSM Tennakoon, WJAJM Lasanthika) 45-52 5. The Impact of Public Trasnpotation on Tourists Satisfaction: Study of Colombo Fort to Galle (D.M.K.T Dissanayake, A.Salith Harsha) 53-64 6. Women at Work: Are the Steps to the Top Fragile? An Empirical Study on Women’s Career Advancement in the Sri Lankan Public Education System (M.M. Nirmal Chathuranga) 65-82 7. Graduate Unemployment in Sri Lanka: Causes and Possible Corrective Actions (R.H.R.S. Wijayawardhana) 83-95 8. Instagram as a Site of Queer Subjectivation: Preliminary Conceptualizations (K.A.T. Prasadika, N.A. Kadugodage) 96-100 EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF A TOURISM DESTINATION: A CASE STUDY OF PIGEON ISLAND IN TRINCOMALEE 1Dillhara Dissanayake, 2Suresh Shanaka Kariyawasam 1Planning Officer, Urban Development Authority, 2Senior Lecturer, Department of Town & Country Planning, University of Moratuwa [email protected] ABSTRACT To meet the growing demand for levels. The results indicated; overall tourism, a large number of destinations are sustainability level of PIMNP as 42% being exposed and developed rapidly composing of 47% of economic, 35% of without proper planning and management environmental and 44% of socio-cultural harming the natural environment and thematic sustainability levels. PIMNP has excluding local communities and local relatively high economic sustainability content – the very foundation and and lower environment sustainability. uniqueness of the Sri Lankan travel Since PIMNP is a tourist attraction based experience. Although Sustainable tourism on natural asset, the environment is a huge concern, its practical sustainability plays a major role in making applicability has limitations due to lack of the overall venture a sustainable tourism a method to evaluate the implications of venture. sustainable principles. This study attempts Keywords: Sustainability, sustainable to develop a framework to evaluate tourism principles, framework of sustainability in a tourism destination indicators based on three pillars of sustainable tourism; economic, environment and INTRODUCTION socio-cultural which were selected as the mandates of the framework. The Over the past six decades, tourism has indicators of each expression were experienced continued expansion and initially developed based on existing diversification to become one of the indicators of sustainable tourism and largest and fastest-growing economic further narrowed down as appropriate for sectors in the world. Many new Sri Lankan context. Then the proposed destinations have emerged in addition to framework was applied to Pigeon Island the traditional favorites of Europe and Marine National Park (PIMNP) at North America (UNWTO, 2015). This Trincomalee. The data was collected explains the fast growth of tourism through past records, field surveys, industry all over the world, and the perception surveys, analyzed using situation of Sri Lanka tourism industry quantitative and qualitative methods and also aligns with the international trend of presented using a descriptive statistics. tourism development. Sri Lanka is now an After quantifying all indicators multi- increasingly popular destination for criteria analysis framework was used to international travelers, as well as for derive overall and thematic sustainability expatriates returning home to visit friends ISSN 2424-6492 | Volume: 05 | Issue: 04 | 31-12-2019 and relatives. Sri Lanka being nominated sustainable tourism principles whereas the as one of destination in the world to visit hotel has been designed and built well by Lonely Planet in 2013 and being ranked integrated with natural environment among the “top ten coolest countries to without being a disturbance. Thus, this visit” by Forbes Magazine in 2015 are hotel is designated as an Eco-friendly some of the evidences which confirm the hotel and also been awarded with several above fact. (Sri Lanka Tourism Strategic green certificates and awards due its Plan 2017 - 2020) attempts in mechanisms for energy saving, As per the records of Tourism long term reduction of energy expenses, Development Authority, tourism in Sri water saving and management and waste Lanka has reached to a new limit of over 2 management adopting 3R waste million (2,050,832) arrivals in 2016 which management strategy etc. is an increase of 14 percent over previous However, at the same time there are year’s 1,798,380 arrivals. The foreign many tourism destinations and projects in exchange earnings increased by 18.5 Sri Lanka, where the sustainability aspects percent from 450,492 million in 2015 to are not considered and incorporated in Rs. 512,293 million in 2016. In 2016, the planning and management which has tourism sector ranked as the third level in resulted in huge damages to environment one of the main sources of foreign and host communities. One of such exchange earners of the national economy examples is Hikkaduwa tourism and the employment generated in the destination, where the recent surveys have tourism sector (both direct and indirect) indicated that around 75 % of live corals has increased from 319,436 in 2015 to have now been destroyed due to 335,659 with a growth rate of 5.1%. overcrowded tourists’ visits and due to However, with the rapid growth of tourism unplanned activities and coral visits industry, comes the concerns of without management. The studies on sustainability as rapid growth suggests the Piegion Island Marine National Park at over consumption and gradual depletion Trincomalee also indicate the same threats of large amounts of resources and to the live corals there. Apart from these destruction and ignorance of socio- two examples, there are many developed cultural values and systems. It can already and developing tourism destinations, be seen in certain areas that the rush to which have already faced and are develop and expand tourism in Sri Lanka beginning to face environmental and is harming the natural environment and social challenges due to unplanned and excluding local communities and local short-term benefits driven tourism content – the very foundation and activities which do not consider uniqueness of the Sri Lankan travel sustainable tourism principles as a experience. (Sri Lanka Tourism Strategic mandatory. Sometimes, even though some Plan 2017 - 2020). In Sri Lanka, there are tourism destinations are planned some tourism projects and destinations incorporating these principles, yet there is which have been planned based on no proper mechanism to measure the sustainable tourism principles which attempts and the level of sustainability of perform well balanced with high these destinations which would in return economic and social
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