The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices 720 Fifth Avenue Contents for March 1964 New York, New York 10019 Publisher, James F

THE AMERICAN

MAGAZINE 20c MARCH 1964 WHY DOES KHRUSHCHEV NEED WHEAT? THE STORY OF THE SOVIET PEASANT REVOLT AND THE COM- MUNIST FOOD CRISIS, FROM A REPORT OF DR. BELA FABIAN Preamble te ib* ConstthtttVn y

xv< associate ourseUvs to^etl>er for H>c felleunna. purpese^

uphold an> ^cfaVo i\yc Constitution of i"j>e

United States of ^mcrtca; to maintain lau>

an^> or>er; to foster an> perpetuate a one

hunoi*e> percent Americanism; to preserve

the memories an> incidents of our ctssocia-

turns m the Great Wars; to inculcate a sense

of inOivtOual okltcjati'on to the community,

state an> nation ; to comhat \\)c autocracy

classes ano tt>c masses; to make

rtqj)t the master of mtgbt; To promote peace

an> cjoo> will on eartl); to safeguard anb < transmit to postertty the principles ofjustice,

Irecdom and ^emoca-acy; to consecrate and

sai^ctikj our comradeship our devotion h?

mutvtal ness. .

The American

MARCH 1964

Volume 76, Number 3

LEGION POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to P.O. Box 1055, Ind. 46206 Magazine Indianapolis, The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices 720 Fifth Avenue Contents for March 1964 New York, New York 10019 Publisher, James F. O'Ncil Editor Opposite Page Robert B. Pitkin FOR GOD AND COUNTRY Art Editor Marshall BY J. R. ROSEN Al American Legion Pre- Associate Editors A frameable copy of the John Andreola amble on this, the Legion's 45th Birthday. Roy Miller James S. Swartz 5 Production Manager THE FOUNDING OF THE LEGION 45 YEARS AGO Ralph Peluso thumbnail sketch Copy Editor The classic photo and a Grail S. Hanford oj the Paris Caucus that started The Contributing Editor American Legion in March of 1919. Pete Martin Circulation Manager Dean B. Nelson THE LEGION DIGS FOR TRUTH Indianapolis, Ind. NATIONAL COMMANDER DANIEL F. FOLEY Advertising Director BY Robert P. Redden Legion's approach A word picture of The American Midwestern Adv. Sales Office to an endless parade of national problems, 35 East Wacker Drive Chicago, 111. 60601 by its top executive. Washington Sales Office Sack L. Spore FLAGS 1608 K. St. N.W. AMERICA'S HISTORIC Washington, D.C. 20006 A color feature sharing the intimate knowledge students of famous flags in our history held by CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Box 1055, of Hempstead, N. Y., High School. Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Indianapolis, Ind., 46206 using Post Office Form 3578. Attach old address label and 15 addresses and current DOES KHRUSHCHEV NEED WHEAT? give old and new WHY number. Also be sure to DR. BELA FABIAN membership card From a Report of notify your Post Adjutant. Rebelliousness and famine threaten the Soviet regime, says this expert on events behind the The American Legion Iron Curtain. Publications Commission: Dr. Charles R. Logan, Keokuk, Iowa (Chairman); Adolph F. Bremer, Winona, Lang Armstrong, THE HISTORY OF OUR INCOME TAX 18 Minn. (Vice Chairman) ; Spokane, Wash.; Charles E. Booth, Hunting- A. LINENDOLL BY HARRY ton, W. Va.; John Cicero, Swoyerville, Pa.; Hollywood, Fla.; Clovis Cope- The story of an always-tempestuous part of our E. I. Cooper, land, Morrilton, Ark.; Paul B. Dague, Down- life which, like so many other things, national ingtown, Pa.; Raymond Fields, Guymon, Okla.; goes back to Abraham Lincoln. Chris Hernandez. Savannah, Ga.; George D. Levy, Sumter, S. C; Edward Longstreth, La Jolla, Calif.; Frank C. Love, Syracuse, N. Y .; 22 Robert HOW TO EARN MONEY AFTER RETIREMENT Morris Meyer, Starkville, Miss.; BY LESTER DAVID Mitchler, Osivego, III.; Harry H. Schaffer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Harold A. Shindler, Lafayette, Whether you have to or simply want to work Ind.; William F. Taylor, Greensburg, Ky.; Benjamin B. Truskoski, Bristol, Conn.; Robert after 65, it's a special problem with its own H. Wilder. Dadeville, Ala. Edward McSweeney, its opportunities. obstacles and own Armonk, N. Y. (Consultant)

IT 24 Magazine is published CUSTER'S LAST STAND AS I REMEMBER The American Legion BY CHIEF WILLIAM RED FOX monthly at 1100 West Broadway, Louisville, Ky., by The American Legion. Copyright AS TOLD TO TOM KASER 1961 by The American Legion. Second-class Price single An Indian's look at the famous battle, as postage paid at Louisville, Ky. : yearly subscription, $2.00. told by one who says he was there. copy, 20 cents; Order nonniember subscriptions from the Cir- culation Department of The American Legion. SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT REGULATE P.O. Box 1055, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206 26 Editorial and advertising offices: 720 5th Ave., RADIO-TELEVISION COMMERCIALS? New York, N. Y. 10019. Wholly owned by Head- NATIONAL QUESTION The American Legion, with National TWO SIDES OF A quarters at Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. Daniel National Commander. pro: REP. JOHN E. MOSS (D-CALIF.) F. Foley, con: REP. KENNETH A. ROBERTS (D-ALA.) Publisher's Representatives Departments West Coast Arden E. Roney & Assoc. Francisco, Calif. . 31 Los Angeles & San LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 2 NEWS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION Northwest 41 EDITOR'S CORNER 4 PERSONAL The Harlowe Co. Seattle, Wash. 98101 7 ROD & GUN CLUB 54 DATELINE WASHINGTON . Southeast BOOKS 28 LEGION SHOPPER 56 The Dawson Co. Miami, Fla. & Atlanta, Ga. 29 PARTING SHOTS fin Detroit Arden E. Roney & Assoc. submitted for consideration will not be returned unless a self-addressed Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons Detroit, Mich. no responsibility for unsolicited material. stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 sir: Mr. Neilan's Post article hit me right between the eyes. I am 72 today, a dis- abled vet with a heart ailment for ten THE EDITOR of LETTERS TO years, and it takes a big portion my little pension to buy medicine. I don't know why Mr. Neilan hates me and of others like me. I wonder Letters published do not necessarily ex- sir: The article could well have been thousands American Legion. bankers. The press the policy of The enjoyed by Mr. Neilan and the Post if he thinks we can all be Keep letters short. Name and address must little money I get all goes through some be furnished. Expressions of opinion and editors and others of high office. But services are appreci- to the government. requests for personal of us sold apples on street corners bank and gets back cannot be acknowledged or some ated, but they think your editorial "A Cross-Eyed answered, due to lack of magazine staff for in order to live, before we fought for I personal serv- should soften these purposes. Requests for got our veterans benefits. We don't Look" is wonderful and legitimately asked of and ices which may be Mr. Neilan's attitude. The American Legion should be made to want to do it again. your Post Service Officer or your state Fayette M. Knight Roswell Hopkins (Department) American Legion Hq. Send Fla. New burgh, Ind. letters to the editor to: Letters, The St. Petersburg, American Legion Magazine, 720 5th Ave- According to Rep. Wright Patman, nue, New York, N. Y. 10019. of the House Commit- sir: Thank you for the editorial "A Texas, Chairman and Currency, there are Cross-Eyed Look." I was going to write tee on Banking THAT POST ARTICLE on deposit in to author Neilan, but your editorial was $17 million of U.S. money Having read "Let's Say No to the bank, without sir: the real answer to him. Thank you for Mr. Neilan's Delaware in the Saturday Evening Post, bank can invest to Veteran" answering in the American way. interest, which the disturbed and won- This is not I was very much A. C. Fournier earn $590,000 a year or more. could write such an perspective dered how anyone Cannon AFB, N. Mex. apt to give Mr. Neilan the article. Your January answer, "A Cross- of one who has to worry about the cost Look" made me feel much better, such a windfall makes Eyed sir: After reading your editorial "A of pills, though and for this I want to thank you. Many about his incessant attacks Cross-Eyed Look" I do now whole- for wonder veterans are not as fortunate subsidies." The fed- of us old heartedly agree that Edwin P. Neilan on "government young fellows are today because deposited in the bank with- as most was more than right in his views, other- eral money things. Pension plans in the witholding tax funds, of many wise you would not have answered him out interest is factories are better today for the future not yet due the Treasury. as you did. He was only giving the uncollected but and I believe most WW2 and Korea biased view of a banker. I know now that veterans will be better off, but there will he was sincere, honest and true. COMMON SENSE sickness and in- edi- be some who, through Christopher Wellman sir: Commander Foley's January should get it. jury, will need help and Meriden, Conn. torial "The Doctrine of Common Sense," Joseph Goda and sound OK. If we say a man's wrong that made me become a "Shouter" Shillington, Pa. too much proves he's right. It's a free country. off "Amen." There has been fury in our arguing; and that will wreck sir: Just a line to protest Edwin Neilan's I heard a man who had sir: Congratulations on your answer to the country. "Let's No to the Veterans," in "In Germany we agreed piece, Say the unwarranted attack on federal vet- fled Hitler say: Evening Post. I'd think the in America we disagree the Saturday erans' benefits by Edwin P. Neilan, disagreeably; after losing one big libel suit, would some of the diatribes I Post, president of the U.S. Chamber of Com- agreeably." But careful of the junk they publish. lately make me wonder how be more merce, in the Saturday Evening Post. have read It is now hanging on the ropes. disagree agreeably. When You really "laid him out." He showed an long we can Name Withheld can, we have totalitarian- utter lack of knowledge of the true pic- we no longer Sunmount VA Hospital government is based on the ture. Mr. Neilan is no doubt learning ism. Good Tupper Lake, N. Y. of everybody. that many veterans who disapprove his common sense Earl H. Hanson ideas are active Chamber of Commerce Sup't oj Schools sir: Back when the Saturday Evening members. If the Post would be fair, it Rock Island, III. Post was a great American magazine, its would publish a reply to his article by editors didn't permit its writers to give a veterans' authority. to commend Com- the cavalier treatment to a whole seg- Frank Miles sir: I would like for his January editorial ment of American citizens, particularly Des Moines, Iowa mander Foley Common Sense." I too when the sole identification of that seg- "The Doctrine of that the hate peddlers within are ment is its service to our country. sir: Your editorial certainly made me believe harm. Neither did the solid Main Street busi- feel good. Mr. Neilan's statements were doing our America W. E. Underwood nessmen of the Chamber of Commerce used without insight, and I take affront Tucson, Ariz. delineate such functions for their na- at them. I take pride in having served tional president. It's easy to see why the my country, in being associated with my like to commend National Post is a dying magazine. fellow veterans, and in being obligated to sir: I would on the very fine and Ernest Righter aid my less jortunate brother veterans Commander Foley editorial "The Doctrine Philadelphia, Pa. and their dependents. I am proud that straightforward the January issue my father served in WW1, and was of Common Sense" in The American Legion Magazine. banker prouder still when The American Legion of sir: I read your editorial on Charles O. Bledsoe article in concerned itself with his disability. My Neilan, but I did not read the Fayetteville, Tenn. for years depended on the Saturday Evening Post, as I have widowed mother a subsistence provided by the Veterans better things to do with my time than UNIQUE REQUEST Neilan makes me Administration. I served for 14 years read the Post. Banker rejection slip. knowing that my country cared enough sir: Please send me a sick to my stomach. He calls us WW1 Steve Hyder "Wonnies." to aid my parents, who also served. If veterans "old codgers," and Rogersville, Tenn. Mr. Neilan wishes to include me in the 1 wonder if he'd be a banker today if than we care category with fellow brother In more years of editing we'd lost WW1. We offered the most same my better to admit, this is a "first." precious and valuable thing a man has, veterans, he couldn't do me a service. our lives, and he mocks our service and Robert M. Olson LEGION SERVICE its value. I would personally like to give American Legion Ass't High School Principal sir: In the name of all him a Wonnie to the nose, or maybe un- Franklin, Pa. Service officers who, unsung and even a Two-ie or a Three-ie. try heralded, follow their vocation of service William E. Webster In our Editor's Corner, page 4, we day in and day out, let me cite a recent Whitting, Kans. to give some more insight.

2 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • I !CH 1964 case that Thad Gnidziejko, Department Iron Curtain. How about applying the and most vicious and most dangerous Service Officer of the New Jersey Amer- same psychology to the prestige-loaded hate group the world has ever known is ican Legion, recently handled for us. We Olympics?" international communism, and that a were given the last name (and a very R. W. ZlEGER, M.D. member of this hate group killed Presi- common one) of a veteran's widow, who Polo, III. dent Kennedy. was said to be badly in need of help. E. B. Klyce Our informant gave us no other informa- CONTRAST St. Petersburg, Fla. tion. We reported it to Mr. Gnidziejko. sir: The January guest editorial by Mar- We don't know how many hundreds of shall Peck, about the Communist Party's RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS he to names had eliminate before he plans for the 1964 elections, is the most sir: The outcry to restrict the sale of found the right one, but within 36 hours objective and non-emotional I have seen. arms as a by-product of the assassina- the widow's needs were attended to. No The American Legion Magazine can do tion of President Kennedy should be other agency, under any name, could a good educational job with such quality shouted down. Dictators and potential have handled this case as quickly and editorials. dictators are the ones who want the efficiently. This is just one of hundreds Frances Hardin citizenry disarmed, but in our country of cases I know of where Department Hot Springs, Ark. the Second Amendment to the Constitu- Service Officers of The American Legion tion guarantees the "right to bear arms." have been of invaluable service, which sir: The guest editorial by Marshall Peck Fred Luks the public seldom hears of. was a masterpiece of political hysteria. Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Andrew Fountain Obviously writers like Mr. Peck sense a County Service Officer communist behind every bush. CORRECTION Point Pleasant, N. J. Richard Woodruff sir: In the November Pro-and-Con de- Thad Gnidziejko is a veteran. WW2 He Detroit, Mich. bate about the 35-hour week, Rep. recently succeeded his teacher, WW1 Libonati stated that Mr. Peck's editorial was on page 21, the total unem- vet William Grund, as N. J. Department ployed in all January. Was it a "quality editorial" 50 states is 4,063,000, or Service Officer. He well represents the or "political hysteria?" You be the 5.77% of the population. The editors spirit of Legion service officers every- judge. should have recognized that 4-plus mil- where. About that name, call him lion is only about 2.25% of the popula- Nijeko. sir: With respect to Marshall Peck's edi- tion. torial, let's not take too lightly the com- D. C. Shearer sir: My husband, John J. Roy, who munist plans to create a third major Tallmadge, Ohio served in Co. B, 167th Infantry in the party, just because they're a small group. Rainbow Division in has True. should have called it WW1, been hos- Remember how they took over the Pro- We to Rep. pitalized for five Libonati's years following a stroke, gressive Party in 1948? attention, changing "popula- and recently had leg tion" to "workforce." a amputated. It William A. Blundell would do him no end of if good some Spokane, Wash. of the men he served with would send BOUQUETS sir: Your handling him a card of cheer. They could write AUSTRALIAN PEN PALS of the account of the him President Kennedy assassination (Janu- at my address, below. sir: Our sub-branch of the Returned ary) was done with thoughtful dignity. Mrs. John Roy Sailors, Soldiers & Airmen's Imperial Calvert, You get an orchid. Alabama League of Australia are interested in a Patrick Beville friendly exchange of correspondence Huntington, W. Va. OLD FORT ADAMS with American Legionnaires. Our mem- sir: Thanks for the excellent article on bers served in both wars with U.S. The Without sir: The Floyd Collins article (Jan.) Man a Country, by Tom servicemen, and we made some good Mahoney (January). brings back memories. A party of six Old Fort Adams, friendships which now have lapsed. We of us went through Crystal in Newport, I., Cave, had R. where Philip Nolan's would like to renew acquaintances, and supper with Floyd Collins. In the morn- trial was fictionally held, still stands, also help any American ex-servicemen ing after years of he squeezed us successfully through neglect. It is characteristic who visit Sydney, and maybe give them of early Federal a new cave he'd found, and gave us some construction. Perhaps some Australian hospitality. The boys crystal. I shall keep your article with the your story will help keep alive the tra- are very keen on the idea. stone dition of so my grandson will appreciate what patriotism really means. Arthur H. Ray, Secretary the history back of it. Erich Taylor 18 Smith Street Mrs. J. M. Yoder Portsmouth, R. I. Matraville Clearwater, Fla. Sydney, N.S.W. VET sir: Our magazine has informative NURSING CARE Australia matter that every American should read, sir: I want to join you in urging the Mr. Ray's organization, better known but cannot get in other magazines. necessity for all Legionnaires to May write as the RSSAIL, is the Australian their Senators I suggest that members place copies in asking for passage of HR equivalent of The American Legion. doctors offices, lodges, clubrooms, and 8009, to establish nursing care for dis- give them to their neighbors? abled veterans. We thoroughly discussed WHEAT this at a meeting Nelson L. Hause of Post 1698, Brooklyn, sir: I think the wheat deal recently en- Hagerstown, N. Y., and I hope other Posts Md. pay serious acted with Soviet Russia was an act of attention to it. stupidity on our part. If we feed them sir: The pictures of Presidents John F. Dr. Harry A. Levine when they're in trouble, they'll finally Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson in their Brooklyn, N. Y. be able to bury us so deep that preying Legion caps in the January issue are animals won't be able to find our wonderful. I am wondering if there is a SUBSIDIZED OLYMPICS carcasses. possibility of making photographic prints sir: I have written to the Secretary of Clarence Caulkins of them available to Legion Posts which State with respect to Irving Jaffee's Wayland, Mich. may wish to frame them for display in Olympics article in our December issue, their Post quarters? urging that we go along with Mr. Jaffee THE SENIOR HATE GROUP Arthur R. Morris in subsidizing our Olympic team to com- sir: Thank you, thank you, thank you Acushnet, Mass. pete with the subsidized foreign athletes. for your editorial "The School for Para- Many Posts have asked for, and or- In my letter I said: "The State Depart- noids," January, pointing out how com- dered, the photos. Prices for various size ment sponsors Louis Armstrong and his munism plays to unstable minds such as photos, ranging from 8x10 to 16x20, are band, Benny Goodman with his band, Lee Oswald's. It needs to be said over sent those who query us at our editorial and many others who play behind the and over and over again that the largest offices (see masthead). THE AME IAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 3 THE INVISIBLE WOUNDS knowledge from his history of the income The outpouring of mail that we have re- tax. just ceived (see samples in "Letters to the Now we note that Guatemala has EDITOR'S If Linendoll Editor," page 2) protesting the article adopted the income tax. Mr. against war veterans that Chamber of is right, here is one Latin neighbor that in CORNER— has found the non-communist answer to Commerce president Edwin Neilan had the great gulf between rich and poor. The the Saturday Evening Post last November, their personalities destroyed for life, under effect on Guatemala will bear watching. brings us back to that subject for the third the pressure of prolonged combat and (and we hope last) time. fear. article in an THE WHEAT DEAL MYSTERY In January we reported the The derelict veterans, at whom so many the late Presi- editorial, "A Cross-Eyed Look." Americans of limited understanding sneer With all due respect to printed the bulk of dent Kennedy and to President John- In February we VA as mere bums and drunks, include many Saturday think it can safely be said that the chief Gleason's answer to the men who would not be derelicts had their son, we people do not grasp what policy Evening Post. nervous stability not been destroyed in American lies behind the wheat But the occasion should not be passed war. of the United States without making a critical comment on a Anyone who has worked in veterans sales to the Soviet Union. cliche which Mr. Neilan, and That is not the same as saying that we deathless service is familiar with the mother or of veterans all that it is bad every other intemperate critic wife, coming to the Legion or the VA for know beyond argument that his heart is it is bad policy. But what affairs, uses to show help. A son or husband has gone indigent policy. We think is it is incomprehensible "really" in the right place. or unsocial or alcoholic, and time and we are saying that have trod before him with It defies interpretation. Whatever Like all who again the tragic refrain is: "He has never policy. he says words it has not been frank- invective aimed at veterans, been the same since he came back from is the real reason for I heartily in standing when to this effect: Of course am service. On the surface he was all right, ly revealed. It has remained favor of every consideration for veterans but he seems haunted. He just doesn't care the ground fell out from under it. who were wounded in war. about anything any more. He has never Up until Dec. 9, it was represented in of There he draws the line. No other vet- been the same. He has never been the this country that the wheat was no erans are worthy of any special considera- same." crucial importance to Russia, so that it deal. tion from the government or in the minds Technically, this common tragedy is was essentially a pretty good trade of the people. If anyone should ask more never recognized as a service-connected Dr. Bela Fabian, whose article "Why Does appears on for them it is a "scandal," "immoral." wound unless its symptoms, instead of Khrushchev Need Wheat?" Only the physically wounded suffered in simply changing a man for the worse, page 15, had told our national leadership crush the service of their country. Their service deepen into a medically recognized syn- that Russia needed the wheat to help hardship worthy to support Khrushchev if not is nothing, and there is no drome—and then it's a fight to prove its the peasants, of recognition that servicemen suffered in service origin. the communist bureaucracy itself. Several the wars except physical wounds. But there are "normal" men in their Senators took Dr. Fabian's word to the Let's talk for a moment about non- sixties and seventies who still have night- highest sources. But the general reaction physical wounds. mares of the severed hand on the barbed to Dr. Fabian's protests in the Executive Those who study the subject, instead of wire, the detached head in the shellhole, branch of the government was that Dr. going off half-cocked, know that veterans the dear friend in two pieces. These Fabian's information or interpretation suffer economic displacement, loss of ed- visions have been a lifetime of invisible wasn't reliable, or significant. ucation, profound damage to their nerv- disability. From them spring moroseness, At this point, believing what you are deal ous stability (especially if they've been in melancholy, fear of the sunset. In some told, you would say that the wheat deal, a prolonged combat) and a thousand and cases the result is the very real but utterly was looked on as a good trade one other injuries which are laid on not by unrecognized disease of service-connected chance to get some needed foreign gold, bullets but by circumstances. alcoholism. In others, it makes economic to work up some mutual and profitable world with Khrushchev that were not The WW2 GI Bill, which dealt not at cripples, who can't advance in the relations "surly," or politically or militarily. all with the wounded, recognized some of because people think them significant 9 10, Khrushchev and this damage with its educational provi- "emotionally unstable." But on Dec. and Committee of the Soviet Com- sions, job training and other features. It is easy to say that it is vicious of the Central munist Party made a confession tallying WW1 men in the Legion drafted that the Saturday Evening Post to get a banker, respect with the substance of Dr. law out of the mill they'd been through. who has no chance to study the subject in in every reports. There is danger of star- Mr. Neilan attacked particularly the WW1 depth, to write a defamatory piece about Fabian's of vation in Russia due to farm failures. Peas- veterans, who had no GI Bill, and he set war veterans. It should be a principle stands as an obstacle to the the physical war wound as the only stand- all responsible editors that if a piece must ant sabotage defamatory. last remedy proposed by the Communists. ard in deciding if one's war service is en- be shallow, it should not be to as- policy did not change. We sold the titled to any consideration. But it would be more charitable Our the million tons of wheat. But no longer We would not wish on him the thou- sume that, instead of being vicious, first the president of the was it just a good deal, without political sands of invisible wounds that men and Post editors and of Commerce merely reflect that importance. It props up Khrushchev and women of all wars have suffered, even as Chamber trait the self-as- Communist bureaucracy in conflict we would not wish on him the thankless- other familiar human — the with the plain people of the Soviet Union. ness and ingratitude that he wishes on surance of ignorance. policy of the United States to them. Is it the TAX prop up Khrushchev at home, or to hold In spite of the GI Bill, we know of THE INCOME against the WW2 men permanently damaged by war Legionnaire Harry A. Linendoll, of Pas- up the Communist bureaucracy aspirations of its oppressed people? service without a scratch on them. There adena, Calif., has had a career as an is plain Nobody has said that that is our policy. are the men who had built little businesses engineer as well as a tax expert. It that is our policy, it does not strike us or established farms, and had to sell them in his "The History of Our Income Tax," If being one that is so trivial that anybody when drafted. They returned to find the page 18, that he is for the graduated in- as forgot to tell us. We are left to price so high that the money they'd saved come tax. We would only caution those simply when all that is imaginable is and the GI business loans combined could who would bloody his head to distinguish imaginings worst. not return to them what they'd lost. Some between principle and detail. Mr. Linen- the There's altogether too much imagining lost the full fruit of their most vigorous doll does not speak for every aspect of respect to the wheat deal. We think years, businesses they'd built in their our income tax as it has been applied. It is with would like to know exactly twenties and early thirties, sacrificed to as a method of taxation that he makes no Americans its true bearing on U.S. policy is—in their absence and wartime inflation. bones that the graduated income tax is the what terms not cloaked in secrecy or in expla- Then there are others who, though not salvation and sinew of modern capitalist feelings or nations that vanish in the face of new in- recognized as psycho-neurotic by the VA, nations. Whether they share his formation. R.B.P. had the starch knocked out of them and not. we think few readers will fail to gain 4 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • !CH 1964 The Founding of the Legion 45 years Ago

is the only This known photo of the caucus photo is known to exist, but of the hundreds who of AEF servicemen in Paris, France, in came and went, the names of many were then March 1919 which, 45 years ago, started the or later widely known. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., American Legion. It is the second and last caucus son of President Teddy Roosevelt (who died as meeting, held March 17 at the Cirque de Paris, a brigadier general in Normandy in WW2), set an auditorium used by the YMCA. First meeting, the caucus in motion though he was not in Paris on the 15th, held at the American Club, named when it met. Familiar names of those present committees which worked on the 16th and re- also included: ported to the meeting shown here. A Committee W. J. "Wild Bill" Donovan, who headed the on Name listed "American Legion" last of five OSS in WW2; Ogden Mills, Secretary of the names it offered, but the caucus adopted it unani- Treasury in 1932-33; Alexander Woollcott, fa- mously. mous raconteur; Alvin York, WWl's most cele- Bennett Champ Clark, later Senator from Mis- brated combat soldier; Bishop Charles Brent, souri, was caucus chairman, but he being busy Chief of Chaplains of the AEF and one of the at GHQ in Paris (which was visited by President most renowned clergymen of his day; Milton A. Woodrow Wilson that day) , Thomas W. Miller, Foreman, attorney prominent in Chicago city today's Legion Nat'l Executive Committeeman affairs for a generation; Harold Ross, who later from Nevada, actually presided. founded and edited The New Yorker magazine, No complete identification of those in this (Continued on page 33) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 5 FOR YOUR INFORMATION The Legion Digs For Truth

By NATIONAL COMMA

Eight hundred Legionnaires will join in The American past members of the civilian military establishment, including Legion's Washington Conference during the first week a former Secretary of Defense. in March. They go to the National Capital on serious busi- A former Ambassador in Central America will head our ness, for hard, shirt-sleeved work. As members of key Ameri- study group on Inter-American affairs, and men familiar with can Legion National Commissions and other bodies, they will every corner of the globe will join in our over-all study of for- hear, discuss, question and evaluate current information and eign affairs. proposals in such areas as national security, foreign affairs, Our Conferees on veterans affairs will include the bulk of veterans' rehabilitation and legislation. the most knowledgeable and experienced men in the nation The 20th anniversary of the GI Bill of Rights this year in this field. Throughout our specialized bodies will be Legion- forcefully reminds us of what these gatherings are for, and naires with long experience in public matters, former State of how important they are. The work of Legion study groups Governors and Congressmen; men from labor and manage- is not spectacular. It seldom gains public attention. But it ment; teachers; professors; lawyers; doctors; businessmen; lays the foundation for American Legion policy decisions and bankers; private and public administrators. actions, in the public interest and in the interest of veterans. The Legionnaires who met in Washington in 1943-1944 The 1964 Conference agenda includes questions of great to draft the GI Bill wrote an omnibus bill which became the moment to all America. Among them will be: greatest step forward in the history of nations in setting wise Are the proposed reductions in U.S. forces overseas a plus policies for the reassimilation of war veterans into society. or a minus for the nation's security? The details of military The broad principles of that bill seem so just and self-evident operations are not our business, but the possible impact of today that we may tend to overlook the enormous depth of broad military decisions is a public concern calling for public study necessary to write an acceptable law in detail. study. The bill impinged on an enormous area of the national What policy for the United States in response to France's economy and national finance. It influenced bank loans, mort- recognition of Red China deserves our support? gages, interest rates, the building industry and the whole com- What does the recent rioting in Panama promise in the plex of other industries related to it. long run for Hemispheric security? It touched, with another hand, the established practices Is the new dictatorship in Zanzibar a meaningful event to and interests of both labor and management in apprentice the balance of power of all Africa? training across the whole face of American industry. In world-wide economic meetings coming up this spring, As if that were not more than enough for anyone to at- how far may the United States go in meeting the requests tempt in one package, it fearlessly and successfully laid a of other nations without undermining the livelihood of its brand new program upon every college and university in the own people? United States, bringing about the most significant event in How can the Veterans Administration hospital and medical higher education in this country for the next ten years, if services be improved to meet current needs? not of the whole century. What more can we do to hasten the bettering of the veterans' pension program for indigent and hard-pressed veteran That single bill, drafted in Washington by working Legion- and widow eligibles? naires, became a dominant feature of the lives of nearly a What contributions can The American Legion make to the third of the nation, while its repercussions upon the entire employment security of adult veterans displaced by automa- national economy were so vast that to this day we have not tion? Toward reducing the number of young people who seek heard of a single scholar or body of scholars who have at- to enter the job market without proper skills? tempted to measure its whole impact. What can the Legion do to ease the health and economic It takes hard work; reasoned thinking; a high sense of re- problems of aging veterans? sponsibility; a passion for learning all there is to be discov- The American Legion, in its convention mandates, articu- ered; and an ability to give and take wisely to produce such lates the views and feelings of a large block of public opinion. results. It takes men who are able to put their judgment into Its opposition to proposed legislation is a potent obstacle to action once they have come to sound decisions. it, its support is a mighty boost.

More than that it takes a body of men who have within I am confident that the Washington Conferees will bring their ranks experts on many subjects. Because the Legion to their studies the talent, zeal, and sense of responsibility is a cross-section it is truly blessed in that respect. that went into the studies that produced the GI Bill of Rights. Within our ranks at the Washington Conference this March If they perform their duties wisely and responsibly, with high will be—in the field of national security—former generals, purpose, their work will reflect to the credit of The American former admirals, manufacturers, infantry officers and men, Legion and redound to the best interests of the entire country.

6 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 . —

40-HOUR WORK WEEK UNDER ATTACK. ^J^fg LINE SOMETHING'S IN THE AIR. BIGGEST "POCKET OF POVERTY." WASHINGTON President Johnson has turned thumbs down on a PEOPLE AND QUOTES national 55-hour work week... but the stronger labor unions are sure to press for the less-than-40- MEMO TO U. S. A. hour work week in an effort to spread the work. "We will bury capitalism, but The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the burial will be achieved by a leader in the drive, claims a nationwide reduction the workers of each country; in the work week from 40 to 35 hours will increase they will bury their own jobs by 12%... or to 32 hours, by 20%... In New capitalists." Russia's Premier York City, IBEW's Local No. 3 has already attained Khrushchev. the 25-hour week in the construction industry. Two new approaches coming up... The "flexible work MEMO TO U.S.S.R. week," under which the regular work week is shortened "We intend to bury no one as the unemployment level rises, with premium pay for and we do not intend to be overtime applied accordingly. .. The "hours bank," un- buried." President Johnson. der which the work week is reduced without any change in take-home pay, the unused hours to be credited to TRADE ADVICE extended vacations with pay at some future date. "It is always better, whenever possible, to allow people Nearly every U.S. community acts to combat water to earn their living than to lend them money on which pollution, but little is being done to countera ct air to live." Indian Ambassador to the p ollution . . which is increasing faster than our popu- U.S.A. Braj Kumar lation growth, according to a Senate committee staff Nehru. report. AID ADVICE Intensification of the air contamination problem is directly related to our rising standard of living "I would warn our foreign we consume more energy and goods per person. friends not to take our altruism Smog is no for granted and not to return longer something to joke about. . .Hundreds carping of deaths, perhaps thousands, are suspected of having unfriendliness for generous, if at times clumsy, been triggered or hastened by polluted air... There is help." strong evidence, the report states, that air pollution Senator Paul H. Douglas, Dem- is associated with respiratory ailments, and may even ocrat, Illinois. be connected with lung cancer... Air pollution has already become a menace to transportation. MEN OF DECISION In addition to health, polluted air has increasingly "What we need in government are men and become a problem for agriculture ... Some pollutants can women able to make decisions, injure plants more than 100 miles away from the point and ready to of their make decisions." U.S. Ambas- origin. . .Property loss due to air pollution runs to $11 billion annually. sador to Great Britain David K. E. Bruce. A prime target of the Administration's assault on RUSTLE OF PAPERS pockets of povert y" is Appalachia, a contiguous high- "I had been a bureaucrat my- land strip running through ten eastern states, compris- self long enough ... to know ing 362 counties, a region ten times larger than Swit- that the rustle of paper is the zerland. .. Commerce Undersecretary Franklin D. Roose- most deafening sound in velt, Jr., the heads the task force seeking to bring ." some world . . Milton S. Eisen- of the United States' abundance to Appalachia. hower, educator. Appalachia, he says, not only is a depressed area with widespread chronic unemployment and poverty, but ONE ISSUE is even more depressing because the Americans living ". . . There is really only one there have lost hope of ever improving themselves. issue which is fateful for our The population, mainly coal miners and timberworkers, form of government . . . whether has little to live on— one-fifth of the 16,000,000 we will preserve a system of people subsist on commodity doles or food-stamp wel- distributed government powers fare —and little to look forward to, according to Mr. —distributed to states, to the Roosevelt, because they lack education and labor Federal legislature, the execu- skills, and even the resources for getting either. tive, and to the judiciary or "The unemployed and indigent — of Appalachia live in whether we will have central a social vacuum and they are stuck there," says the power and retreat from lib- Undersecretary. . .It will take a many-pronged attack erty." Senator Gordon Allot, to unstick them, he adds. Republican, Colorado.

THE AMERICAN • LEGION MAGAZINE MARCH 1964 7 A dd "flagband" and "flagshow" to your vocabu- lary to get the sense of what you see in these AMERICA'S photos. In four pages of color pictures you share the intimate knowledge of historic American flags that is the specialty of the flagband of Hempstead HISTORIC High School, Hempstead, N. Y. William Strickland, music director of the Hempstead public schools, believes that the high school owns the most complete collection of parade-sized replicas of FLAGS American flags. For its educational displays of historic flags, and for its tableaux illustrating such things as "The Spirit of i '76," "The Battle of Bunker Hill," "Our

ft Flag Was Still There' ' ( the shelling of Fort A 200-member "flagband" McHenry , Md. Hempstead's Legion Post A ) , B 390 recently cited the 200-member band- at New York's Hempstead H show "for meritorious service in Ameri- canism." The band makes numerous pub- High School recreates lic displays in and around New York, including a between-the-halves demonstration at a New York Giants pro football the banners of our history. game each year. All told, the youngsters display twenty of the most significant flags in U.S. history, beginning with the red cross of St. George, first planted on Amer- ican soil by John Cabot in 1497. f

PHOTOS BY ANGELA CALOMIRIS

11 fit

8 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 LIBERTY *«D UNION

The Cross of St. George Flag. Probably the The British Union Flag. The national flag of A colonial flag with a motto, expressing the first British flag on American soil, it was our colonists as British subjects was pro- aspirations of the colonies, imposed on the

planted the North I on Atlantic coast by John claimed by James in 1606. Except for the British Meteor Flag. Without the motto, it was Cabot in 1497, five years after Columbus dis- time of Cromwell's rule, it was England's the British Naval Flag from 1705 to 1801. covered the West Indies. Cabot was the Ital- official flag during our entire colonial pe- Colonists imposed other mottoes on British ian navigator of an English ship squadron. riod. Its theme recurs in early U. S. flags. flags, too, such as "Liberty or Death," etc.

The musicians and flag bearers of Hempstead High School signed for 1963 performances, called "A Holiday in in full array demonstrate one of their classic formations, Europe," this is the finale. Fire-twirlers in the center ex- a map of the United States. Part of a special show de- press joyous feelings on returning home from a trip abroad.

New England, as entity, an had its own flag The-American colonists made the rattlesnake The South. This flag, without the writing, symbol as early as 1714 — the Pine Tree. It a world-wide symbol of their desire that they was raised at Charleston, S.C., in the fall was used in many ways, in this case with the betaken seriously. The motto "Don't tread on of 1775. It is the earliest known device Cross of St. George. It is thought that this me" was the favorite one to accompany the of the Southern colonies. The word "Lib- particular flag design was flown by the col- rattlesnake. This is the pure form of the mo- erty" was added a little later. The cres- onists at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. tif, which was also used in many other ways. cent is on South Carolina's flag to this day.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 9 continued AMERICA'S HISTORIC FLAGS

The Grand Union Flag, with 13 stripes and The American Stripes. Flown at sea for many The stars appear. This Battle of Bennington

the British Union for a field was hoisted on years after Independence, it was simply 13 (Aug'. 1777) flag may be the first flown with i a 76 foot staff near Boston to celebrate alternately colored stripes. The rattlesnake stars and stripes. Two months earlier Con- the inauguration of Continental Army on Jan- and motto here are typical of additions of fa- gress, without showing an exact design, had

uary 1, 1776. -Also called Great Union Flag. vorite early symbols to various banners. okayed stars and stripes as flag components.

Hempstead youths show oldest known U.S. flag Students show how colonials combined rebellious mottoes. "Don't in existence. Carried by Bedford Minutemen at Tread on Me," from the rattlesnake theme; the New England Pine Concord, original is in Bedford, Mass., library. Tree, and "An Appeal to God," another favorite, all on one flag.

The 48-star flag which most living Americans Today's 50-star flag, the 27th design, with "Don't give up the ship," were Cap't James knew longest. Adopted in 1912 with two. new a new star for Hawaii, so swiftly followed Lawrence's dying words, June 1, 1813, as his

stars for Arizona and New Mexico, it was the 49-star flag that the latter has become USS Chesapeake fought HMS Shannon off the 25th official design, lasting until a 49-star a collector's item. Hawaii was admitted to Boston. Commodore Perry flew them as he 10. design to include Alaska was OK'd in 1959. the Union only 7y2 months after Alaska. won the Battle of Lake Erie that Sept.

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 The Cowpens Flag, probably the first starred Betsy Ross Flag. That Philadelphia needle- The Star Spangled Banner. This was the flag and striped flag without other embellishments woman Betsy Ross made the first stars and that flew during the bombardment of Ft. Mc-

(note '76 on Bennington flag). It was carried stripes in 1776 is very uncertain. Her grand- Henry, Md.,in the War of 1812, which inspired by the 3rd Maryland Reg't at Battle of Cow- son, William Canby, born 49 years later, first Francis Scott Key to write the words of the pens, South Carolina, in January of 1781. released the story in Philadelphia in 1870. Star Spangled Banner in September 1814.

Hempstead's Flagband color guard masses all 20 of its ball game. On Oct. 13 they performed for a Giant foot- parade-sized historic flag replicas. Last Spring band and ball game. Naturally, they play at all Hempstead High 1 color guard played at the New York Mets opening base- football games. Kazmier Albinski is band director.

The Lone Star Flag of the Republic of Texas First Confederate National Flag was raised on Confederate Battle Flag. At the Battle of Bull (1836-1845), symbolized the intent of Texas March 4, 1861, over the State Capitol at Run, the Stars and Bars (photo to left) was to join the Union, which it did, Dec. 29, Montgomery, Ala. Never formally adopted, so hard to tell from the Union flag at a dis- 1845. Texas President Lamar approved flag the Confederacy still accepted the Stars and tance that Gen. Johnston called for a new in 1839. Probable designer, Dr. Chas. Stewart. Bars. But it caused trouble. See next pic. flag. This new design served only in battle.

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A discussion of a report of Dr. Bela Fabian

Dr. Fabian For three years Dr. Bela Fabian, a Hungarian expatriate, has been trying to convince official U.S. leadership that rebellion in the Soviet Union is bringing on a crisis which threatens not only Khrushchev's personal leadership, but the whole Commu- nist bureaucracy.

Dr. Fabian's plea is that the Soviet internal crisis is extreme, and should be recognized by us as an historic upheaval, lest we pass by a great moment in history with responses that are temporizing, ex- pedient, superficial and self-defeating. Dr. Fabian knows -Russia -^rom one end to the other. As a captured Hungar- ian officer in WW1 he was exiled to Siberia by the czarist regime; escaped; was in Petrograd (now Leningrad) in 1918. He returned to his native Hungary; wrote books about Soviet barbarity; was imprisoned during the brief regime of Bela Kun in Hungary; was a judge in Budapest; was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp by Hitler; escaped to Patton's Third Khrushchev in Army in 1945. He came 1959, when he blamed farm administrators for 4 million acres unreaped to the United States in 1948. Now over wrote his first 70, he maintains pipelines book on Soviet Farm prob- needed to avert a famine brought on by to voluminous information lems in his native language on what is more than a a sit-down strike of the peasants now really going on behind the Iron Curtain. generation ago. coming to a head after nearly half a The reports he has amassed since 1960 When the Soviet wheat deal was first century; needed as an instrument to sup- on rebellion in the Soviet Union proposed last fall, Dr. Fabian are too sought press and conquer the peasantry. large to publish here. They cover audiences to convince U.S. leadership In a letter to a key U.S. Senator last Khrushchev's troubles with writers, that this was no ordinary trade proposal, in- September, Dr. Fabian wrote dustry, politics, youth—but most espe- but that the Soviet Union was seeking a "The Soviet Union's need for purchasing cially food and farming. Dr. Fabian miraculous cure from its enemies in its wheat in Australia, Canada and the last now illness. United States did not come as a surprise . . . The wheat is needed, he warned; In the Soviet orbit there is an agricultural This report on a report was needed to cancel out sabotage of the revolution that threatens the existence of the Communist regime. Khrushchev prepared by the Editor. food supply at home and in the satellites; blames the weather, and shortages of fertilizer and needed to keep Khrushchev in power; irrigation canals for crop failures. He will THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 15 experiment. Shaded area indicates greatest Map of Soviet Union featuring Kazakhstan, where 6 million disastrous farm agriculture, near China. people have been deported as "volunteers" in Khrushchev's concentration of both industry and

year later. Molotov was shipped to Four of these top Soviet Communist functionaires fell (not shown) a taken shortly before dis- from grace for knocking Khrushchev s farm policies. Mongolia. This photo was celebrated Lenin s They are Shepilov (left) and Molotov, Malenkov and aster struck as the top Communists starting Kaganovich, the three nearest to Khrushchev (right). 87th birthday in April, 1957. Also shown, Pervukhin. Malenkov completely disappeared as did Zhukov second from left, are Mikoyan, Suslov and Why Does Khrushchev Need Wheat?

deportees ruin or neglect them on purpose. not admit the real cause for his failure; the sabotage of farm sabotaging peasants and covered with snow, left outside workers. The rusty broken down tractor, the symbol of Soviet agriculture." "The peasants of the Soviet orbit are convinced that sabotage in the fields, has become September warning was not taken too seri- is the only way of regaining their land, which the regime took Dr. Fabian's from them by force, and may be the only way to regain their lost ously. The notion that famine threatened Khrushchev was freedom too. generally rejected. Even some of the most dependable and "During the long years of communist oppression, the peasants unsympathetic (to Khrushchev) sources in the U.S. did not and agrarian workers have mastered all the tricks of sabotage. By Soviet food crisis was behind its wheat dealings. dragging out the time of harvesting and leaving the wheat on the believe that a reliable ground, grain will spill out in dry weather, and will rot if soaked As late as its November 1963 issue, the usually by rain. Frost will destroy corn and sugar beets left in the field or publication of the Ail-American Conference to Combat Com- in the ground. munism, Freedom's Facts, analyzed reports in the U.S. com- "The peasants know that this is the only way to lick the Soviet munist publication, The Worker, to mean that: regime and, eventually, get rid of it. A cartoon in the New York need wheat from the U.S. True, World Telegram on Oct. 27th hit the nail on the head with its "The USSR doesn't really and other non-Russian nations in the caption, "When the whole world is Communist, where will we get harvests in the Ukraine of expectations this year. Yet there is no the wheat?' USSR have fallen short food shortage in the Soviet Union. Exciting "Khrushchev has sent hundreds of thousands of tractors and evidence of actual interest in trading with the Communist bloc and meeting combines to virgin land, where the same fate befalls them as the U.S. grain export commitments, not the feeding of millions of tractors and other farm machines that are being sup- Moscow's own starving Russians, are the main reasons for Moscow's offer to plied to collective and state farms throughout the country. Within wheat." a few weeks, a large number of these machines break down as buy U.S. 16 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE « MARCH 1964 This problem is as old as the Soviet Union itself. The one class of people who have shown an undying spark of rebellion

against the Communist regime have been the tillers of the soil. Lenin set the Communist policy that the farmers are but

slaves to feed the cities. They never accepted it. Stalin drenched the soil with the blood of rebellious peasants and filled it with their bones in his effort to kill the spark of rebellion. When Khrushchev came to power, the Soviet Union

was still not producing food comparable to what it had produced under the Czar. Fortunately for him, Rumania and Hungary had been seized in World War 2, and under the Soviet occupation they were made the breadbasket of the USSR. Khrushchev had long had a dream, opposed by Stalin after some sad experience, to convert huge, empty Kazakhstan into an Asiatic grain bowl, independent of, and remote from,

Europe. Once in the driver's seat, he started to carry it out in 1954. He had barely started on his-plan when its . success became doubly urgent. The communist system in the captive nations reduced their food production and, with the Hun- garian revolution in 1956, the sabotage of the peasants swept out of the Ukraine across the Hungarian plain on a new scale.

Now the experiment in Kazakhstan is crumbling in failure

after ten years of deep commitment to it, says Dr. Fabian. "Patriotic" send-off of "volunteers" for Kazakhstan. "All the The repercussions of failure are shaking the country and the cheering comes from those outside the train," says Dr. Fabian. foundations of the Party, so that after nearly 50 years, the This send-off to the "virgin lands" was organized in Moscow. sullen resistance of the peasants is coming to a crisis in the 1960's.

Here is an account of that failure, based on and liberally quoting from Dr. Fabian's report. Ten years ago Khrushchev staked his reputation on his novel and visionary plan for Kazakhstan. He would build a new breadbasket inside the Soviet Union in that vast area, which stretches from the Caspian to Mongolia, underlying Siberia. Here he would import people from other areas and build a huge Soviet farm system without any peasants. The workers would live in town, go to work on the land on wages as the factory worker goes to work in the city, be deprived of the garden plots with which peasants feed themselves, and never develop the attachment to the land that was thought to be the seed of the rebelliousness of the peasant class. "On August 17, 1954," writes Dr. Fabian, "the newspapers of the Soviet orbit started a campaign calling on the people to build up a new country in Kazakhstan, a land rich with coal and iron and other mineral deposits, which was also portrayed as a virgin land waiting cultivation. Here's how the Latvian Communist newspaper Cina explained Kazakhstan after the first Latvian contingent had been shipped there: " Tn these areas, where virgin and fallow soil is turned into cultivated fields, there live patriotic people who, far from their native places, perform an important task assigned by the Party

and the Soviet government. . . . After the building up of a farm, The lonely vastness of Kazakhstan, where members of theYoung some will probably proceed further to fill new, important tasks Communist League were sent to better the farming performance assigned by the Party and the Soviet government and will possibly of peasants elsewhere. They are "bitter, rebellious," says Fabian. return to their native homes, but many will stay here and develop " roots on the reclaimed land.'

But Khrushchev, on Dec. 9, 1963, could not conceal the Where is this place to which people from European Russia actual food crisis any longer. In a 4 1/2-hour speech before and the captive nations have been sent in numbers exceeding the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, he 6 million to date? lashed out at "reactionary enemies abroad" who were trying The name Kazakhstan is sometimes applied to the entire to exploit the Soviet Union's "food difficulties." The Soviet Kazakh Soviet Republic, which is far too big to be treated as Union would buy huge quantities of fertilizer abroad, and at one place, and too hopeless as a whole for any man's dream the same time start building up its own fertilizer industry, he that it might become a rich seat of empire. announced, while admitting that the 1963 wheat crop was a With an area of 1,063,242 square miles it is a single chunk failure. He admitted, too, that he had to buy wheat this year of land that is 603 square miles larger than California, Oregon, to keep Russians from starving. If he "had been like Stalin Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Molotov" said, he he could "have let people starve." Montana and South Dakota combined. Put Texas in it twice, Stripped of its shifting of the blame for the nth time to and it would barely fall short of holding Alaska too. The foreign villains and a "fertilizer shortage," the speech was a original thin population of this largely nomad area were naked admission of what had heretofore been concealed in Kazakhs, a Turkic people largely of Mongolian descent. They the foreign wheat dealings—a famine-scale breakdown of died like flies and fled to China under Stalin's collectivization Soviet farming. of agriculture, which saw their {Continued on page 46) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 17 The History of Our Income Tax

Lincoln started it. The Supreme Court outlawed it. Taft found he

couldn't do without it, and Roosevelt armed the world with it.

Customs duties carried us when we were a maritime nation. As we grew inland they shrank.

By HARRY A. LINENDOLL For at that very time, Karl Marx was working feverishly in London's British MILESTONE IN AMERICAN HIS- Museum on "Das Kapital," the book that A TORY was passed with no fanfare was to become the communist bible. In on July 1, 1862, when President it, Marx quoted many books and maga- Abraham Lincoln signed into law our zines describing the deplorable working first graduated income tax and inherit- conditions in British mills and factories, ance tax. Designed as an emergency the long hours and child labor, and con- measure to defray part of the rapidly cluded that private ownership of prop-

mounting expenses of the Civil War. it erty was responsible for everything that was presumed that these taxes would be was bad and that there never would be abandoned as soon as possible. a change except through a workers' vio- As he signed, little did Lincoln realize lent revolution. that he was providing not only a means In many ways, the British experience for winning a fighting war but also a with graduated taxes has been a fore- means for fighting another kind of war runner of ours. Although the first British —one that was to rage between capi- income tax (1799) was a financial suc- Frederick Taylor speaks to a "mo nster gathering talism and communism a century later. cess, and popular with the public, it was of anti-income tax busi nessmen in New York's

18 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 denounced so vehemently by the wealthy results were poor. Some states paid their that it was repealed after 17 years. The quota in full but many paid little or noth- income tax came back in 1842, after ing. With income down and expenses long and bitter debate. It was always "to up, the sale of government bonds was be repealed next year," but that year becoming difficult and there was a de- never came. During the Crimean War it mand that the Administration stop pay- was doubled. Prime Minister William E. ing almost the whole cost of the war with Gladstone despised the graduated in- borrowed money. Meanwhile, western come tax and tried his best to get along farmers objected violently to the fact that without it. One of his ambitions was to many high-salaried men in the East, and go down in history as the man who abol- the owners of stocks and bonds, were

ished that type tax. After an all-out effort not being asked to pay anything at all. in 1874, however, he finally conceded In 1862, the direct tax was abandoned defeat. The graduated tax eventually be- and graduated taxes on incomes and in- came so essential in British life that in heritances were enacted. Our first income 1909 Prime Minister Lloyd George tax was modest by present standards. It called it, during a debate in Parliament, took 3% of income in excess of $600 and "the center and sheet anchor of our 5% of all over $10,000. This Tariff Act whole financial system." also levied our first death tax— 1% on During the 19th century, America's bequests of property other than real federal income came largely from cus- estate, with rates rising to 5% on very toms duties and, since peacetime expen- large bequests. Revenue from the new ditures were small, such revenue was suf- Abraham Lincoln gave us our first income taxes greatly improved the North's credit tax. It footed the Union's cost of the Civil War as no other means seemed able to.

N.Y. PUBLIC LIBRARY

The 1894 Supreme Court, which found the 1894 income tax to be unconstitutional.

ficient. Customs were easy to collect, and rating and, though much of it was bor- northern manufacturers liked the pro- rowed, the North never seriously lacked tection these duties afforded. But, start- money throughout the war. ing in 1857, it became necessary to At Lincoln's request, income tax rates placate the southern farmers by lowering were nearly doubled in 1864. All income tariffs. When Lincoln was sworn in, the over $600 was now taxed 5% and all national debt was over $100 million and over $10,000 was taxed 10%. The in- rising fast, though war had not yet heritance tax went to a maximum of 6% started. After Fort Sumter was fired on and excise taxes were also raised. A something more had to be done. projected sales tax, however, was re- In 1861, the tax first considered for jected. Reaction of the public to the extra income was a property tax, a tax graduated taxes was good. To those who that had been used in previous wars. It complained about some inequities in the was called a "direct" tax and was col- application of these uncomplicated taxes, lected by the states, generally along with Lincoln replied, "If we should wait, be- their taxes on real property. This time, fore collecting a tax, to adjust the tax Carnegie Hall in 1894, when Congress Congress gave a 15% discount to any on each man in exact proportion to every imposed the first income tax since 1872. state that paid its quota on time, but other, we should never collect any tax THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 19 Continued The History of Our Income Tax

BROWN BROS, at all." At the end of the war, Commis- sioner Joseph J. Lewis was able to report, "The present tax laws, on the whole, have not merely been endured by the people of the North but welcomed and paid in a manner unparalleled anywhere else in the world." The financial record of the South was very different. Four months after the war started, the Confederate Congress timidly levied a tax of Vz of i% on all

property, the states to collect it. Most states merely sold bonds and made no attempt to raise revenue. As time went on, the Confederate Treasury turned out printing press money at an ever-increasing speed. Such money kept rapidly losing its buying power and finally became worthless. The South needed many other things, like railroads and heavy industry, but the lack of good money and credit crippled its every move. The financial situation was so bad in 1863 that Gov. Joseph E. Brown of Georgia cried out, '"For God's sake tax us! Nothing else will save us from ruin!" Finally, the Confederate Congress levied a comprehensive set of excise taxes, license fees, and an income tax

of 1 % on income over $1,000, ranging to up 15% on all over $15,000. It came President Taft first opposed, then supported, the income tax amendment. too late. As it became impossible to sell bonds except at ruinous interest rates, an '"in kind" tax of 10% was levied on The depression of 1873-79 was, like caustic essays of Mark Twain on the all agricultural products. The farmers all depressions, a time when most peo- "unearned, untaxed and rapidly-swelling naturally rebelled and the cost of col- ple were more interested in paying off fortunes of the few" were strenuously lection was soon prohibitive. As the war debts than in contracting new ones. The debated over many a cracker barrel from drew to a close, the Confederacy, in United States found itself over-built in Maine to California; and many labor desperation, began calling for outright many areas, compared with income. This unions were formed in an attempt to gifts of money, securities, and even was especially true of railroads, whose keep the law of supply and demand from jewelry. It takes more than brave men lines had been extended at an almost lowering wages. As business conditions and brilliant generals to fight a war. Two reckless pace, often to communities that continued to fluctuate during the eighties, thousand years ago, a Roman general did not have enough business to support a bill to revive graduated taxes was con- named Cicero listed another indispen- them. Railroad building had furnished sidered by Congress at least every two sable ingredient when he said, "Taxes are an outlet for investment funds of local, years. the sinews of a nation." national and foreign investors for years. The boom of 1887-90 began with a in the North, the industrial progress At the same time, so much credit was new surge in railroad building and ended

during the Civil War had been pheno- advanced to farmers that as soon as when it became evident that the boom menal. Factories, roads and homes were prices dropped there were many fore- had been overworked. The failure of the buiit as never before, and the standard closures and bank failures, followed by Reading Railroad in 1893 set off another

of living actually went up. The graduated idle factories, unemployment and, in- panic when it was revealed that not only taxes were kept on, at reduced rates, for evitably, unrest. the Reading Railroad but many corpo- six years after the war, but only against In 1879, crop failures abroad and rations, in order to sell stock, had been mounting opposition as receipts from good crops at home brought prosperity overstating their profits by understating customs duties increased. By 1872, the to farmers and provided businessmen their expenses, especially depreciation. national debt had been reduced by 15% with good customers and opportunities Political and financial realists, chiefly and that gave businessmen a chance to for expansion. No longer was there want from the West and the South, began plead for a tax cut, "to help business," in the midst of plenty. Bad times re- exerting pressure for a new income tax though business had never been better. turned in 1883, however, sparked by to supply the government with a source One cartoonist depicted Uncle Sam lying an exposure of fraud in Wall Street and of income that would support the finan- flat on his back with five weights on his maintained by over-investment, espe- cial structure of the nation, free from chest (one for each post-war year's in- cially in railroads. While farmers were the manipulations of corporations. The come tax) and President Grant about burning corn in their stoves and coal Greenback-Labor Party and farmers to add another weight. Congress gave in miners were going hungry, the single- demanded nationalization of the rail- and allowed the graduated taxes to lapse. tax philosophy of Henry George and the ways, telegraph systems and banks, 20 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 while the newly-formed Populist Party leave the country. Swathed in an Ameri- demanded the same, and, in addition, can flag, Congressman William Jennings lower tariffs and highly graduated in- Bryan retorted, "I have never known a come and inheritance taxes. man so mean that his patriotism was The debate was loud in Congress and only 2% deep, but if there be people throughout the country. Opponents of who would actually leave America rather such taxes fought hard, not so much than pay 2% we will be better off with- afraid of the 2% tax proposed as afraid out them. Let them go, and as they leave of higher rates at some future date. On this blessed land may the poet's curse the whole, eastern newspapers were op- ring in their ears!" The bill passed both posed to these taxes but the New York Houses by large majorities. World was an exception. Charging that The constitutionality of the new tax it was "only selfish sophistry" for the was soon challenged on grounds that wealthy to call such taxes inquisitorial, the Constitution required that direct an editorial stated: "The income tax taxes be apportioned among the states has been tried in this country and it not according to population. Lincoln had only proved a successful way of raising thought that the income tax was an in- revenue but it would now be a perma- direct tax, not requiring apportionment, nent part of our fiscal policy except that and his analysis had not been challenged. the advocates of a high tariff effected its Now, however, a man named Charles Andrew Mellon, Treasury Secretary under repeal. They want as much revenue as Pollock did so and the matter was taken three Presidents, battled to knock taxes as possible raised by customs duties which to the Supreme Court in record time.

low as possible, was loved and hated for it. protect them from competition while After long arguments on both sides, the

REPRINTED BY PERMISSION FROM THE NEW YORK WORLD TELEGRAM & SUN

President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first to seek a $100 billion budget as we became the "arsenal of democracy" in WW2.

A 1943 wartime tax cartoon by Wortman. Caption: "All I've got to say

is I'd certainly rather pay it to this government than to any other."

they exact a tribute from the poorer Court, by a five to four decision, ruled

classes by a process as deceptive as it that the tax was a direct one. Since ap- is indirect." portionment of a tax of this kind among The Tariff Act of 1894 was intended the states, by population, was impossi-

to reduce tariffs, but that was soon for- ble, there was no way to apply it con- gotten in the fight over an amendment stitutionally and the 1894 income tax to bring back the income tax of Civil was never assessed or paid. War days. In the House, the amendment For a time, the income tax was off

Beardsley Ruml, R. H. Macy & Co. execu- was called "a twin sister of free trade," the front pages of the newspapers. The tive, whose pay-as-you-go plan led to the and reports began to circulate that cer- Spanish-American War, of less than four withholding tax, enacted early in 1943. tain wealthy people were threatening to (Continued on page 42)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 21 —

How to Earn

The pitfalls and the possibilities for people who want to — or must— keep working after they "retire."

By LESTER DAVID his windows following a drunken party some kids tossed in a room last fall.

story is a true case history, with so Ed Walters bought the The only the name altered. Nor. indeed, is Andmotor lodge. it an isolated incident of a man who fell .After months of searching and headlong into the retirement gopher hole. years of dreaming. Ed had finally found The fact is, earning money after the the place he wanted. Standing on a gentle company hands a man his gold watch slope just off a main highway in New wishes him Godspeed is a tricky and York's Adirondacks, the motel boasted and complex business. 16 modern units, a playground for chil- absorb new tech- ASSETS THAT Bffif OFF dren and a television set in every room. A man of 65 must Across the road was a restaurant and niques of job-seeking and adopt new at- only four miles beyond lay a major resort titudes. Imagination ferret out the kinds center. He must learn to opportunities he would "We'll love it," Ed Walters confidently of money-making in earlier years. told his wife as he pocketed the deed. not have sought and sidestep the "And we'll make a darn good living in He must recognize lie wait for the the bargain." At 66, Ed had been retired gaping pitfalls that in for a year from the credit department of unwary. of find their a large New York department store and Countless numbers men tangle because was expecting to coast easily and hap- after-work years to be a the right answers. pily through the years, burdened only they haven't found Walters, plunge into with the light responsibility of running Some, like Ed businesses without thorough a little motor inn. He had staked most strange new preparation and knowledge of of his life's savings on his idea. advance is essential for their success. Often Ed is now 68 and things haven't turned what drain. out the way he thought. He and his wife their life's savings go down the discover they cannot are working harder than ever, often 18 Others, when they Jobs that need doing, but don't attract withdraw from hours a day, seven days a week, just compete with younger men, those who need a whole living the feeling that the have added to many an income. to make ends meet. They have discovered from battle with them, Still others sit they must attend personally to literally doors are slammed shut. skills at their hundreds of details, from cleaning the by, unaware that they have rooms—because they can't afford a maid fingertips that can be turned into cash. do men want to keep on working —to repairing plumbing and furniture. Why Many simply need the extra money. their jobs or careers come to an Ed's dream of a happy retirement lies after Others want to supplement retirement official close? shattered into more pieces than one of incomes to be able to afford comfort- producing extras. Finally, there are those who, while SOCIAL SECURITY vs. WORKING well enough fixed financially, cannot tolerate a life of idleness. Can you earn money and collect So- your total annual earnings come to of these groups, there are still get payments For each cial Security at the same time? Here over $1,700, you can your answers and approaches to the problem are the facts: for months during which pay than $100. of earning the elusive dollar in retire- If you are between 62 and 72, you comes to no more and your stress can earn up to $1,200 each year and If you are self-employed ment years. While all authorities are over $1,200, you still collect all the benefits to which you annual earnings that there is no easy road ahead for the for month in which are entitled. If your salary or net profits can get a check any older person who seeks to make money, you you do not render "substantial serv- are between $1,200 and $1,700 the fact remains that it can be done This usually will have to sacrifice one dollar in ices" in your business. and is being done—by energetic and re- for every two dollars above means no more than 40 to 45 hours a benefits sourceful persons who don't figure their one dollar above month. $1,200. Fcr every leave can collect earning power ceases the day they $1,700, you must give up an equal dol- If you are over 72, you regardless of how the shop, office or plant. As Dr. Edward lar in benefits. full Social Security Henderson, president of the American If you work for somebody else and much you earn. ". diffi- Geriatric Society, asserts, . . it's

22 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 1 : a

the former owner of a large furnishing store who got tired of loafing around the house. He applied for—and got— part-time job as a clerk in a nearby retail shop. In my own investigation, I came fter Retirement across an office manager, retired for five years, who returned to work as a museum guard several evenings a week. A they have no false pride but are realistic man who once bossed a construction enough to face facts. crew now does gardening on a large Listen to Jerry Fields, director of estate. Jerry Fields Associates, one of the na- Where do men apply for part-time tion's largest job placement agencies: jobs? At retail stores during seasonal "Part-time work is available, more than rush periods, State employment offices, most older men may realize, because personnel offices of post offices and at of peak loads during busy seasons, vaca- special placement agencies specializing tion manpower shortages and the like. in temporary employees. However, these are generally not top- A word about the latter. It seems the level positions. The older man who seeks demand for part-timers is now so heavy one must be prepared to accept less re- that a new kind of employment agency sponsibility, lower status and, in con- has grown up. These deal exclusively in sequence, smaller pay." part-time help, supplying them to banks, In other words, a retired man willing (Continued on page 36)

PITFALLS TO AVOID Hobbies Executive Know-how BUSINESS PROBLEM — SOLVED ft V FULL OR P4RT TIME 1 =? For" f

1 ll—it 1 rm

» c 3^

Learn all about a strange occupation

before committing yourself to it, to avoid unforeseen toil, or bankruptcy.

Non-existent Markets Hobbies are not a sure source of part- Once off their company payrolls, many time income, but many oldsters have retirees have capitalized on special made pleasant extra income from them. knowledge gleaned from their life work.

cult for the retired person to get another to take a bust in rank has a far better If you turn to selling, don't fall so job . . . the labor market is not exactly chance to earn money than one who can't in love with the product that you neg- clamoring for his services. But untold swallow his pride. The New York State lect to find if you'll have customers. numbers of men are adding to their Employment Service cites these exam- incomes in a wide variety of ways by ples: A retired certified public account- Insufficient Capital harnessing their skills, by adapting them- ant was placed as a bookkeeper. A selves to situations, by using their wits former engineer became a telephone and their imaginations." solicitor, drumming up business for a Here, then, are the keys to the post- firm via the phone. An ex-lawyer went retirement cash box for the three major to work in a routine job compiling statis- groups of retired Americans who want tics. to pluck some greenbacks therefrom: As the former C. P. A. puts it, "Who For the man who needs the extra am I trying to impress? Maybe in earlier money—the prime double-barreled rule years there was a need for status. Now of success followed by many thousands I'm alone and I just want to be busy To go into a business without a sound of men who are succeeding is this : They and useful and incidentally — earn some knowledge of how accounting prin- are willing to accept lower pay than they I like it money. fine." ciples apply to it is to invite rapid ruin. once received. They do not object to tak- Theodore R. Isenstadt, a specialist on ing on jobs with less prestige. In short, the problems of aging for the Family ILLUSTRATED BY CARL ROSE Service Association of America, tells of 1 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 23 —

chief red fox, who gives his birth date as June 12, 1870, lives in Corpus Christi, Tex., travels the country for the Rath Packing Co., of Waterloo, Iowa, whose trademark is the sil- CUSTER'S houette of an Indian. Tom Kaser is a newsman with the Tucson (Ariz.) Daily Citizen.

in life- STAND long time ago my LAST Along, time I can recall a great racial conflict which was the result of pride, misunderstanding and unfairness on the part of one race against the other. As I Reme In the time which has passed since then

I have read many stories and seen more movies than I care to recall about this famous battle, which has become known as Custer's Last Stand. Only a few of these accounts have approached the reality of the battle as it was told to me by my mother and father and by many relatives and friends with whom I have talked since then. You must first remember that in 1868 the United States government signed a treaty with the Sioux Nation, stating that "as long as the rivers flow and the grass grows" the Black Hills of Dakota Ter- ritory will forever belong to the Indians. The rivers still flow and the grass still TOM KASER grows, but the Black Hills today do not belong to the Indians. That treaty, signed with Chief Red Cloud, was to keep the white man out of our Holy Land. But in 1869 the government asked for a minor amendment: That the Indians let the white man pass through the Black Hills as he ventured William Red Fox, who claims to be 93, states that he to distant territories. The Sioux Nation Chief was a 6-year-old in the Sioux encampment at the Little Big BROWN BROS Horn in Montana when Col. George Custer's force was wiped out there on June 25, 1876. Here's the story of the famous battle and

its causes, as told from an Indian s point of view to Tucson (Ariz.) newsman Tom Kaser.

welcomed the white man in peace, say- As soon as we were placed on other ing kill what game you need and go on reservations the chiefs of our nation held your way. a series of secret councils and talked But soon the white man brought about the Treaty of 1868. Essentially, whiskey and vice to our domain, and they felt that the government had failed before long the image of "the drunken to keep its word with the Indian; and Indian" was a favorite subject of merri- they were particularly disturbed because ment among the soldiers. Fights broke the white man was killing buffalo just out, a few killings evolved, and the gov- for sport and not for food. The white the ernment decided it would be best, after hunters took only the tongue and to all, to displace the Indians to reserva- hide and left the rest of the carcass tions before any "real trouble" developed rot on the plains. between the two races. To prevent fraudulent white traders This came as no surprise to my peo- from tricking the Indians out of their ple. So many of our treaties with the hides and furs, a number of my people government had been broken before from the Standing Rock Reservation in mainly through the efforts of selfish North Dakota approached Maj. John lobbyists. McLoughlin, the government agent in Gen. George Custer. His recklessness may politicians and mining asked that he prohibit white have come from being busted to colonel. The Indians were moved. charge, and 24 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 traders from the reservations except by and shot all but Ball, who escaped permit. Major McLoughlin, a good friend on horse and was never seen on the of the Sioux, obliged and sent word Standing Rock Reservation again. of the order to other reservations. The identity of Rain-In-The-Face Not long after that a quack doctor as the killer remained anonymous for named Hozington stole a blank trading nearly 18 months. But one day the old permit from Major McLoughlin's office chief gave himself away in a sign-lan- and, with three white men whom the guage conversation with another Indian Indians knew only as Brown, Bayon and named Blue Bird. Blue Bird was loyal Ball, began trading on the Standing Rock to Rain-In-The-Face, but a half blood Reservation. named Charley Reynolds, who inter- One day Hozington was bargaining preted enough of the sign language to to buy some hides and furs from an know what was being said, wasn't. Reyn- Indian named Eagle Shield. Hozington olds told the news to his father, an offi- took the goods but tried to fast-talk Eagle cer in Custer's Seventh Regiment, and Shield out of payment. Wise to previous on February 9, 1876, Rain-In-The-Face instances of deception, Eagle Shield de- was arrested by Custer's hot-tempered manded the money. But the only reply brother, Capt. Tom Custer, and taken he received was a bullet from Hozing- to the Fort Lincoln jail. ton's six-shooter. Chief Crazy Horse, uncle of the author, I was told many years later that Rain- It is strange that the government did retreated on Custer's front, drew hirrt In-The-Face was beaten and tortured by not pay much attention to that murder, into the trap, then wheeled to attack. Tom Custer as they journeyed to the for Eagle Shield was a trusted Indian Fort Lincoln jail. So painful were the who had never been in trouble with the CUSTER MASSACRE old chief's injuries that he reportedly Army troops. But prompt action was JUNE 25th, 1876 vowed that he would someday seek his taken a few days later when the decayed .3:30-4 P. M. vengeance on the sadistic captain. bodies of Hozington, Brown and Bayon Rain-In-The-Face did not remain in were found on the Dakota range near a the Fort Lincoln jail long, for a few days small campsite. Each had been shot at later he and five other prisoners were point-blank range. Benteen Reinforces / released by their guards, who had de- Immediately the Army launched a cided to desert the Army. But while in- full-scale investigation of the murders. carcerated, Rain-In-The-Face heard that When word of the killings reached Wash- President Grant had ordered the Army ington, the War Department miscon- to stop all Indians from hunting buffalo. strued the situation as an uprising among A special council was called when Rain- the Indians. Word was sent to Lt. Col. In-The-Face returned to the Standing George Armstrong Custer at Fort Lin- Rock Reservation and told the news to coln, North Dakota, to find the killers. Sitting Bull, the greatest of all medicine But the killer was only one man, a men in the Sioux Nation. The chiefs re- benign old chief named Rain-In-The- called how the white man had need- Face, who was head of the Buffalo Clan. lessly slaughtered thousands of buffalo Told of Eagle Shield's death by a little just for sport. And now, when the In- Indian girl who witnessed the shooting, dians desperately needed food and hides, Rain-In-The-Face tracked the four trad- Sketch of Custer's rendezvous with des- the white man had decided that enough ers to their campsite the following night tiny as he rode into huge Indian camp. (Continued on page 39) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 25 —

& WASHINGTON | W* PRO CON OPPOSING VIEWS ON BROADCASTING BY mm.

SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT REGULATE

YES

Rep. John E. Moss (D-Calif.) Those who do subscribe are under no actual pressure 3rd District to follow a set of what they term "ideals, not rules" Government regulation of a code which suggests limiting radio advertisements radio-TV commercials is to a maximum of 18 minutes an hour, and television mandatory because the public commercials, in prime time, to 16 minutes and 20 sec- interest is so deeply involved. onds an hour. Some broadcasters have gone Reports of the Code Authority itself show that its "hog-wild" in recent years on members' adherence is weak: in a six-month period of the subject of ads. Herbert 1963, some 28. 5'/ of member radio stations violated Hoover long ago summed up the the provision on maximum commercial time. And an situation we have today: "It is inconceivable that we analysis by the Federal Communications Commission should allow so great a possibility for service, for news, yielded a case in which one station, in a single broad- for entertainment, for education, and for vital com- casting hour, had 30 minutes of advertisement. mercial purposes to be drowned in advertising While the broadcasting system could not exist with- chatter." out advertising, radio and television stations cannot be There has been significant complaint by both the allowed to operate primarily in the interests of the advertising industry and the public in the past year to advertisers—and without regard to the public interest. warrant reasonable control. Broadcast publications Since the NAB code has not controlled commercial contain numerous protests by advertisers and agencies opportunism, the government, either through the Fed- about over-commercialization in broadcasting—the eral Communications Commission or by specific greater frequency of advertising and the increased time statute by Congress, must act to give guidelines to the of each commercial. The FCC's files are also replete industry—rules, not ideals, which apply equally to all with substantial complaints from the public about competitors, and which can and will be enforced. broadcasting advertising. The FCC must have the power to make and apply

In contrast, the broadcast industry states that it definite rules in regard to (1) the length of individual should and does regulate itself, by use of its own code commercials, and (2) the frequency with which these of good practices. Oddly enough, this code of the Na- occur. When these rules are applicable to all classes tional Association of Broadcasters was adopted be- of stations equally, we will have a solution to over- cause the industry feels that some specific standard, commercialization. listener other than the judgment of each individual licensee, is In a situation where the total viewer and desirable as a measure of voluntary self-regulation. investment is much greater than that of the broad- However, this code has proved completely unwork- caster, the government must protect the public inter- able as a solution to the problem of the too-often, too- est. long advertisement. First, membership in the NAB Code Authority is voluntary: half of the country's radio stations and one-quarter of its television stations are nor members.

If you wish to let your Congressman or one of your Senators know how you feel

on this big issue, fill out the "ballot" on the facing page and mail it to him.

26 TH E AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 I

REP. JOHN E. MOSS, CALIF. AND REP. KENNETH A. ROBERTS, ALA.

RADIO -TELEVISION COMMERCIALS? NO Rep. Kenneth A. Roberts (D-Ala.) 1934 it determined that industry self-regulation At Large and competition between the broadcasters would be the The American people have controlling forces that would assure the free enter- taken great pride in the ex- prise system in broadcasting. The Supreme Court in cellent performance of the 1940 stated that "Congress intended to leave competi- " broadcasting industry under a tion in the business of broadcasting where it found it system which guarantees free- (1) The FCC was denied the power to dictate or in- dom of speech and competition. terfere with the business decisions or to fix rates or Today we face the loss of this profits of broadcasters. freedom due to the desire of the Despite these clear statements of public mandate, Federal Communications Commission to go far beyond the FCC is (by controlling the broadcasters' business the scope intended by the Federal Communications practices and their income) attempting to turn broad- Act of 1934. The FCC assumes powers over and above casting into a public utility with regulated income and those granted by the Congress through that Act. The profits. Commission is embarking on a policy which would It must be remembered that the FCC was created by ultimately permit it to decide what the American pub- the Congress and that the Commission's responsibility lic may hear or see and how often they may hear or is to carry out the intent of Congress in communica- see it. tions matters. I am sure that the Congress will aggres- The first step in dictating this philosophy has already sively react to any undisguised attempt by the FCC been taken by the Commission. Should this action go or any agency when it attempts to assume for itself uncontested, and since only a fine line separates com- the legislative functions invested in the Congress. mercials from the programs themselves, it follows that The intent of Congress was to guarantee freedom of the next step by the Commission may be to place re- speech and competition in the broadcasting medium. If strictions on programs. there is any doubt of this then I believe the time has I believe that the FCC, composed of very intelligent come to take a very careful look at the Communica- and capable men, by reviewing the record of the Com- tions Act and the makeup of the FCC itself [Federal munications Act would readily realize that the Con- Communications Commission vs. Sanders Bros. 309 gress never intended nor granted the power to impose U.S. 470 (1940)]. restrictions on the number of commercials that can be The American right to a free and competitive system broadcast. of broadcasting is a cornerstone of our great heritage. Congress and the Supreme Court have consistently If the rights of the many are being endangered, then stated that the broadcaster has the sole responsibility Congress must and will act. to determine the day-to-day programs that are to be broadcast and to make the business decisions affecting their service. The Commission must not be permitted to take this right away from the broadcaster. When Congress passed the Communications Act of

— THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

I have read in The American Legion Magazine IN MY OPINION THE GOVERNMENT SHOOLD SHOOLD NOT for March the arguments in PRO & CON: REGULATE RADIO-TELEVISION COMMERCIALS.

Should The Government Regulate Radio- SIGNED

Television Commercials? ADDRESS

TOWN STATE L. -_J THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 27 > BOOKS 4

standing trial, he feels that justice would Handyman's Book, compiled by Better Mental Health & Freedom have been better served if these persons had Homes & Gardens, meredith publishing had a trial by jury. co., $4.95. Dr. Szasz, who is Professor of Psychiatry Any man with his own home workshop at the State University of New York Upstate will appreciate this lavishly illustrated do-it- Medical Center in Syracuse, does not claim yourself guide. that he pleads his case impartially, but does claim accuracy; and states that he believes Across the Face of France, by James A. "the cause of impartiality is better served Huston, purdue university studies, $5.75. by expressing one's ideas conscientiously A look at France and the French during and forcefully, and then letting people have and following WW2, particularly as the war free access to other points of view and affected Sainte-Mere Eglise, Saint-Lo and reasoning." Nancy.

Ernest Thomas Seton's America, edited School of Darkness, by Bella V. Dodd. by Farida A. Wiley, doubleday & co., the devin-adair co., paperback, $2.75. paperback, $1.45. A reissue of a book on the workings of A collection of the writings and animal the Communist Party as exposed by a one- study sketches of one of the outstanding Figure of justice. time high-ranking Party member who dis- naturalists on the wildlife of North America. LAW, LIBERTY AND PSYCHIATRY, avowed the Party and its teachings. by Thomas S. Szasz, M.D. Macmillan Co., Behind The Burma Road, by William R. Tunnels, by Gosta Sandstrom. holt, $7.50. Peers and Dean Brelis. little, brown and RINEHART AND WINSTON, $6.95. Is psychiatry tending to set up new and company, $5.95. Those who marvel when traveling through artificial values for civilization, and to pro- How operations carried on in Burma by tunnels will be fascinated by this book on tect some people from responsibility for Detachment 101 of the Office of Strategic the history of tunnel building. their own acts while depriving others of Services contributed to the total success of their rights? These questions are taken up Allied guerrilla warfare there. by Dr. Szasz in his book. America's Wastelands Mental health, the pot at the end of the They Fought Alone, by John Keats, j. b. rainbow for which so many are desperately lippincott co v $6.95. striving, is a "vague, almost meaningless The story of Wendell Fertig, an American term," he declares, that may only be a mining engineer who organized and directed modern expression for man's "age-old long- guerrilla lighting against the Japanese on ing for security." Yet the quest for so-called the island of Mindanao after the 1942 sur- mental health has led too many people to render of American forces in the Philippines. divest themselves of personal responsibility for behavior and to place themselves in the The Laconia Affair, by Leonce Peillard. hands of psychiatrists for guidance. Often g. p. putnam's sons, $4.95. these psychiatrists will attempt to change Events surrounding the 1942 sinking of the the behavior and values of their patients, or Laconia led to an order from German Ad- the behavior and values of entire groups, miral Donitz which forbade all German sub- institutions and even nations. Because of marine commanders to rescue survivors of such efforts Dr. Szasz looks upon psychiatry torpedoed ships. Man-made erosion. as form social engineering. a of THE QUIET CRISIS, by Stewart L. Electing A President, by Duane Bradley. Deeply critical of the large number of Udall. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, $5. D. VAN NOSTRAND CO. INC., $3.50. 20th century Americans who seem ready to Since the white man first set foot on North An easy to read explanation for young discard personal liberty in exchange for America he has been raiding the continent's people of why and how we go about electing freedom from the responsibility of working natural resources. Unlike the land's earlier a U.S. President. out their own destinies through a decent inhabitants, the American Indian, European and meaningful life, Dr. Szasz maintains settlers have never grasped that the natural that in the end such people will not only The Battle for Guadalcanal, by Samuel wealth of the nation must be husbanded if lose liberty for for Griffith, II. b. co., themselves but the rest B. j. lippincott $4.95. it is to continue to serve future generations. account of of us as well, and still not gain the mental A detailed, well-documented Instead, Americans, with dissent from only the Guadalcanal operation based on infor- health or security they seek. a handful of enlightened conservationists, Dr. Szasz sees our growing response to mation and data from both American and have wantonly exploited the land, water, sources. psychiatric dictates as possibly culminating Japanese wildlife, and even the air. This waste has in the "therapeutic state" where the norm created a problem which, though developing for man's actions will be determined by a Secrets of Chinese Karate, by Ed Parker. for generations, has only reached a crisis parental government. Seeking to shock prentice-hall, inc., $5.95. stage in our own century and more particu- readers into an awareness of how easily we Step-by-step mastery of the art of weapon- larly in our own generation. could forfeit our constitutional freedoms, less self-defense. Today there is not sufficient clean air, Dr. Szasz draws comparisons between mental water or open space to satisfy the health and health laws and the laws that existed at Decisive Air Battles of the First World recreational needs of our burgeoning popu- such times as the witch hunting era in War, by Arch Whitehouse. duell, sloan lation. Man has fewer and fewer places to America's pre-colonial history, and in Nazi AND PEARCE, $6.50. go to re-establish contact with nature, and Germany. "WWI in the air" buffs will enjoy this those that do exist are generally far from He makes three major recommendations recountal of the exploits of our earliest population centers. for reform in the mental health field: 1) fighter pilots. Recognizing the need for immediate con- "Involuntary hospitalization" should be servation and extensive city and rural plan- beauty abolished, 2) Hospitalized mental patients Marine Corps Bibliography, by Fr. ning if any of our continent's natural civilization, should not lose their human rights and 3) Charles Dollen. the scarecrow press, is to be saved from the ravages of The insanity plea should be abolished. inc., $3. Secretary of the Interior Udall has written Citing the cases of Isola Curry and Ezra A compilation in a single volume of ma- a moving plea for a united national effort Pound as two famous instances where an terial that has been written on the Marine to save what is still untouched and to im- insanity plea prevented both parties from Corps. prove what has been plundered.

28 T HE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 VETERANS A DIGEST OF EVENTS WHICH NEWSLETTER ARE OF PERSONAL INTEREST TO YOU MARCH 1964 LEGION POSTS MAY RAISE FUNDS Basically, one discount book gives SELLING DISCOUNT BOOKS TO N.Y. discounts satisfying the needs of one in- WORLD'S FAIR ATTRACTIONS: dividual participating in each of the 19 attractions once (though it has two dis- American Legion Posts may raise funds count tickets for the Amphitheater )... He for their operations this year by selling gets a reduction in the pri ce at the time discount books to New York World's Fair he participates in the attraction, in ex- attractions . . . This is not to be confused change for a ticket from his book. . .A fam- with an earlier opportunity for Posts to ily of four, adults and children, could raise funds selling World's Fair admis- buy four discount books for $2 at the sug- sion tickets. .. One discount book has a gested Legion Post saleprice of 50?: each, value to a Fair visitor of up to $6.30... and effect a saving at the Fair in the Posts may buy books (minimum order 100 neighborhood of $20. books—for $25) at 25tf each, and may sell Each discount book ticket is good, un- them for what they please. .. Suggested til used, during both years of the New sale price is 50?:... That would give a Post York World's Fair, which will be open in 100% profit, while giving individual pur- 1964 from April 22 to Oct. 18, and in 1965 chasers a saving of up to on $5.80 each from April 21 to Oct. 17. . .Discount book once inside the fairgrounds. .. The books may be ordered this year at any books provide discounts on 19 different time up to August 15, and are not re- World's Fair features, including rides, turnable. shows, exhibits, programs, souvenirs, Legion Posts wishing to raise funds by food... Exact saving to a fairgoer fluctu- sale of discount books may order them ates depending on what he buys at the Fair, from: Mid-60' s. Inc. ; Suite 1206, 51 East there being a greater discount on adult 42nd St. , New York, N.Y. 10017 . . .Minimum than on children's tickets, and a greater order, 100 discount books ( $25 )... Larger discount on higher priced than on lower orders in increments of 50 additional priced tickets to such things as the musi- books ($12.50 additional for each addi- cal show "To Broadway With Love" at the tional 50 books ordered) ... Checks should Texas Pavilion. .. Hence our use of the fa- be payable to "Mid-60' s, Inc ."... Conven- miliar adman's phrase "a saving of up to ient order form would be: "Enclosed find $5.80." $ , for which please furnish N. Y. Savings may be a little greater than World's Fair Discount Books, @ $25 per that, since at presstime for these words 100. ".. .Print name and address clearly to the discount book promoter was still nego- avoid needless delay. tiating, to include more discount tickets, with additional Fair exhibitors. .. If a CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO PERMIT discount book were used, where there is a VOLUNTARY SCHOOL PRAYER AND BIBLE choice, for nothing but children's admis- READING LOCKED IN COMMITTEE: LEGION sions or the lowest priced seats to shows SUPPORTS DISCHARGE PETITION: with different priced tickets, we have calculated the total discount to be $3.72, The American Legion has joined in a or a saving of $3.22 to an individual pay- movement in Congress for a discharge ing for the 50tf book... This on the basis p etition to force out of the House Judici- of the 19 Fair features already firm in ary Committee a proposed Constitutional the discount books. Amendment. .. The amendment, identified as Discount books are offered by New York House Joint Resolution 693, would guar- Mid-Sixties, Inc., a business promotion antee voluntary prayer and Bible reading firm which worked them out in negotiation in public schools and other public places, with World's Fair exhibitors ... With huge and forbid judicial or legislative pro- investments in their exhibits, exhibitors hibition of references to God on such find discount offers worthwhile to help things as coins, paper money, etc... assure them a bedrock return. The Legion is urging its members and

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE » MARCH 1964 29 .

all Americans interested in such a Con- Government use of the word "God" is an stitutional Amendment to ask their Repre- attempt to legislate atheism. .. Both mat- sentatives in the House to sign Discharge ters are seen as an interference of the Petition #3 in order to move the Resolu- state in religion rather than being tion out of the Judiciary Committee onto guarantees of religious freedom. the floor of the House. Numerous resolutions for a Constitu- A discharge petition, though seldom tional amendment died in the Judiciary used, is authorized by the rules of the Committee in the last (87th) Congress... House to permit a majority to move a bill In the first session of the present (88th) out of the committee which is disposed Congress, 131 joint resolutions for such not to report it out... The American an amendment were introduced, with indi- Legion has supported discharge petitions cations that either no hearings would be only a few times in its history. . .As of held on them by the Judiciary Committee Feb. 4, there were 134 Representatives or that hearings would be held too late who had signed the petition, and 84 more to permit any action in this Congress. signatures were needed to provide the Last Sept. 10, Congressman Frank J. required majority of 218 out of 435 Becker (N.Y.), in consultation with many members of the House. colleagues, introduced House Joint Reso- Supreme Court decisions in 1962 and lution 693 as a sort of master proposal, 1963 led directly to the movement to whose key passage is: amend the Constitution. . .A New York case "Nothing in the Constitution shall be in 1962 stopped New York State from pre- deemed to prohibit the offering, reading scribing a prayer to be read in the from, or listening to prayers or Biblical schools, on the ground that this was a Scriptures in any public school or gov- mixing of church and state ... Later a New ernment institution or place, if partici- York board of education decision inter- pation is voluntary. Nothing in the preted this to mean that even if all the Constitution shall be deemed to prohibit parents of children in a classroom wished making reference to belief in, reliance a prayer of which they approved to be upon, or invoking the aid of God or a read, it could not be... A New York Dis- Supreme Being in any governmental, or trict Court denied this interpretation, public document, proceeding, activity, but its ruling may go to a higher court ceremony, school, institution, or place, ...A 1963 Supreme Court decision ruled or upon any coinage, currency, or obliga- that even if a school would excuse any tion of the United States." objectors from participating in school Becker also introduced Discharge Pe- prayer or Bible readings, the school tition #3 to force HJR693 out of com- still could not conduct such religious mittee... The American Legion, which at exercises. .. The Court here went beyond its last convention endorsed a Constitu- the conflict of church and state and into tional Amendment to guarantee voluntary the field of psychology by basing the school and other public prayer and Bible decision in part on a belief that it reading, threw its backing to the pro- would be humiliating for an objector to posals sponsored by Rep. Becker. excuse himself... It entered the field of If the proposal clears the Congress voluntary student participation in school it will still require approval of three- religious observances and found against quarters of the state legislatures before it... These decisions in turn led to a becoming a part of the Constitution. rash of actions and proposals to remove the phrase "under God" from the Pledge of U.S.S. YORKTOWN CREW MEMBERS Allegiance and challenges to "In God we CAN HELP AUTHOR OF BOOK: trust" on coinage and other government issue A new book is being prepared on the The American Legion and numerous mem- career of the U.S.S. Yorktown, the big bers of the House have not challenged the carrier lost at Midway... The author decision forbidding compulsory joining would, he says, appreciate information in prayer prescribed by a state... But they which he might get from "hearing from any have taken the position that a Constitu- man who served on the Yorktown from the tional guaranty of vol untary participa- time of her 1937 commissioning to her tion in school and other public religious loss at Midway in June, 1942. ".. .Author exercises is now necessary, while any is Joseph D. Harrington, 11819 Charles attempt to legislate a prohibition of Road, Wheat on, Maryland.

30 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 OF THE NEWS AMERICAN LEGION AND VETERANS AFFAIRS MARCH 1964

to U.S. recognition of its independence U.S. Must Retain Control of from Colombia, one of the incidents preliminary to building the canal. Panama Canal Legion Tells LBJ The canal was started in the last century by a French firm, under a concession from Colombia, of which Panama was Commander Supports Administration Firmness; then a province. The French firm, unable to build the canal, offered its assets to Mourns Legionnaires Killed by Snipers in Panama the U.S. for $109 million. A U.S. Com- Riots; Background of Canal and Treaty Outlined. mission in 1901 estimated the assets at $40 million, and in view of the price Treaty rights of the U.S. to the control Cmdr Foley's message to President asked recommended that we build a of the Panama Canal are not negotiable, Johnson on Jan. 23 read in full as canal in Nicaragua instead. The French American Legion Nat'l Cmdr Daniel F. follows: stockholders agreed to the $40 million, Foley advised President Lyndon B. John- "The American Legion has observed with and Congress approved that amount. son in a telegram to the President increasing concern the on deteriorating situa- In 1903, U.S. Secretary of State Hay Jan. 23 in support of the firm position tion involving the Panama Canal Zone. This and Colombia's Dr. Herran negotiated a taken by the organization fully supports the position government following the treaty to taken by the Administration that the treaty permit the U.S. to build the early January riots in the Republic of with Panama in giving the United States canal, the U.S. to pay Colombia $10 Panama and the Canal Zone. exclusive sovereignty over the Canal Zone million outright and an annual rental, In an earlier in perpetuity is action, Cmdr Foley, on not negotiable. Our National and the U.S. to be assured, among other Jan. Convention has expressed its firm belief that 15, issued a public statement of things, of permanent control of the canal any modification of this treaty, which would tribute and homage to four U.S. service- limit in any degree the sovereign control of and its security. men, including two Legionnaires, who the Canal Zone by the U.S., would seriously But the Colombian Senators refused were killed by Panamanian rioters and injure the vital interests of our nation. to ratify the treaty, it being said at the snipers, as 90 other servicemen "Regardless of what position were may be time that they thought "that they could wounded. taken by the government of the Republic extort almost any terms." of Panama, and whatever agitation may be Both Legionnaires were members of engendered as a result of that position, and Leaders of the province of Panama, the 193rd Infantry Brigade stationed at the subversive activities of the communists headed by Dr. Manuel Amador (who Fort Clayton, CZ. One was M/Sgt. in Central America, we are convinced that became the first President of Panama) Gerald A. Aubin, Cmdr of Nathaniel J. the position of this country in the Canal Zone must sent secret word to Washington that Owen Post 3, American Legion, Gatun, be maintained at all costs, and through the employment of whatever Panama would approve the treaty, in- CZ. The other was Sgt Luis Jiminez- means may be necessary. cluding the perpetual control of the canal Cruz, also a member of Post 3. "As you proceed to cope with the diffi- by the U.S., if Panama could "throw off Aubin and Jiminez-Cruz were both cult situation existing in Central America, the yoke of Colombia" and be recognized shot by snipers while protecting the I assure you of the continuing support and as an independent encouragement of nation by the U.S. borders of the Canal Zone from rioting The American Legion and all of its members." Colombia sent troops to both ends of mobs in Panama, early in the morning of Panama owes its existence as a nation the Panama Railway to seize Panaman- Friday Jan. 10, after Canal Zone police had found the situation unmanageable and asked the Army to take control. In his official American Legion tribute, Cmdr Foley said: "All American Legionnaires are humbly proud of the sacrifice made by these two great Americans in their service to God and Country during which they laid down their lives. It is sincere, dedicated soldiers, such as these, who bear the brunt of the task which the United States has properly as- sumed of preserving law and order in the face of communist-encouraged outbreaks. "As National Commander of The Ameri- can Legion on behalf of nearly three million members of our organization, as well as personally, I pay respectful homage to them for their sacrifice and join with the nation in offering condolence to their families." The body of M/Sgt Aubin, accom- panied by his widow and four children, was flown to Millbury, Mass., for burial. The body of Sgt Jiminez-Cruz, accom- panied by his widow and three children, was flown to Washington, D.C., for January rioters in Panama laugh as they wreck a car in front of the new Pan burial in Arlington Cemetery. American Airways Building in Panama City, which they have already gutted with fire. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 31 —

NEWS ian revolutionists. At the Pacific end, failed to maintain public order while the Panamanians seized the troops and jailed U.S. had relinquished the right to do so. them in Panama City. At Colon, on the The incidents in January are still Atlantic end, Colombian troops demon- under investigation by the O.A.S., to strated against foreign residents on Nov. which Panama has referred charges of 4. 1903. Commander John Hubbard, of "U.S. aggression." George Black, Jr., Na- the U.S.S. Nashville ordered all U.S. tional Executive Committeeman of the citizens into the Panama Railway shed at Panama American Legion and a WW2 Colon, and undertook to protect them veteran, has submitted factual material with a small party of Marines ashore and to this magazine on the incident that the Nashville's guns afloat. After a tense started with alleged Panamanian high but bloodless period on the 4th, the school students attempting, on Jan. 9, to Colombian troops agreed to leave raise a Panamanian flag along with an Panama peacefully, and the Panaman- American flag run up at Balboa High ians, under Dr. Amador, proclaimed School (in the Canal Zone) by American Panama's independence. students. One of the "student" leaders On Nov. 6, said President Theodore (see photo) wore a wedding ring, sug- Roosevelt, the Colombian government gesting, says Black, organized adult offered to ratify the treaty in May—with leadership of what is otherwise reputed a "new and friendly" Senate—if the U.S. to have been an impromptu high school would now land troops in Panama to action. throw over the Panamanian rebels and President Eisenhower and then Presi- guarantee Colombian rule there. Said dent Kennedy had granted, and enlarged Roosevelt: on, the request of Panama that the Pana- "They are now willing to find the treaty manian flag fly alongside the American One of five leaders of the "student" pro- good if only we will desert those who have test that started the riots. Protected flag in the Zone. President Eisenhower's shown themselves our friends and if we he is trying to get the concession on that point followed closely will restore to those who have shown them- by Zone police selves unfriendly the power to undo what Panamanian school flag raised at Balboa on the desecration of the American flag they did. ... I will not for one moment High School on Jan. 9. Represented as a at the U.S. Embassy in Panama City by possibility the "spontaneous discuss the of U.S. commit- high school demonstrator," a mob led by Aquilino Boyd, present ting an act of such baseness as to abandon he is moustachioed, wears wedding ring. Panamanian delegate to the UN (see the new Republic of Panama." Thus was the Republic of Panama photo.) Before the January 1964, riots lombia $25 million and Colombia rec- flew born out of U.S. support of its revo- the U.S. and Panamanian flags ognized Panama. lution, and the Panama Canal treaty was jointly at 1 0 sites in the Zone, and it was The original treaty has been modified ratified by Panama in Feb. 1904. provided that they should fly jointly at in many respects since 1904, in line with Panama got a lump sum of $10 million any place in the Zone where the "civilian requests made by Panama. Under Presi- and a rental of $250,000 a year starting authority" should fly the U.S. flag. The dent Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good 9 years from the date of the treaty. Ten principal of Balboa High School did not Neighbor Policy in 1 936 the biggest over- at years later the canal was completed. It insist that this rule be enforced Balboa haul of the treaty was made, in favor of cost the U.S. $366 million to build High School during the first week of Jan- Panama. more than one billion in 1964 dollars. uary because the students, and not the Article I, in which the U.S. guaranteed Since 1904, the annual rental paid "civilian authority," had put the flag up. the independence of Panama (and hence Panama has been increased from $250,- It is U.S. policy that Panama has a right the right to intercede in its national to demonstrate its titular sovereignty 000 a year to a current $ 1 ,930.000. This, affairs) was stricken, and replaced with over the Zone by flying its flag along with as well as the initial grant of $10 million a "declaration of friendship and a joint the U.S. flag. Provisions for the joint fly- to Panama, is dwarfed by the annual avowal to keep the canal going." The ing of both national flags at all schools expenditures of the Zone and its people U.S. renounced treaty rights to use land in the were in January. in the Republic of Panama which, in Zone made and installations outside the Canal Zone 1962 was $82,465,000. The United The U.S. government has not conceded "necessary and convenient" for the pro- States ended the last challenge to Pana- that this question, or the mob actions in tection of the canal. The U.S. in 1936 ma's independence in a 1922 agreement January, have any bearing on Pana- also renounced the right to secure needed with Colombia, by which we paid Co- manian demands that the canal be given the terminal cities lands and buildings in to Panama in contravention of the treaty do- "by exercise of the right of eminent offered by Panama in return for guaranty main." of its independence by the U.S. in 1904. Finally, in 1936, the U.S. surrendered It was in support of this position that a treaty right to "the maintenance of National Commander Foley wired the public order in the cities of Panama and President on Jan. 23, in the name of The Colon" and adjoining land and water "in American Legion. case the Republic of Panama should not be, in the judgment of the United States, NEW POSTS able to maintain such order." The American Legion has recently char- In January 1964, when thousands of tered the following new posts: Panamanians ran riot, started fires, Gordon Square Post 267, Cleveland, wrecked property, stoned, shot and killed Ohio; Jake Eiland Post 224, Dumas, Zone personnel uncontrolled by Pana- Texas; Indianapolis Northwest Post 497, Panama's delegate to the UN, Aquilino — it of a series of Indianapolis, Ind.; Bluff City Post 89, Boyd, rioting in 1959 with U.S. flag torn manian police— was one from the United States Embassy flagpole. incidents since 1936 when Panama had Bluff City, Tenn.; Leroy Parker Post

32 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 —

NEWS

288, Boynton Beach, Fla.; Collinsville Harry Albert and Harley Ingols and Ray Frank A. Montouri (1963), Post 1711, Levit- Ramsey (all 1963), Post 242, Reinbeck, Iowa. town, N. Y. Post 146, Collinsville, Ala.; Augusta Alois J. Lake and Clarence A. Saeugling J. L. Chestnutt and R. E. Leary and W. J. County Post 245, Sherando, Va.; and (both 1963), Post 373, Guttenberg, Iowa. Yates (all 1963), Post 40, Edenton, N. C. James M. Farrell and Leo E. Gehrmann and Cecil Harkey (1963), Post 230, Spring Lake, Handley Post 161, Handley, West Va. George P. Killinger (all 1963), Post 556, Carson, N. C. Iowa. John M. Gates and Martin L. Helfrich and L. O. Carter and Dale E. Comer and Olin Charles Helman and Bernard Liggett (all 1963), LIFE MEMBERSHIPS Deibert and John Ducheck (all 1961), Post 219, Post 243, Galion, Ohio. Blue Rapids, Kans. Mathilda E. Buchda and Susan Friedrich The award of a life membership to a Legion- Solomon Crasnick and William D. Ireland (both 1959) and Elsie F. Brower and Nell E. naire by his Post is a testimonial by those who (both 1963), Post 17, Portland, Maine. MacDowell (both 1964), Post 402. Cleveland, know him best that he has served The Ameri- Gardiner D. Rogers (1957) and Eugene G. Ohio. Hart can Legion well. and Edgar Leavitt (both 1962), Post 21, Dr. Wayne Brehm (1959) and William S. King Bath, Maine. (1960) and Maurice F. Below are listed some of the previously un- Benfer (1963), Post 443, Frank H. Riley (1963), Post 136, Greenbelt, Columbus, Ohio. published life membership Post awards that Md. Carlton P. Speer, Jr. (1960) and R. C. Keefer have been reported to the editors. They are Richard G. W. Donaldson and John P. Dris- and John R. Lehman and Milton C. McDowell arranged by States or Departments. coll and Richard C. Evarts and J. Fiske Ford (all 1961), Post 46, Chambersburg, Pa. (all 1961), Post 27, Cambridge, Mass. Maurice Lutz and John R. C. A. Rodgers and Ben- Cunningham (1959) and Marshall James J. Coady (1963) Post 295, Quincy, Mass. jamin B. Blackard Setzman (all 1963), Post 83, Phila- (1963), Post 24, Blytheville, Ark. August Raisanen (1963), Post 230, Mohawk, delphia, Pa. Charles M. Slusser and Martin C. Sorensen Mich. Gilbert Goodman (1960), Post 132, Wilkes- and Charles Stockham (all 1963), Post 105, John L. Petrinovich and Harold S. Smith, Sr. Barre, Pa. Julesburg, Colo. and Raymond A. Smith and Edwin D. Vaughan, Ivan L. Mease Joseph W. Stewart (1964) Post 386, Hershey, Pa. (1963), Post 123, Rocky Sr. (all 1963), Post 10, Reno, Nev. Clyde M. Querry (1963), Post Kill, 516. Hollidays- Conn. Turner C. Blaine (1963), Post 106, Hasbrouck burg, Pa. Dr. John F. Heller Post (1962), 36, Des Heights, N. J. Dorothy M. Buggy (1962) and W. Burts Early Plaines, 111. Lucien O. Hooper and Albert S. Regula, Sr. (1963), Post 832, Philadelphia, Joseph W. Kriebs Pa. and Charles J. Schatz (both and Karl H. Schlupp (1963), Post 206, West- Basil K. Major and Helen Major and Everett 1963), Post 76, Wheaton, 111. wood, N. J. H. Matterson and Asa L. Miner (all 1963), Post Walter D. Sherman and Lester Simon and Aaron M. Pyle (1963), Post 263, New York, 12, North Kingstown, R. I. William N. Stonesifer and George C. Todd N. Y. William H. Storland (1963), Post 140, Long- (all 1962), Post 348, Chicago, 111. Edward Edel and Thomas Gariepy (both view, Tex. Leo Goldstein and Boleslaw Szostak (both 1963), Post 390, Hempstead, N. Y. Clyde C. Ferguson and Bernard J. O'Brien 1962) and Fred Wohlers (1963), Post 419, Chi- Arthur B. Smith, Sr. and Norman R. Soule and Lee R. Peters and Broyce L. Roberson (all cago, 111. and Henry G. Thiel (all 1960), Post 880, Eden, 1963), Post 28, Quantico, Va. John T. Mahoney and Trevor E. Roath (both N. Y. Buford G. McNeece (1953) and Dr. Frank 1963) and Harry C. Stembridge (1964), Post 692, Anthony Goetke and John P. Goetke and Davis (1959), Post 25, Kelso, Wash. Oak Park, 111. Frank C. Hurley and Peter J. Monet (all 1962), Nic W. Dickmann (1962) Post 355, Grafton, Clover M. Fox (1963) Post 919, Chicago, 111. Post 1404, Broad Channel, N. Y. Wis. Ammon H. Abbett and Laurence F. Con- Savair J. Bosjolie and Alfred Bushey and naughton (both 1963), Post 262, Indianapolis, Daniel G. Davies (all 1963), Post 1623, Lyon Life Memberships are accepted for publica- Ind. Mountain, N. Y. tion only on an official form, which we provide. Reports received only from Commander, Ad- jutant or Finance Officer of Post which awarded the life membership. They may get form by sending stamped, self- addressed return envelope to: The Founding of the Legion 45 Years Ago "L.M. Form, American Legion Magazine, 720 5th Ave., New York, N. Y." 10019. On a corner of the return envelope write the (Continued from number of names you wish to report. No written page 5) hurt The American Legion, he protested. letter necessary to get forms. after being first editor of The American The Paris Caucus—acting on reports Legion's magazine; Hudson Hawley, im- of three committees on Constitution, PEOPLE IN THE NEWS mortalized as the "saluting demon" in Convention and Permanent Organization J. Milton Patrick, Past Nat l Vice Cmdr Wally Wallgren's famous cartoons. —sketched the general pattern on which of the American Legion, has, with a Others included Dan Sowers, whose the Legion was later officially organized. partner, purchased the controlling inter- later Its chief personal efforts assured the national enduring work was ( 1 ) to draft est in the Exchange Bank of Skiatook, success of American Legion Junior Base- a basic statement of purpose, later re- Okla. ball; Lemuel Bolles, later Legion Nat'l fined in the Legion Preamble; (2) to set Adjutant, and Eric Fisher Wood, the machinery in motion for a more repre- caucus secretary. sentative caucus in the U.S. later (pro- Nathaniel T. Cobb, of Waterville, a Wood was unable to posed for April but held May 8 in St. compile a roster member of the Legion's Merchant Ma- of all present at the caucus, his minutes Louis, Mo.) and for a true National rine Committee, appointed to fill the providing approximately 120 names of Convention in the United States on No- unexpired term of James L. Boyle (re- those suggested for or named to vember II, 1919 (which was held com- on tired) as Adjutant of Dep't of Maine. mittees, the temporary officers, and some schedule in Minneapolis). of the speakers and debaters. The caucus created a 50-man Execu- For their services then and later in tive Committee, each member from a George Bever, Twin Falls, a member of founding the Legion, Foreman, Clark, different military command, and headed the Legion's Employment Committee, Roosevelt and Wood were named honor- by Miiton Foreman. Sixteen enlisted appointed to the Idaho Veterans Com- ary Past National Commanders, but no men, 33 officers and the Chief of Chap- mission. man connected with the caucus whose lains comprised the original committee. name appears in Wood's minutes ever Thirty-six Army divisions and 14 other Charles W. Stevens Dies was National Commander. commands were represented. This com- Franklin D'Olier, first National Com- mittee, with later additions, did the Legion Rehab Expert mander and later President of Prudential enormous organizing work at home in Charles W. Stevens, a native of Illi- Insurance Co., was one of a committee the spring and summer of 1919 that led nois, died in Georgetown Hospital, of twenty who called the caucus but the to the success of the tentative plans of Washington, D. C, Jan. 25, 1964. He records do not show that he attended. the Paris Caucus, while individual was a member of the Legion's national Several of the twenty, including Roose- founders pledged more than $300,000 to Rehabilitation staff in Washington from velt, had been returned to the States by get the Legion under way. 1929 to 1959. Millions of veterans who the Army before the caucus met. Roose- The definitive final day's meeting of never knew it are indebted to Stevens. velt steadfastly refused the Legion lead- the Paris Caucus was called to order at He was perhaps the finest technical ex- ership, offered to him by acclamation at 9:35 a.m. and adjourned at 5:27 p.m., pert the country ever knew in drafting a later caucus in St. Louis, because his Paris time, March 17, 1919. It did a and revising bills on veterans benefits identification with partisan politics would monumental day's work. his talent and zeal for couching legisla- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 33 .

NEWS

Stevens Dies (Continued) Legion Honored 42 Employers in 1963 tive language of veterans bills so that they would actually produce the results For Hiring Handicapped and Older Workers intended was unmatched. On one occa- Forty-two employers received Na- capped and older veterans stimulated the sion a Select Committee of the Congress, tional American Legion citations for em- granting of the annual citations. having worked several years on a major ployment practices in 1963. Twenty-one The handicapped award is usually veterans bill, received 33 suggestions were cited for their practices in hiring made in connection with annual Employ from Stevens for changes needed to the handicapped, and 22 for their prac- the Handicapped Week (first full week make the final draft produce the intended tices in hiring older workers. (One firm, in October), and represents part of the results — nearly all of which were in New Jersey, got both awards.) Legion's participation in the programs of adopted with thanks. appeared to He In each case the National award was the President's Committee on Employ- know every paragraph of every veterans made on the recommendation of a State ment of the Handicapped. law on the books, and to understand its or other Department organization of the The older worker award is usually purpose exactly. Legion. Each Department of the Legion made in conjunction with the Legion's Stevens worked for the Veterans Ad- is empowered to nominate one employer Hire the Older Worker Week (first full ministration, and its predecessor, the a year for the National hiring-the-handi- week in May) Veterans Bureau, from 1920 to 1929. capped award, and one emplover for the Among those receiving awards in 1963 He joined the Legion staff in 1929, be- National old^r-worker citation. were commercial firms, government came Ass't National Director of Reha- Awards are made by the Legion's Na- agencies, and educational institutions. bilitation, and served until he retired for tional Economic Commission, whose in- Below is a list of all employers receiv- age at 65 in 1959. He was immediately timacy with the job problems of handi- ing the National awards in 1963: re-employed by the Veterans Adminis-

tration where he served until his last ill- Cited for employment Cited for employment ness. He is survived by his widow, Mrs. State of the handicapped of older workers Marguerite Marie Stevens, of Silver ALABAMA Dewberry Engraving Co., none Spring, Maryland, whom he met and Birmingham married in France in WW1; a daughter, ALASKA none none Mrs. Lloyd Brown, and a son, Charles ARKANSAS none Oberman Mfg. Co., Fay- W. Stevens, Jr., of Santa Barbara, Calif. etteville ARIZONA none Ray Lumber Co., Phoenix CALIFORNIA none none Homer Kirk Grantham, of Tupelo, COLORADO none none Miss., Past Nat'l Executive Committee- CONNECTICUT none none man (1948-50). DELAWARE International Latex Co. Office of the District Di- Dover rector, Internal Revenue Benjamin Franklin Hilbun, of Oktib- Service, Wilmington beha, Miss., Past Nat'l Executive Com- mitteeman (1927-28). D. C. none none FLORIDA none none

Timothy J. Buckley, of Arlington, Mass., GEORGIA Lockheed - Georgia Co., Churchwell's, Inc., Dub- a member of the Nat'l Rehabilitation Marietta lin Advisory Board of The American Legion HAWAII U. S. Post Office, Hono- none (1960-64). lulu IDAHO none none Gen. Amos Alfred Fries (Ret.), of Wash- ington, D.C., Past Dep't Cmdr (1926- ILLINOIS Specialized Services, Inc. Pixley & Ehlers, Chicago 27). Alton INDIANA none none Stephen A. Ruddy, Jr., of New York, IOWA R. V. Hopkins Co., Dav- none who swam the 400-meter breast stroke enport at the 1920 Olympics. He was a member KANSAS Don's Super Market, Commercial Office Sup- and Past Cmdr of New York A.C. Post Oberlin ply Co., Topeka 754. KENTUCKY none none Algiers Iron Works Dry Miss Emma C. Puschner, in St. Louis, LOUISIANA American Bank & Trust & Mo., Director of The American Legion Co., Baton Rouge Docks Co. Child Welfare division 1925-1960. Her MAINE Day's Inc., Portland, none direction of many of the achievements Hartland Tanning Co., of the Legion's national Child Welfare Hartland program brought great credit to The MARYLAND none none American Legion. MASSACHUSETTS none Harrington & Richard- son, Inc., Worcester Charles J. Majewski, of Thomaston, MICHIGAN none Gilmore Brothers Depart- Conn., a member of the Legion's Mili- ment Store, Kalamazoo tary Affairs Committee. He was a Past none Dep't Cmdr (1958-59). MINNESOTA none

34 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 — —

NEWS

Cited for employment v^ttcu jur crriuiuy file HI 84th Inf Div— (Aug). William R. Johnson, P.O. Box 1224, Fort Myers, Fla. State of the handicapped older 33902. of workers 88th Inf Div— (Aug.) Sidney Heyman, 2017 Forest Dale MISSISSIPPI University of Southern none Dr., Silver Springs, Md. 95th Inf Div— (Aug.) Theodore S. Nelson, P.O. Mississippi, Hattiesburg Box 1274, Chicago, 111. 60690. 101st Airborne Div— (Aug.) Walter L. Miller, MISSOURI none Rrown Shop C^n PIq nt Jr., P.O. Box 454, Greenville, Tex. 75402. 105th AA AW Bn— (June) Sidney G. Willie, Mountain Grove 3460 Prescott Rd., Baton Rouge, La. 107th Eng (WW1 & 2)— (Aug.) Y. H. Boberg, MONTANA St. Vincent's Hospital, Reynolds Super Market, 808 Portland St., Calumet, Mich. Billings Sidney 148th Inf, Co A— (July) Harley S. Algeo, 310 S. Williams St., Bryan, Ohio 43506. 152nd Inf, 1st NEBRASKA ' Bn— (Aug.) James Corley, 215 Monroe Automotive K e n n a n s Beverages, Lafayette St., New Albany, Ind. Equipment Co., Cozad North Platte 247th QM Depot Co— (Aug.) Jack N. Mclnroy, NEVADA 10015 Laramie Ave., Chatsworth, Calif. 91311. none none 304th Field Sig Bn (WW1)— (May) J. P. Tyrrell 16 W. Johnson St., Philadelphia 44, Pa. NEW HAMPSHIRE none none 322nd Medical Bn, Clearing Co D— (Aug.) Harold M. Burg, 4166 S. Medina Line Rd., NEW JERSEY Lyons Veterans Adminis- Lyons Veterans Adminis- Barberton, Ohio 44203. 335th Eng Reg't, Co A— (Aug.) Clyde L. Over- tration Hospital, Lyons tration Hosnital T vnn? 1 holt, 266 ,2 Allyce Ave., Grand Junction, Colo. 81501. NEW MEXICO Jet Electronics Corp., Al- University of New Mex- 349th Inf, Mach Gun Co (WW1)— (June) Glenn M. Ricketts, buquerque ico Phvsical Plant Alhn- 219 N. Guthrie St., Gibson City,' 111. querque 436th Ord, Motor Vehicle Assembly Co (WW2) — (Aug.) Stanley Paul Rurka, 147 Lakeview NEW YORK Veterans Administration none Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. 13204. Hospital, Syracuse 557th Ord, Hvy Maint Co (Tank)— (June) Leslie W. Thomas, 18012 Exchange Ave., Lansing, 111. 60438. NORTH CAROLINA Biltmore Mfg. Co., Div. The Hicks Corp., Ashe- 638th Tank Destroyer Bn— (July) Paul W. of Kellwood Co. ville Friend, 51 Alhambra Ave., Frankfort, Ind. 807th Tank Destroyer Bn— (July) W. S. Strick- NORTH DAKOTA none none land, 2575 Rugby Ave., East Point, Ga. 30044. 817th Tank Destroyer Bn— (June) W. R. So- OHIO Crown Zellerback Corp., Frick Gallaoher IVTfo Co becky, 582 Dorothy Ave., Johnstown, Pa. Baltimore 820th Eng, Co B— (July) Henry Heller, 52 El- Wellston dorado Blvd., Plainview, N. Y. 832nd Eng (Aviation) Bn— (July) Norwood OKLAHOMA none Nelson Electric Mfg. Co., Guthrie, 990 N.E. 92nd St., Miami Shores, Fla. Tulsa 860th Eng (Aviation) Bn Hq & S Co— (June) Roy H. Hodge, 307 South E St., Broken Bow, OREGON B. P. John Furniture Co., Cascade Forest Products, Nebr. 68822. 959th AB Security Bn— (July) James E. Brown, Portland Inc., Bend Rt. 1, Box 306, Sardis, Miss. 38666. Ambulance Service PENNSYLVANIA (USAAC)— ( July) James J. none none Cummings, 803 E. Tioga St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19134. RHODE ISLAND none none NAVY SOUTH CAROLINA none none 2nd Div— (see listing under Army). 2nd Marine Reg't, 1st Bn, Co B SOUTH DAKOTA none riuu city iron Co., Aber- (WW2)— (July) Quentin R. Davis, Box 78, Rt. 1, Rarden, deen Ohio 45671. 31st Special Seabees— ( July) Charles J. Scharf, TENNESSEE none Cas Walker's Cash Stores, 18 N. Colonial Dr., Hagerstown, Md. 100th Seabees, Co D— (July) August L. Bor- Inc., Knoxville mann, 3240 Diversey Ave., Chicago 47, 111. McKenzie Wood PrnH- Carrier Qualifications Tng Unit— (June) E. F. Johnson, 253 S. Highland Ave., Aurora, 111. ucts, Inc., McKenzie 60506. Coast Guard Cutter (CGC 83437)— (June) Ed- TEXAS U.S. Naval Air Station, Lichtensteins, Inc., Cor- win Olson. 83 Blanchard Terr., No. Abington, Mass. Corpus Christi pus Christi Naval Operating Base 157 (Palermo, Sicily)— (June) Anthony UTAH Sears, Roebuck G. Sabia, 3100 Edgewood and Co., none Ave., Parkville, Md. 21234. Salt Lake City Submarine Vets (WW2)— (Aug.) Ray Grum- brecht, P.O. Box 5913, San Francisco, Calif. VERMONT none none 94101. USS Allentown (PF 52), Coast Guard— (July) VIRGINIA none none George R. Holko, 421 Limestone St., Cata- sauqua, Pa. WASHINGTON none none USS Cooner (DE 172), & USS Foote (D 511) (VVW2)— ( Aug.) Andrew Uzleber, 101 E. 16th WEST VIRGINIA Yeager Ford Sales, Inc., none St., Apt. IB, New York, N. Y. 10003. Welch USS Memphis Survivors, USS Castine & Marine Corps— (Aug.) A. P. Mosier, 611 Rector St., WISCONSIN Philadelphia 28, Pa. none none USS North Carolina (BB 55)— (June) Charles WYOMING none Paty, Jr., 2013 Midwood PI., Charlotte 5, N. C. none USS South Dakota (WW1)— (Apr.) Roland A. Hall, 1724 S.E. Grand Ave., Portland, Oreg. 97214. OUTFIT REUNIONS win, 624 N. Benton Ave., Helena, Mont. AIR 2nd Arm'd Div— (Aug.) Francis H. Barnes, 16th Air Reunion will be held in month indicated. For 8710 SW 41st St., Miami, Fla. 33165. Depot Grp, 96th Depot Repair Sqdn— (June) particulars, write person whose address is 2nd Div— (July) John W. Milford, 7731 Lans- Vincent R. Critchlow, 11345 Azalea Dr., given. downe, St. Louis 19, Mo. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235. 42nd 6th Materiel Sqdn— (Aug.) Fred Tichnell, 19 Bomb Grp (Med), 75th Bomb Sqdn— Notices accepted on official form only. For (June) W. Liberty St., Oakland, Md. Charles Pawlok, Victor, Iowa. form send stamped, addressed return envelope 6th Cav Reg't (WW1) & 6th Cav Grp (WW2)— 325th Fighter Grp, 317th, 318th, 319th & Hq. to O. R. Form, American Legion Sqdns Magazine, (June) John A. Everett, P.O. Box 716, Vir- — (June) Stanley L. Wilson, Zelienople, 720 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019. Notices ginia, Minn. 55792. Pa. 16063. 468th should be received at least four months before 16th Arm'd Div— (Aug.) Lester Bennett, 5820 Bomb Grp (VH)— (July) John V. Phelan, 60 scheduled reunion. No written letter necessary Recamper Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43613. Dedham Ave., Needham 92, Mass. 655th to get form. 17th Airborne Div— (Aug.) Victor H. Mittleman, AC&W Sqdn (1951-55)— (May) W. R. 123 Melrose Ave., East Lansdowne, Pa. Nolan, 59 Pilgrim Dr., Lancaster, Pa. Earliest submission favored when volume of 699th Sig 21st Evac Hosp (WW2)— (Aug.) George S. Ed- Co—Air Warning (WW2)— (June) requests is too great to print all. R. J. mund, 1427 Woodridge Dr., Danville, 111. Schuerger, 433 Adams Ave., West Hemp- 61833. stead, N. Y. ARMY 43rd Construction Combat Eng, Co B (WW2) (Aug.) Anthony Battista, 334 Fairview Ave., MISCELLANEOUS 1st Cav Div— (Aug.) A. E. Stevens, P.O. Box Weirton, W. Va. 26062. American Defenders of Bataan & Corregidor 11201, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 87112. 56th Pioneer Inf (WW1)— (Aug.) T. Olin Mc- (Apr.) Al J. Senna, 850 Hamilton St., Somer- 1st Spec Service Force— (Aug.) M. Herb Good- Manus, Lowell, N. C. set, N. J. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 35 HOW TO EARN MONEY AFTER RETIREMENT NO NEED TO WEAR (Continued from page 23)

business houses, ship lines, and to any- a worker who just retired from his job body and everybody who has a sudden in an appliance manufacturing plant took A and temporary need. barriers? TRUSS Age a year off to loaf, then started up a one- They're virtually nonexistent because man repair service for household FOR RUPTURE there are no pension or payroll problems gadgets. If you're aware of the astonish- That Binds, Cuts, Gouges, to complicate matters. The part-timer ing frequency with which these gleam- Slips and Does Not Hold gets paid for the time he puts in, and ing appliances can get out of kilter, you If you must wear a Truss for Rupture, that's that. He collects from the job will understand why his phone is always don't miss this. A Post Card, with name and address, is all you send to W. S. Rice, agency, which in turn gets paid from ringing for help. A former New York Inc., Dept. 8R, Adams, N. Y., to get FREE, the company for supplying the workers. watch company employee let it be known and without obligation, the complete mod- ernized Rice Plan of Reducible Rupture that he's in the business of repairing ex- Control. Now in daily use by thousands who agencies are listed in the classi- pensive timepieces. He works a few say they never dreamed possible such secure, These hours a day. dependable and comfortable rupture protec- fied telephone directories under "tem- tion. Safely blocks rupture opening, pre- porary help contractors." For older job Dr. Henderson tells of the retired vents escape, without need for bulky, cum- bookkeeper in a Jersey town bersome Trusses, tormenting springs or hunters, the Government publishes a New who harsh, gouging pad pressure. Regardless of booklet called "You Can Get That Job: now has a tidy little "practice," keeping how long ruptured, size, occupation, or Maturity is the accounts of several local merchants trusses you have worn. TRY THIS and send an Asset." It's available for your Post Card today. 10^ from the Superintendent of Docu- in order. He found that the local gaso- ments, U. S. Government Printing line station, for example, was paying a OUTFIT STARTS YOU IN Of- fice, Washington, D. large accountancy firm $50 a month to big moneyshoe BUSINESS! C. For the man who wants to supplement handle its books. "I'll do it for $30," he ^un your own profitable 'shoe store' announced, "and you'll get a better job." i business from home! Represent his retirement income with extra earn- fast growing million dollar firm in He got the assignment, and three more spare full — ings two major patterns emerge from i or time. We give you — FREE-complete Starting Outfit t the experiences of other retired persons. shortly afterward. . that makes you $217.00 EXTRA each month for just 2 easy or- 1 The first: They have found a demand Former school teachers do tutoring, ders a day. You feature 195 fast-selling dress, sport, work shoe styles for men and for a skill they either possessed during ex-carpenters take on odd construction women. Air-cushion shoes, many other special features! tasks, retired paper hangers spread the Sizes 2Vi-15—widths AAAA to EEEE. Draw on 200,000 pair their working years, or knew something stock. Also horsehide jackets. Startnow selling to friends, about and could polish up. word that they are available now and folks where you work. Rush postcard for FREE Outfit! then. As Dr. Henderson puts it, "Unless MASON SHOE, Dept. F-131 CHIPPEWA FALLS, WIS. Consider the case of W. George Cook- the possesses skill that is en- man, who retired a few years ago from man a now tirely obsolete, there's pretty nearly al- his job in a large midwestern insurance ways a demand for the abilities he has MARTINS FLAGS office. Among his duties was upkeep of perfected over the years." L DISPLAYS FOR all office equipment, which happened to I ORGANIZATIONS- * TOWNS-SCHOOLS-FAIRS consist mostly of typewriters. is the second pattern used by Prompt shipment. Ask for our "There were about 60 in the place," Here colorful WHOLESALE Catalog No. 64-A in this supplemental income he recalls, "and I can't ever remember men MARTINS FLAG CO. FORT DODGE. IOWA not having trouble with them. Some were category: They scout around for something few others do that needs to be done DRAINS cellars, cisterns, wash tubs; always going on the blink and then there - - IRRIGATES CIRCULATES SPRAYS would be rush calls for repair people. and then do it. Type P Piimp has 1,001 uses. Stainless shaft. Won't rust or clog! Use 1/6 HP We tried everything, but the servicing Although closely related to the first, motor or larger. . . 3/4 HP for up to 2,400 GPH; ADO GPH 80' hiph; or 1,800 GPH this involves a special brand of ingenuity. from 25' well. 1" inlet; 3/4 " outlet. was poor. Companies and individual re- Coupling included free $8.95 Heavy Duty Ball-Bearing Pump. Up to pairmen were either too slow, too ex- John Chamberlain, the syndicated col- 5,200 GPH; H4" inlet; 1" outlet. 512 95 Postpaid if cash with order. Money Back umnist, reports it was put into profit- Guarantee. Also other sizes, types. pensive or both, and by the time my how able operation by two elderly men. One LABAWCO PUMPS, Belle Mead 56, N.1 own retirement came around the prob-

lem still had not been solved." morning the two rang his doorbell and announced that they were mailbox paint- r FEMALE HELP WANTED One day, after he had left his job, the ers. One glance at his own rusted re- $23 WEEKLY for wearing lovely I thought struck. Why couldn't he service Chamberlain dresses received as extra re- and repair the typewriters himself? He ceptacle convinced Mr. wards. JustshowFashionFrocks shn I that it could indeed stand a sprucing up, ffil to friends in spare time. No in- sal knew something about them and could pur- Cnj which the men proceeded to do with vestment, canvassing or experi- Ml learn more. He studied repair manuals, ence necessary. Fashion Frocks, cle; practiced on second-hand machines, then aluminum paint for a $2 fee. Dept. P-10121. Cincinnati 2, O. Ml* went to the company with his proposi- "They were taking care of themselves living," tion. They took him up on it, and now and making a says Mr. Cham- SEE everything on Mr. Cookman spends about 15 hours a berlain. "It wasn't a marvelous living, but they had thought up the idea them- your TELEVISION week in his basement workshop, earning $400 a month by repairing typewriters selves and talked about it with the pride in thrilling for his former employer. Nor is he stop- of free men." ping there. He's already convinced the The point is that the men had found firm to buy all its typewriter ribbons something few others do (who paints Sensational COLOR-V filter screen instantly changes from him and he's got other notions too. mailboxes?) and that needed to be done dull, dreary black & white pictures to brilliant, eye- filling colors. Attach it yourself in a few seconds. Later on, he muses, perhaps he can sell (have you glanced at yours lately?). You, your family, your friends will really enjoy the them office forms, paper, envelopes and They undertook to do it, and are making color effects which, while not to be confused with genuine color TV, will afford a wonder- even heavier office equipment. money. SEND NO MONEY, ful treat to the eyes! beach only pay postman $2.98 plus C.O.D. and Reports Dr. Henderson, "A man can A former teacher rented a small postage charges, or remit with order generally find a paying outlet for special bungalow with his wife one summer not ifflQQ and we will ship COLOR-V postpaid. " u *198M Mention screen size when ordering. skills he acquired during a long working far from San Simeon, Calif. While eating SUPERIOR PRODUCTS, Dept. LG-3 W lifetime." so he can. In Milwaukee, the lunch they had brought with them 34 East 12th St., New York 3, N. Y. And 36 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 — — —

down to the beach, he overheard a young every piece sold for them, the rest going man nearby say to his companion, "Gee, to the upkeep of the establishment. Now! Life Insurance I wish there were some place you could This is no sure road to earnings from get a cup of coffee around here!" There hobbies, and that's why it's suggested Birth to Age 80 wasn't. The nearest spot was a general for those reasonably well off. Nonethe- store First a mile or so away. With that con- less, money can be made. Consider versation in mind, the teacher obtained Charles L. Hayes of New York City who 30 Days the necessary permits to operate a small retired in 1956 from his job at the ONLY 25< stand. He served coffee and hot dogs, and Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Now in Per Policy rented out beach equipment. 1000 his seventies, Mr. Hayes averages $200 There are CASH FOR YOUR FINAL EXPENSES. many other illustrations, a month from his bookbinding hobby. AVOID BEING A BURDEN TO YOUR FAMILY each proving that opportunities for per- Or John Anderson of Long Island Introductory Offer. Answer these 9 forming small but needed and useful City, a retired streetcar motorman, who questions on a plain piece of paper and mail services exist all around us. People with only 25c for 30 days' protec- in loved horses all his life. After he stopped tion. Regular rate shown on policy. prime earning years generally pass them working, he picked up a knife and file Amount* usually Issued without doctor up because they cannot provide sufficient examination. NEW LOW RATES. and, to while away the idle hours, began income. Ages Amount Ages Amount Money earned from painting to carve figures of horses from wood. 0 to 80 $1000 15 to 60 $2500 mailboxes couldn't support a growing Despite his late start and complete lack 1. Print full name and address. family, but it could be 2. Date of birth? enough for a man of training in the art, his results were 3. Height? 3a. Weight? who is retired. charming. The figures have been selling 4. Occupation, kind of work? 4a and address of Thus the specialists urge Name employer extra-income at a good clip for more than three years. 5. Race? (For identification). seekers to take a new kind of look around 6. Beneficiary and relationship to you? Henry Hubberly of Philadelphia, a 7. To your knowledge have you had heart, their own communities, searching out the retired phone company lung, diabetes, cancer, or chronic disease? employee, de- Are you deformed, lost a hand, foot, eye, small things people need, the little nui- veloped the knack of twisting colored or ever rejected for insurance? 8. State condition of health. sances that can be eliminated, but that telephone wire into figures of golfers, 9. Amount desired, and sign your name. nobody can make a whole living from. skiers, angels, cowboys and the like. His NO AGENT WILL CALL Actual policy will Can you, for example, paint numbers on nets be mailed you direct work him a small but tidy income. from Home Office. You be the judge. houses? Run a small delivery service for Mail to: S. B. Hunt, Chairman Henry Traurig of Forest Hills, N. Y., local merchants? Operate a tool rental AMERICAN LIFE & ACCIDENT INSURANCE CO. earns between $750 and $900 annually 344 American Life Etldg., St. Louis 8. Mo. service? Board dogs and other pets for from his wood-working creations. A vacationing families? Look into the vari- former textile salesman, Mr. Traurig NO MONEY DOWN ous home fix-it tasks, bearing in mind makes planters, bookends, miniature that home handymen are now all but HOME- bars and beautiful inlaid trays and boxes. extinct as a species and homeowners SITES For anyone interested in offering either do the fixing themselves, or just $495 wares to the shops, here's how they oper- Lovely acre never get it done at all. Vi sites in Central Florida hills, ate. All items received are carefully ex- lake, grove area $495, no money down, $10 Advises Dr. Henderson, "If the retired a month • 5 miles from famous Rainbow amined by a professional staff for artistic Springs • Electricity, phones • 22 miles to man looks for opportunity with the same Gulf Coast • Fish, hunt • Invest or retire. ability and saleability. If the is item ac- FREE color folder • Write Dept. kind of resourcefulness he used years 650-C cepted, the hobbyist is notified and the Rainbow Park, Box 521, OCALA, Florida. before when he was just getting started, piece goes on sale. Sale price is set by the chances are he'll find plenty all around shop's officials, depending upon work him." involved, cost of materials and artistry. ASTHMA No-Risk Free Trial Offer For the man who can't remain idle Before seeing the item itself, shop offi- If you suffer asthma attacks, choke and wheeze, a growing number of shops throughout find sleep impossible because of the struggle to cials want some background informa- breathe, try FRONTIER ASTHMA MEDICINE the country specialize in delicately now! Over tion. If you have something to offer, 1,000,000 bottles sold. FREE TRIAL wrought hand-made merchandise, prod- bottle by return mail. You pay nothing. Send write to the Elder Craftsmen Shop, 850 name, address to: ucts of the retired hobbyist's workshop. Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. FRONTIER ASTHMA CO. Many retired men have found them a 340-B Frontier Bldg. 462 Niagara St., Buffalo 1, N. Y. 10021, for an application questionnaire. neat little bonanza for extra cash. And This questionnaire asks you what you so one piece of advice for a man in this DIrccl STUDENTS! TEACHERS! ARTISTS! have to sell, how long it took to make BU4 category: Make a hobby pay off. fro"1 and the suggested selling price. The r,cr Philadelphia shop, bearing the same lmP" ACCORDIONS "P New York's Lexington Ave. and name, is located at 1628 Walnut St., C A 1/JP I/* Off Retail Prices of On +9 W mm to i m Comparable Instruments Philadelphia's Walnut St., for ex- Philadelphia, Pa. There are privately run ample, there are smart little shops filled shops in Worcester and Dedham, Mass.; NEW MODELS irim V^Zli with carved birds, Italian Accordion Makers! Sen- unique toys, hand- Concord, N.H.; Asheville, N. C; Oak- sational new ideas! Modern new bound books, antique land, styling! New features! Buy direct ship models and Calif.; and Montpelier, Vt. from Importer save up to one- other unusual pieces. half! World's largest accordion Discriminating There are other ways of capitalizing deale ct i

CITT .ZONE STATE.. I receive 75% of the money made on a form of relaxation and creative expres- Check he i Trade-in. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 37 —

EARN MONEY AFTER RETIREMENT Sweets,'' where he makes and sells fancy EAT ANYTHING (Continued from page 37) chocolate mousse and other spoon-lick- ing gourmet items. WITH FALSE TEETH sion but he also adds this significant state- But it's right here that the red flags ment: "There are hobbies which, if car- of warning wave. Business experts stress ried over into retirement, can open the that, while retired men can and do oper- door to income potentialities. They can ate their own businesses successfully, be made a profitable avocation and can many fall by the wayside. The casualty be developed to the point where they rate for new businesses hits an awesome Trouble with loose plates that slip, rock or cause become a profitable business." sore gums? Try Brimms Plasti-Liner. One applica- 25% the first year, while one in every tion makes plates fit snugly without powder, paste Men who made field rank in business or cushions. Brimms Plasti-Liner adheres perma- two doesn't last beyond the third year! nently to your plate; ends the bother of temporary or industry and want to stay active have applications.With plates held firmly by Plasti-Liner, YOU CAN EAT ANYTHING! Simply lay soft discovered that there's a market for their strip of Plasti-Liner on troublesome upper with these sobering statistics, or lower. experience. These oldsters found that Faced Bite and it molds perfectly. Easy to use, tasteless, the experts tell you it's wise to think odorless, harmless to you and your plates. Remova- large and small concerns all across the ble as directed. Money-back guarantee. At your drug long, hard and carefully before making counter. $1.50 reliner for 1 plate;$2.50,for 2 plates. country have a crying need for planning Plasti-Liner, Inc., Dept. P-78, 1075 Main Street, the plunge. However, if you're deter- Buffalo 9, New York. and development advice. The rule, then: mined to try, here is their sound advice: Sell the executive talents you have de- BRIMMS PLASTI-LINER 1 . Stay out of strange waters. If you've THE PERMANENT DENTURE RELINER veloped over the years. never had a thing to do with hotels or Accordingly, pensioned-off corpora- motels except spend a vacation in them, tion executives have in banded together what makes you think you can run one? FLORIDA HOMESITES groups to rent out brains. They solve One expert told me, "All over the coun- $ NO MONEY DOWN 395 big headaches and little ones, anything Lovely >4 acre homesites in Florida's try you will find sadder but very much lake & citrus section only $395, that comes along. Here's a sample of wiser men and women who thought they no money down, $10 a month! each, as tackled by the Wilmington Con- ot isolated but close-in, flanked would retire to a pleasant way of life by fine homes. 5 miles to sulting and Advisory Services. as motel keepers. Instead, they're work- downtown Ocala! Fish, hunt, A big headache: Acetylene plants ing harder than ever. Many, of course, bask in healthful climate. Free Color Brochure, Write Dept.C-4 couldn't figure out what to do about the ultimately fail and lose their life sav- Ocala Park Estates, Box 1446 huge heaps of lime sludge that accumu- ings." The moral! Get into something d63022(kioob) Ocala, Florida lated near their factories. Engineering you know, where the problems will be LEARN talent was put on the job and the answer familiar. soon came. Use the stuff, they suggested, 2. Find out—in advance—// there's MEAT CUTTING to fertilize farmland, to make lime bricks a demand for what you're going to offer. Train quickly in 8 short weeks at Toledo for a bright future with security and to pour into rivers to neutralize waste In a Detroit suburb, an ex-teacher in the vital meat business. Big pay, full-time jobs—HAVE A PROFITABLE acid from dye works. opened an objets d'art shop in a com- MARKET OF YOUR OWN! Pay after graduation. Diploma given. Job help. " ousands of successful graduates. Our A little headache: When a small book- munity that couldn't care less for his st year! Send now for big, new st rated FREE catalog. No obligation. G. I. Approved. objects. He failed. Warned Mr. Buck- NATIONAL SCHOOL OF MEAT CUTTING store kept losing money, it sent a hurry Dept. A-46, Toledo 4, Ohio call for an investigation. A former busi- ley: "If your prospective clients do not ness executive came down and found want or need your products or services, POEMS WANTED mistakes were being made in purchas- your chances of success are slim indeed. ing, inventory and advertising. They Your opportunities are favorable if busi- To Be Set To Music were corrected—and the red ink soon ness conditions in the locality where you Send one or more of your best poems plan to locate are good, and if there is today for FREE EXAMINATION Any turned to black. Subject. Immediate Consideration. a definite need for the line of business Phonograph Records Made In Schenectady, the Mohawk Devel- you are considering." CROWN MUSIC CO., 49 W.32 St., Studio 946, New York 1 opment Service sent two General Elec- Never sign a long lease before careful tric veterans down to a steel plant to preliminary investigation, the New York help get the bugs out of an electrical Commerce Department tells you. A re- DON'T QUIT SMOKING casting system. In Cleveland, a team of tired office worker planned to open a . . . Before Giving My Pipe a Trial! ex-executives saved nearly a quarter of lunchroom near a factory and a junior New principle that contradicts every idea you've ever a million dollars for a manufacturer by had about pipe smoking. I guarantee it to smoke cool high school, anticipating big trade. Only and mild hour after hour, day after day, without rest working up new accounting and cata- without bite, bitterness or sludge. To prove it, I'll let later did he discover that the factory had you try a new Carey Pipe. Send name today for my loguing methods. its own cafeteria and the school didn't FREE complete trial offer. Write to : E. A. CAREY, 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Dept. 246-C, Chicago 40, III. allow the kids out to lunch! Finally, retired men with savings 3. Study your local laws and regula- turn to the great American dream tions carefully beforehand. Two retired owning and operating a small business of men pooled their savings to start an their own. There's risk involved, much Italian-type restaurant in Brooklyn. It planning to be done, a sizable investment was the only one in the area and there You Can Now Be FREE to be made, but it's being done. were plenty of potential customers. But From Truss Slavery Retired folks are running bait and just as they were about to open, they tackle shops, specialty bakeries, televi- found they couldn't get a beer license Surely you want to THROW AWAY TRUSSES FOREVER, be rid of Rupture Worries. Then sion service shops, and rug cleaning es- because a State Liquor Authority rule Why put up with wearing a griping, chafing Chicago has a washrooms for men and unsanitary truss? For there is now a mod- tablishments. A man required separate ern Non-Surgical treatment that is designed to small, but paying, gift shop. A former and women, and they had only one. They correct rupture. These Non-Surgical treatments are so dependable that a Lifetime Certificate of New York teacher has a general store had left no extra funds for the second Assurance is given. they opened without it, Write today for our New FREE BOOK that in Vermont. In Long Island, Alvin A. washroom so gives facts that may save you painful, expensive Behr, bored with retirement, began ex- only to find that the workmen in the surgery. Tells HOW and Explains WHY NON- SURGICAL Methods of Treating Rupture are so perimenting with top quality desserts. neighborhood were demanding beer successful today. Write today Dept. 111131. — food. Business, brisk at first, EXCELSIOR MEDICAL CLINIC, Excelsior Springs, Mo. Now he has a place called "Little with their 38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 " .

dipped sharply and soon the partners task of earning money in retirement, if were forced to close. The moral! Know he wants to or needs to. He can do a the rules about your business. great deal. He can think ahead to the 4. Make sure you have sufficient capi- day when the job ends and ask himself tal. Many fail because they begin with these pointed questions: too little money for their kind of operation. Before any business is started, the What will I want to do? Will I want amount needed should be determined as to follow any of the broad tech accurately as possible. No average figure niques listed in the article? Will I want to can be given. You've got to do the arith- follow some other dream? If so, what a metic yourself, for your Permanent "Cash Account" own special preparation can I make—right now? enterprise. you can draw on anyfimeYOU like ... And then he can act. For example, if Cash 24 Monthly Advice on capitalization and all other he plans to capitalize upon a skill or You Get Payments 1- Send in Coupon details can be obtained from the follow- hobby, he can $100 $ 5.90 begin polishing it up at $300 2. Return Loan Form ing sources: $17.71 an adult education course in his com- $500 $28.54 3. Cash the Check Books and Cash 30 Monthly pamphlets—there are munity. If he plans to Yes, just 3 simple follow a dream, You Get Payments steps to get the $100 to I $1,000 cash that is waiting many hundreds in your local library. he can begin learning $800 „c go for you, all about its prac- »">«« but that's not all! Your confidential U. S. 11,000' $44.89 Department ' 1 mjaii-jjj-mqil of i Loan-By-Mail willWill Commerce—the tical aspects now. If he has a small busi- UUautomaticallylumaLicai jy eses- tablish for you a Permanent Cask Account you can department publishes a series of book- ness in mind, he can start absorbing in draw on whenever you need money for any purpose! lets on establishing and operating small Repay loan in small monthly installments. No co- formation at once. makers. Everything private. Also, Credit Life Insur- businesses. Write to the ance is available, at nominal cost, which will pay the Superintendent When you add it all up, the conclusion balance of your loan in of Documents, case of death. Clean up your U. S. Government Print- is pretty clear. Only a few lucky bills now and also have established permanent credit, money people that's yours to command whenever you like! No ing matter where Office, Washington, D. C, for a list in this world ever discover you live, rush coupon. Loan Order Blank and Permanent Cash a pleasant, Account offer mailed free in plain envelope. No obligation. of the available ones. easy way to make money, and nobody DIAL FINANCE CO., 401 Kittredge Bldg. Small Business Administration Dept. 3-092 • Denver, Colorado 80202 —write will argue that it gets tougher as the 3-092~ for information to the SBA, Washing- DIAL FINANCE CO., Dept. I birthdays pile up. 401 Kittredge Bldg., Denver, Colo. 80202 ton, D. C. Nevertheless, Rush FREE Loan Order Blank, Permanent Cash I anybody who insists Account Offer. ! "Prepare for retirement early" is just that cash cannot be earned after a man Name. about the most oft-repeated piece of ad- retires has a big argument his on hands. Address. vice a man gets hurled at him these days. Hundreds of thousands of men all over Plan a long way ahead, Town. _Zone State. in your thirties America say he's dead wrong and they preferably, checking Amount you want to borrow $ on such items as can prove it. Social Security, pension, life insurance, The man who wants to join their ranks investments and the like. should start thinking and planning right FREE CATALOG But little mentioned, if at all, is what now. a man can do to prepare for the major THE END

CUSTER'S LAST STAND AS I REMEMBER IT (Continued from page 25)

buffalo had been killed. And so, in de- Terry's specific orders to Custer CHAIR COMPANY were ADIRONDACK 104-0 W. fiance of the government 17th, N. Y. C. mandate, the only to watch the Indians, as there was chiefs agreed that they would lead their no immediate reason for attacking them. people toward Montana's Big Horn Custer's advance guard was then to ren- EARN be oTAX CONSULTANT Basin to hunt Our students earn buffalo. dezvous with the rest lucrative fees in 3 of the regiment MORE month busy tax season preparing income tax It was a long, hot, dusty trip. When on June 26th at the Big — returns in spare time—and operate Horn Basin. profitable Business Tax Service yielding steady we arrived at our monthly fees of $10-$50 per client, destination on June But Custer had other ideas than year round being Enjoy professional standing in dignified full or part 1, 1876, I was filled with eager time home-office business. No experience necessary. anticipa- just a watchdog. He envisioned a per- We train you at home and help you start. Write tion, for in just 1 today for 1 days I would be six sonal victory over free literature. No agent will call. Licensed the Indians as the by N. Y. Education Dept. years old. National Tax only way to regain his rank of general. Training School, Monsey K-17, N. Y. But my mirth was not shared by my Several weeks before the Montana cam- parents or any of the other adults, for paign, Custer had testified at a govern- they were Shrinks Hemorrhoids expecting trouble. Their ment hearing that President Grant's glances continually returned to the hori- brother, Orval, was involved in scandals New Way Without zons, and I sure it Surgery am wasn't in search of within the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The buffalo. We children were told that the testimony actually added nothing to what Stops Itch young scouts -Relieves Pain who made nightly trips Orval had already admitted under oath, For the first time into the wilderness had gone only in but a bitterness developed science has found a between the new healing substance with the astonishing search of food. But one morning a trio President and Custer, resulting in the ability to shrink hemorrhoids and to relieve of young scouts returned pain — without surgery. to our main latter's being reduced from general to In case after case, while gently relieving camp with word that Custer lieutenant had left colonel. pain, actual reduction (shrinkage) took place. Fort Lincoln with Most amazing of all-results 226 men on May 17th This came as a great blow were so to Custer, thorough that sufferers made astonishing and was headed toward the Big Horn who was always impressed with the statements like "Piles have ceased to be a Basin. problem! power of rank. And so it is without doubt The secret is a new he aling substance I would like to point out here that that he had other ideas in his mind as (Bio-Dyne®)-discovery of a world-famous Custer's group was only an research institute. advance he led his men toward Montana. In later This substance is now available guard of the Seventh Regiment, which years he was in sup- quoted as having said: pository or ointment form under the name was commanded by Gen. Alfred Terry. "They (the Indians) won't force Preparation H®. Ask for it at all drug me to counters. THE AMER ICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 39 CUSTER'S LAST STAND over this large group of Indians. Even sold to us by white men on a river boat (Continued from page 39) during the first skirmishes of the battle that operated on the Missouri River. This his scouts advised him not to attack. rifle carried a ball of ammunition about retreat. I'll show Grant who can whip But Custer only cursed them in reply. 200 yards farther than the Springfield Indians." (I learned this in later years from Theo- carbines the Army used. From the time he left Fort Lincoln, dore Goldwin, who left the battle scene Outnumbered and surrounded, Cus- the Indians knew where Custer was, to deliver a message to General Terry, ter ordered his men to dismount and ni yht and day. We were prepared but riding two days behind. Another mes- fight from behind the wagons. He also \\ e had no idea he had so grossly under- senger, a bugler named Martin, also left assigned a sentry to take charge of the estimated our power. At the most, we the group and headed toward Fort Lin- horses, but by now the dust was thick thought he was only going to watch us coln for reinforcements. Goldwin and enough to allow some of our women to hunt buffalo. Consequently, we felt Martin were the last surviving white men stampede them away. Custer was with- relatively sure his intentions were not to see Custer alive.) out a means of escape. Our warriors offensive. As the cavalry advanced toward the tightened the circle toward the soldiers. His main trail to the Big Horn Basin The bugler suddenly sounded for the was provided by some careless young sentry to bring in the horses for an es- braves from the Wolf Point Reservation cape, but the troops waited in vain. The who belatedly joined the rest of their sentry had been killed, and so had most tribe near lis. On June 23, Custer was of Custer's 226 men. within 20 miles of our villages. The next day our scouts reported him being only Many of the old Indians I talked to eight miles away. years later pointed to the sun and the shadows and said that the battle was over in 40 minutes. Who killed Custer? June 25, 1876, fell on a Sunday. An No one knows. But contrary to some ver- eerie quiet pierced the hollow sun- sions of the battle, he was not the last shine in all three camps that morning. It one to fall. Also, only one white man was our day of rest, but if anything the was scalped in the entire battle; he was Indian men and womenwere restless. Just Capt. Custer, whose tortures on before noon, one of the little Indian girls Tom Chief Rain-In-The-Face were never for- in my village pointed to the east and said, gotten. "Witchic," meaning white man is coming. Sure enough, our lookouts spotted I have been asked how many Indians a cavalry on the eastern horizon. died in the battle. From what I have told, 35 of our people were killed At high noon Custer brought his been 19 were wounded. course, all troops to a halt across the basin from and Of our camps. He told his assistant, Maj. of the Indians who fought in the battle the children Marcus Reno, to take one group of sol- are now dead, and of who diers across the Little Big Horn River remained on a nearby bluff with the and attack from the west. He then or- women, only about three of us survive. dered a Captain Bentecn to circle around When General Terry and the rest of "A magician pulled hat. with another group and attack from the you out of a the Seventh Regiment arrived at the Big Now, quit asking foolish questions and northeast. Two other captains, whom the Horn Basin two days later, all he found go play!" Indians only knew as McDougal and were the dead soldiers and a small band

Godfrey, were commanded to bring up THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE of old and wounded Indians. The rest the pack wagons from the rear and meet of us who were able to travel fled to the remaining troops on the west bank Indians, Chief Crazy Horse led his main Canada the day after the fight. It wasn't of the Rosebud River. Custer set the group in counterattack as a show of until 1881, five years later, that my peo- time of the attack at 4 p.m. and told his strength. Dumbfounded, Custer com- ple returned to their home in Dakota officers to let their men rest until then. manded his troops to a halt and called Territory. Sitting Bull, leading our band, At about 2 p.m. we children heard for a regathering of his forces. This done, surrendered himself May 14, 1881, at shots in the distance, and later learned he ordered his auxiliary bugler to sound Fort Buford, in what is now South Da- that my father, Black Eagle, and my for a charge. As if in response, Crazy kota. He was then sent to Fort Randall half-uncle. Black Elk, had blocked Ben- Horse led his warriors in retreat. Custer, and held as a prisoner of war. Many of teen before he had a chance to mobilize swelled with pride, continued to advance. us will never forget his sacrifice to sur- in the northeastern area of the basin. At But suddenly the Indians reversed, render himself so that the rest of us about the same time the Cheyennes, and now the logic of their mock retreat would not be harmed. under Chief Crow Dogs and Chief Two was obvious: Another group of warriors Custer's Last Stand is now a legend Strikes, stopped Major Reno at the bank had been lying in ambush until the sol- in American history, yet its true perspec-

of the Little Big Horn. Another large diers passed by. Although Custer didn't tive is still unknown to most Americans.

band of Indians, under Kicking Bear and realize it yet, my people were slowly Was the battle merely a situation of Many Horses, ambushed McDougal and forming the perimeter of a giant circle. warlike Indians attacking a peaceful Godfrey as they were coming up from Chief Gall, with about 1,000 Indians, Army detachment? Was Custer's move the rear column with the wagons. The appeared on the right; Crazy Horse had for attacking the Indians merely to keep main body of our force, led by Chief 2,000 Indians straight ahead; and Two them from hunting buffalo? Were the Gall, Chief Two Moons, and my Moons formed his Cheyennes in a long Indians treated fairly in those violent mothers brother, Chief Crazy Horse, line on the left of Custer. early years? now mounted their horses and prepared The Indians had the advantage over Let the American Indian be heard be- themselves for battle. the cavalry not only in manpower, but fore the horizon fades from view. He Remember now that Custer's defeat also in guns. Our people used the new fought because he thought he was within was due to his fanatic lust for victory Winchester repeating rifles, which were his rights. the end

40 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • M RCH 1964 Labor's Demands in '64. Free Junior College? MEN PAST 40 PERSONAL Home-Building Outlook. Afflicted With Getting Up Nights, Pains in Back, Hips, Legs, By and large, wage rates—especially in industry—may take a sizable Nervousness, Tiredness. rise this year. The unions have been keeping a sharp eye on corporate If you are a victim of the above symp- profits (which could hit $55 billion on a pretax basis in 1964, as against some toms, the trouble may be due to Glandu- lar Inflammation. Glandular Inflamma- $50 billion last year) and figure the climate is right for some hefty demands. tion very commonly occurs in men of In all, 120 agreements, affecting 2 million union members, are due wage middle age or past and is often accom- for negotiation in the coming months. The two biggest involve the teamsters panied by despondency, emotional upset (Hoffa) and the auto workers (Walter Reuther). The latter, especially, are and other mental and nervous reactions

. . . the glands are not out for real money—meaning more than the 7^-8^ hourly hike that industrial often signs that functioning properly. workers averaged last year. Neglect of such conditions or a false Meantime, about 3 million union members this year will get deferred conception of adequate treatments may raises or cost-of-living adjustments via contracts already in effect. These cause men to grow old before their time

. . . loss of vigor and possibly lead to increments generally are in the 8^ class, though some go over 10^. incurable conditions. What all of this means is that pressure on wages everywhere will be stronger than last year (when the bargainers were more interested in N0N-SUR6ICALTREATMENJS security than in money). [To be sure, the drive for a shorter workweek men, if treatment is taken in and longer vacations isn't dead. But this year cash is at the top of the list.] Most time, can be successfully NON-SURGI- GALLY treated for Glandular Inflam- You'll soon be hearing debates in your community about extending free mation. If the condition is aggravated education another two years on top of high school training—in other words, by lack of treatment, painful and ex- the only chance. halfway through college. Behind a lot of this talk is the haunting fear of pensive surgery may be Through intensive research, a new re- unemployment. Here is how economists and educators see the situation: sultful Non-Surgical treatment method • Unemployment among teenagers always is high (because they're begin- for Glandular Inflammation has been ners on the labor market) and it could become really alarming as the perfected by the Excelsior Medical teenage flood swells. Clinic. The mild Non-Surgical Method has proven so successful it is backed by • Education is a major factor in whether teenagers find employment or a Lifetime Certificate of Assurance. idly drift about. High school "drop outs" are in the worst spot. Their unem- Men from over 1,000 communities in ployment rate is about double that of high school graduates. all parts of the country, have been suc- 9 Even high school graduates are in poor shape compared to college cessfully Non-Surgically treated. They found soothing and comforting relief graduates (whose unemployment rate is too low to bother about). and better Health. • Doubly disturbing is the fact that when poorly-educated youngsters do get jobs, they often wind up in industries where employment is unstable RECTAL-COLON REDUCIBLE to begin with (construction, mining, agriculture, the apparel trades, retail DISORDERS HERNIA sales work, and some types of personal services). Are often associated with is also amenable to a mild • Long-run jobs for those with meager academic training will continue Glandular Inflammation. Non-Surgical treatment. Either or both of these disorders may be treated to vanish—no matter how prosperous the nation is. Technological advances at the same time you are receiving Glandular demand personnel whose disciplines are up to snuff. Inflammation treatments. What all this theoretically points to is the desirability of giving youngsters a longer education to fit them for the world ahead.

Private home building, now getting into seasonal swing, will be around the same level this year as last year (maybe a shade higher). About 1,800,000 new dwelling units will be put up—of which better than a third will be apartments and multi-dwelling units. Our New FREE Book is fully illustrated and deals with Over-all, prices of new houses won't change appreciably. But mortgage diseases peculiar to men and women. Cives excellent fac- money—for the next few months—is going to be tighter than last year. tual knowled Se and could f/^M'S&^fCM, I balance, the prospective buyer his transactions in Prove of utmosr imporl-ar.ee On home can make a M«>a»2ir«r 1 fKEATmefrt life. | your future Tells relatively stable situation. The apartment seeker, meantime, in to should be How and Why new modern

a slightly easier situation than heretofore because so many new apartments „ . = Non-Surgical Treatment methods are proving so suc- have been built over the last three years. [But watch out for 1965: Both the cessful. It is to your best adult population and home building are due for a big rise. A race, whose interest to write for a FREE copy today. outcome right now is unclear, is in the making.] EXCELSIOR FILL OUT THIS MEDICAL CLINIC COUPON TODAY • Synthetic furs (made of acrylic fibers) took a terrific sales jump this Dept. B1150 winter and will continue to gain favor, especially in ladies' coat lines. Im- Excelsior Springs, Mo. provements in the garments and a wider selection are key factors in the boom. Gentlemen: Kindly send me at once, your full • Premium snow tires, incorporating tungsten-carbide studs in the tread New FREE Book. I am interested in information (Please Check Box) to increase the anti-skid potential, are being market-tested by Firestone, Hernia Rectal-Colon Clandular Goodyear, and Goodrich. What the tiremakers want to find out is how long Inflammation the studs will last and whether users are willing to pay around $10 more NAME_ per tire for the extra protection. [Such tires are nothing new in Europe.] ADDRESS- • More and more home laundry equipment entirely —once electric-pow- TOWN ered—is getting gas-powered companion pieces. Just about all major manu- STATE facturers now have dual lines. By Edgar A. Grunwald

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 41 .

THE HISTORY OF OUR INCOME TAX (Continued from page 21) months duration, was financed by a Herald, viewed the new tax with alarm, like the cartoonist's Mr. Milquetoast, the stamp tax, a bond issue, and a short-lived others, such as the New York World, resemblance stopped there. Mellon soon inheritance tax. But the graduated in- hoped that "financial feudalism in Amer- wielded great influence and retained the come tax was not forgotten by any ica is seeing its last days." post for 1 1 years. It was said of him means, especially during the "rich man's A section of the Tariff Act of 1913 later that "three Presidents served under panic" of 1903 and the slump of 1907. levied a normal tax of 1 % on income Andy Mellon." The proponents of the income tax were over $3,000, and a surtax graduated The Revenue Act of 1921 was a long very much divided, however, as to how from 1 % on all income over $20,000 to step toward Mellon's tax-cutting dreams, to circumvent the decision. Pollock Al- 6% on all income over $500,000. This though it was a compromise with Wis- though President Theodore Roosevelt new tax came at an opportune time, al- consin Sen. Robert LaFollette, "Tribune was suspected of harboring "dangerous lowing as it did for the collection of the prairie people," who fought thoughts." he did not antagonize the machinery to be set up in an orderly way furiously to head off the tax reduction conservatives very much as he filled out before the demands of World War 1 stampede. The excess profits tax was the unexpired term of William McKin- threw big and unexpected burdens on repealed and income tax rates were cut ley. In his second term, however, he sur- it. This tax had wide public support. As to yield about half as much as the war- prised and shocked the delegates to a the war in Europe cut off imports, cus- time rates. In 1922, customs duties were Republican rally in 1906 by not only toms duties vanished and it became evi- raised. Following Harding's death, Cal- advocating that there be a highly grad- dent that only the graduated taxes could vin Coolidge became President and he uated income tax but that there also be approach the revenues needed. joined Mellon in thinking that there was an absolute limit on the property passing a basic righteousness about tax reduc- at death. There were two innovations in the tion. In 1924, the normal tax rate was Tariff Act of 1916 and both came in cut to 2% with the first step-up at BY 1 908, the popular demand for grad- handy after war was declared. One was $10,000. Mellon had sold the idea that, uated taxes seemed irresistible, but an estate tax on property passing at since some high-bracket people might be the way to get around the Pollock deci- death, graduated from 1 % on all over evading the tax, the rates should be sion was still not at all clear. The Demo- $50,000 up to 10% on all over $10 mil- brought down to what they would cratic Party platform came out strongly lion. Though the New York Sun called willingly pay. for a constitutional amendment that it "plain outright robbery," this tax was Two years later there were still more an outgrowth of an old grass-roots move- would make a graduated income tax tax cuts. A married man now paid Wi % legal. ment and had the backing of nearly all Foes of such a tax, striving to on all income above $3,500 and 3% on economists. It taxed only the very large postpone the "evil days," persuaded the all above $7,500. There was quite a Congress to enact our first corporation estates, leaving the state governments struggle over the estate tax, which Mr. free to small estates if they wished. income tax, a tax of 1 % on all corporate tax Mellon wanted to eliminate entirely. It Another innovation was an excess profits net income above $5,000 a year. was only by lowering the rates that Sena- tax, applied to just one industry muni- Republican presidential candidate — tors George Norris, William Borah and William Howard Taft said that no con- tions. Carter Glass were able to keep any estate following year, as America en- stitutional amendment was needed be- The tax at all, and they were unable to save cause the Supreme Court would now tered the war, debate began on how to the gift tax. government's income. Pres- reverse its 1894 decision if the matter increase the As Herbert Hoover took office in were resubmitted. In June 1909. Taft, ident Wilson hoped to pay half the cost 1929, the conservatives had everything as President, changed his mind however out of current income, but had to settle they could ask for: a pro-business Con- and advocated the constitutional amend- for a third. Personal exemption was cut gress, low internal taxes and high tariffs, ment. To everyone's surprise, and with to $1,000 and the normal rate increased and an engineer President who believed an eye on the next election, the Senate, to 4%. The surtax now started on in- in low taxes and economy in govern- with 23 millionaires in it, voted over- come of $5,000 and rates were raised. ment. People were borrowing and build- whelmingly for it and so did the House. Estate tax rates were boosted in the ing furiously, foreign loans were yield- The expected struggles in the state legis- middle brackets and the excess profits ing fine dividends and the stock market latures did not develop. Alabama was tax was made to apply to all manufactur- was exuberant. The few pessimistic the first state to ratify, in 1909, and Wyo- ing. Some said that the government had voices that mentioned sagging farm ming the necessary 36th in February "drafted pocketbooks as well as men." prices and rising unemployment were 1913, and the 16th Amendment, which In 1918, tax rates were again raised and scarcely audible. Idle money going into reads: the Bureau of Internal Revenue became the stock market had pushed common "The Congress shall have power to a very busy place. stock prices up to more than 20 times lay and collect taxes on incomes, After the war "to make the world safe earnings. The normal tax starting rate from whatever sources derived, with- for democracy" had been won, the reac- was cut to Vi of 1 % out apportionment among the several tion against taxes was strong. It was no States, and without regard to any longer a glorious privilege to pay a big Black Friday, October 24, 1929, census or enumeration," income tax. Sen. Warren G. Harding Onand again, four days later, on Black became a part of the Constitution. was chosen Republican standard-bearer Tuesday, security values crashed and the As Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated in the 1920 campaign in a nostalgic quest exchanges could hardly handle the dis- the following month, he eloquently ded- for "the good old days" when the gov- tress selling. Capital investment became icated his Administration to equality of ernment had managed to get along with a thing of the past as factories and stores opportunity. He had always frowned on no income but that derived from customs closed and banks failed. A public works customs duties and all such indirect or duties. On taking office, Harding ap- program in 1930 started a revival in hidden taxes, saying, "Very few of us pointed the second richest man in the steel and automobiles, but it was short-

taste the tariff in our sugar, but I do." nation to be Secretary of the Treasury. lived. Other attempts at revival in April Though some papers, such as the Boston Though Andrew Mellon looked much 1931 and July 1932 were of no avail

• 42 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE ft RCH 1964 .

as unemployment spread and the state federal revenues were thus increased to could not handle the need for direct $13 billion, a great deal of money in To Your Group relief. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which those days but only 60% of expendi- FREE imposed the highest customs rates ever, tures. did no good as foreign countries fol- The Pearl Harbor tragedy in Decem- lowed suit and exports dwindled. An- ber 1941 welded together the foes of drew Mellon, the wizard of the boom the Axis powers. A month later, Presi- years, resigned. dent Roosevelt called for the mightiest The Revenue Act of 1932 was bitterly armament in the world: 60,000 planes, contested. John Nance Garner made an 45,000 tanks, etc., in the first year and eloquent plea for a balanced budget and more, much more, to come. It was im- Fiorello LaGuardia advocated higher mediately apparent that the existing tax income and estate taxes to "stop the prac- structure would have to be overhauled tice of providing relief only at the top" and, after months of preparation, a bill and to stop passing "our mistakes and —the greatest tax bill in history—was blunders on to our children." Finally, presented to the Ways and Means Com- the bill increased income tax receipts mittee. Secretary Morgenthau wanted For selling only by going back to 1922 rates. It also re- $3 billion more from the tax levied on stored the gift tax, the rates of which personal incomes, $3 billion more from 60 bottles of M-K Pure Vanilla were intended to be about % of the corporation taxes and $3 billion more or 60 cans of Pure Granulated Black Pepper estate tax rates, starting at 1 Va % on all from excise, estate and other taxes. Con- Rush name and address for latest catalog over given to person, gress worked all bill. $5,000 any one summer on the Per- showing this automatic percolator and with a life-time exemption of $50,000. sonal exemption was cut to $500, the other valuable equipment, plus the finest

All attempts to add a sales tax and to normal tax raised to 6% and surtax rates money raising plans for organizations . . no obligation ! Write now for complete details increase excise taxes were defeated. increased. Gift tax exclusions were cut to $3,000 and the lifetime exemption to MARION • KAY $30,000. Life insurance proceeds were When Franklin D. Roosevelt took PRODUCTS CO., Inc. included the oath of office on March 4, 1933, in the estate tax. On the other Dept. 18-A, • Brownstown, Indiana every bank in the country had been tem- hand, there were many more relief provi-

sions than 1 1 porarily closed and it was necessary to ever before, with 5 pages devoted to the prevention low cost quickly devise ways for permitting sol- of inequities. RUPTURE The Internal vent banks to reopen. Congress volun- Revenue Code now became APPLIANCE tarily became a "rubber stamp" as peo- a really big book. ple demanded action. The first New Deal In spite of taxes, the prices of com- TO BRING tax bill increased surtax rates somewhat modities were getting out of hand as HEAVENLY COMFORT and in 1936 there were further increases. the American people, after meeting the and SECURITY or it The 1937 law plugged a few loopholes demands of a new high in cost of living, Costs You Nothing! Rejoice, Ye Ruptured! This that still had $44 billion income in excess demanded attention as the govern- patented Brooks Air Cushion ment needed revenue so badly. The rates of available goods. In April 1943, the Appliance—for most forms of reducible rupture—now is of the graduated taxes remained com- President, having failed the year before positively guaranteed to bring you heavenly comfort and paratively low, however, throughout the to hold down prices by voluntary coop- security, day and night, at work or play—or it costs you dismal 1930's. eration, issued his "hold the line" order, nothing! Light. No springs or hard pads. Low cost! Buy NO rupture device till you get our free facts. Write! As Hitler's invaded freezing not only prices but wages. From army Poland in BROOKS CO., 302-A, STATE ST., MARSHALL MICH. 1939, France in 1940 and Russia in then on, most of the money saved by 1941, there came a demand for the individuals went into the purchase of products of the factories and farms of government Savings Bonds. Even If You Don't Know America that could hardly be met. The Two income tax features of 1 943 were a Note of Music Now NOW it's EASY to Depression seemed to fade away. Ex- historic. First, the President's budget learn any instrument. No boring ex- itself to earth any doubts ercises. Play real pieces ports mounted and so did our own de- was not held by by notes right away. Amazing; progress, at fense expenditures. The national debt about how much the American people home, in spare time. No teacher. Low Cost! 1,000,000 students. Write tor 36-page FREE BOOK. U. S. School of had risen from billion to billion could afford to pay—only by what they Music, Studio 463, Port Washington, L. I., N. Y. $17 $40 (Estab. 1898.) Lie, N. Y. State Educa. Dept. Tear out. during the 1930's, but that was now could do. He proposed to spend $100 ignored as the Revenue Act of 1940 be- billion! The world had never dreamed of came a taste of what was to come. Per- such figures. At the same time, a new BORROW BY AIRMAIL sonal exemptions were lowered and sur- milestone in the history of the income $100 -5300 -$600 or MORE tax rates raised in the middle brackets tax came into being, the withholding tax,

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call on you. Collateral i up to 3 1 % and the excess profits tax Beardsley Ruml, Treasurer of R. H. co-signers are not requir all loans are granted on y became 50% of any profits which ex- Macy & Co., of New York, first promi- ceeded a goodly return on capital. nently advanced the pay-as-you-go sys- The cost of living went up 13% in tem, though employer-withholding was

1 94 1 because there was now more money not part of his original idea. Until 1943, Company than goods, and nothing to hold prices taxpayers paid the previous year's taxes of Bankert Investment NATIONAL LOANS, Dept. 11-Q ' down. Congress again reduced exemp- each March 15. Many were constantly Tejon, Colorado Springs. Colorado Mr. R. D. Osborn, Vice President AMOUNT I NEED tions and raised surtax rates. There were in debt to the government, having failed NATIONAL LOANS, Dept. 11-Q S. Tejon, Colorado now 2 million more taxpayers as the to, or in some cases being unable to, 101 Springs, Colo. Please ruth "Loan Agreement" in plain envelope. to the payment. low incomes were reached for the first save enough make An Name. .Occupation. time. A single man with $10,000 income, almost impossible feature of a switch- Address. .Age. who had been taxed $600 two years be- over to pay-as-you-go would be a re- .Zone. .State. fore, would now be taxed $1,500. The quirement that in 1943 everyone would City J THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 43 THE HISTORY OF OUR INCOME TAX the other." The excess profits tax was to persons over 65 years of age or blind, (Continued from page 43) repealed, providing a windfall to many and greatly reduced the tax on high-in- corporations whose profits remained come married people by allowing them pay his 1942 taxes and his 1943 high, and thus giving organized labor to file joint returns, divide by two, and taxes, a double tax load in one year. a chance to demand commensurate wage compute the tax on both halves at the But when pay-as-you-go, with withhold- boosts. So, while rent controls were re- lower bracket rates. It also cut the estate ing as the chief method, was advanced tained and tax cuts were not otherwise tax revenue by allowing a marital deduc- in 1943, it was proposed to forgive a spectacular, the purchasing power of the tion. The effect of income-splitting and year's taxes to get on the new footing. dollar dropped 24% in 1946-47. the marital deduction was to put all The government would still collect a In 1947, Congress started public states on the same level as those having year's taxes during that year, and every hearings with a view to overhauling com- community property laws. Treasury year thereafter. This lent popularity to pletely our tax system. The first bill in- Secretary John W. Snyder spoke against the whole idea. Popular opinion em- troduced called for big cuts in the high tax cuts in the face of mounting expen- braced the idea of having a year's taxa- bracket surtax rates. Sen. Joseph C. ditures for the Cold War, and Commerce tion forgiven. O'Mahoney, of Wyoming, denounced Secretary Averell Harriman even pro- But there was also resistance in Con- posed that the excess profits tax be re- gress to losing a whole year's taxation, vived, but the Congress was unim- especially on some high-income sources. pressed. The final bill reduced revenues In a compromise, the 1943 Act adopted by $6 billion. Again, President Truman pay-as-you-go, with employer-withhold- vetoed a tax bill, calling it "a reckless ing on salaries and taxes paid in advance disregard for the soundness of our econ- on estimated non-salary income. The omy." This time, however, his veto was Act forgave 75% of the 1942 or 1943 not sustained. As Congress overrode the tax, whichever was smaller. Once again, veto, Congressman William H. Milliken, all attempts to add a sales tax were Jr., of Pennsylvania, had the last word. beaten down. While admitting that bigger appropria-

In 1944, the President asked for still tions were in the offing, he called the higher taxes, to yield another $16 bil- bill "a ray of light before we enter the lion, but Congress felt that income tax tunnel." The surpluses of 1947-48 were rates were high enough even though the followed by the deficits of 1949-50. government was paying only 36% of Directly after the Korean War began its expenses out of income. The corpo- in June 1950, the percentage cuts that ration income rate was upped to 40% had applied to income tax liabilities in but otherwise Congress was unmoved. all post-war years were repealed and the Roosevelt, in an unprecedented message, excess profits tax was restored. vetoed the bill because it would increase No tax bill can please everybody. receipts by only $3 billion and it created While businessmen were calling the some loopholes which he did not like. excess profits tax "an evil brew of in- "If you're not married, why do you stay Congress was stunned. Alben Barkley equity and privilege," Senator O'Ma- out so late?" dramatically resigned as Senate Majority honey was calling it too mild and not THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE Leader, blaming the veto on the in- enough of a brake on the inflation that fluence of Republican presidential can- was "taking a bite out of every defense the bill, calling it "one of the most reck- didate Wendell Willkie, "the new Hal- dollar." Prices of commodities had to less proposals ever made," but the bill ley's had advocated still comet," who passed both houses. Meantime, Russia be frozen again. In 1951, with the higher taxes so caused the President were and had bluntly refused the Baruch Plan for Korean struggle continuing, taxes to use such astronomical figures. Bark- additional bil- disarmament and, to make matters raised to bring in an $5 ley was immediately re-elected and the increasing the worse, Andrei Vishinsky rose in the lion revenue, mostly by President's veto was overridden by a rate to United Nations and called us a nation corporation income tax top 52%, smashing 72 to 14. where it has remained. of warmongers. A chill came over the world. In view of this, President Tru- American people had not only have been deter- The man promptly vetoed the tax-cut bill, No one could more done wonders byway of paying taxes, calling it "the wrong kind of reduction mined to cut government spending, but had not let up on the production of at the wrong time" and his veto was cut taxes and simplify the tax laws than consumer goods, except for a few items sustained. President Eisenhower as he entered the like automobiles. Even with 12 million Economic conditions were confound- White House in 1953. His team went all- young men and women removed from ing the prophets of doom. There had out to eliminate unnecessary items in the the labor market, the total output of been no economic collapse, but merely budget, but every time a specific cut was industry and agriculture had doubled a "recession" and employment was at scheduled somebody would show, with over 1938. As World War 2 drew to a record-breaking figures. Though not great persuasiveness, that that particular close there was much speculation about spectacular, corporation after-tax profits governmental service was indispensable. jobs for the returning soldiers and were over $10 billion. Nevertheless, In spite of sincere efforts in all directions, whether or not people would continue there was much uncertainty and this was government spending and deficit spend- to save as they had been saving. Though reflected in the low prices of listed stocks. ing went to all-time highs toward the the national debt was $280 billion, there Many were selling at only IV2 times end of his Administration. Herculean were many who demanded tax cuts, earnings, a very low ratio, as many eco- efforts to simplify the Internal Revenue

come what may. nomists were still predicting a real de- Code were made and the 1954 Code was Now there was another battle in what pression. an improvement in arrangement. But Cordell Hull had called "the thousand- The 1948 tax bill effected many im- it was just as complicated. year conflict between the strong and the portant changes. It raised the personal Remarkably few changes have been weak, each trying to unload taxes on exemption to $600, gave two exemptions made in the tax laws and rates since

44 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • M RCH 1964 !

the excess profits tax was dropped in ness maintains, passing taxes on to the For Those Who Do Not Want 1954 and income tax rates were dropped consumer, in order to maintain normal to 1950 levels. In 1958, some features after-tax profits, a situation which makes GREY HAIR to aid small businesses were added and it possible for small businesses to com- "TOP SECRET makes my hair look as it did years ago!" says in 1962 a deduction was opened up for pete in the age of industrial giants. famous dance band leader Jan the Garber. "I noticed results after self-employed and there was a new Our Founding Fathers did not specify just a few applications. And TOP credit for certain investments. Customs SECRET is easy to use—doesn't what economic system the new nation stain hands or scalp. TOP SECRET is the only hair dressing I duties, which were of prime importance was to use: capitalism was natural and use." A FAVORITE OF THE STARS 100 years ago, now produce only about the only system they knew. Capitalism TOP SECRET has been a favorite with famous personalities for years. Exclusive 1 % of the federal revenues and such is private ownership of property, com- formula imparts a natural looking color to grey or faded hair. Does not streak or revenue is considered merely incidental injure hair; fines not wash out. Send petition, and free play for the law of $5.00 (Fed. Tax incl.) for 6 oz. plastic container. (Convenient for traveling, to other objectives. The big change in supply and demand to set prices and too.) Ppd. No COD'S, please. Money back if not delighted with results of first buttle. the tax picture has been the rise of the wages. Taxes have now become a very ALBIN OF CALIFORNIA NEW! 13 oz graduated taxes, particularly in 1941-42. important part of the inflation-deflation 3620 W. Magnolia Blvd., Room 3 Giant Size $9 Burbank, Calif. The vast tax-supported spending stream picture in our society and attempts to has become of vital importance as it use them as a keel to keep capitalism on SIROIL GUARANTEES has become interwoven, directly or in- course are increasing. PSORIASIS directly, into almost every nook and It was over 100 years ago that Karl cranny of America's whole financial sys- Marx called on the workers of the world RELIEF tem. to revolt against the conditions of those OR YOUR MONEY BACK

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1 failed in Kazakhstan Huge areas of the western (European) "In 955 the crop "The Komsomols—members of the end are old sea bottom; with salt plains through drought. Then a disastrously Communist Youth League—have been dotted with salt lakes; with rivers, frozen the hope of the Soviet Communists. from November to March, that sink into There are 19 million Young Commu- the earth. nists, one of the strongest pillars of the The central part has a few important Soviet system. In years past, the Young river systems and is higher. It also has Communists went to Siberia, where they its deserts, its vanishing rivers, and the built new cities, such as the one named vast Hungry Steppe, a plateau whose after them—Komsomolsk. Then they surface is cracked clay. were idealists hoping to build a new and The eastern part, bordering on China better world. Today they no longer be- and Mongolia, is high, often rugged lieve in the better world, which has failed land, sweeping down from the back slope to materialize. For ten years there have of the Himalayas. Many of its rivers, been mass deportations of Young Com- though frozen for much of the year, are munists to Kazakhstan. Those who have suitable for power stations and irrigation, returned tend to be bitter, quarrelsome,

though only the Irtysh is suitable for with the courage to contradict their in- navigation. Along the north of this doctrinators, to dispute with them and

rough, Asiatic highland is a narrow belt even boo them, which the earlier Young of rich earth, about 7% of the area, that Communists would not have thought of is fit for large-scale farming. This east doing, or dared do had it occurred to and northeast corner of the huge Kazakh them. Republic, including several smaller prov- "Those who return from a bitter life inces, is the Kazakhstan of Khrushchev's in Kazakhstan see a new sort of youth hope. This richest chunk of the huge 'back home,' the sons of the high ranking Kazakh Republic, for both industry and "They're ordinarily referred to as 'Left- Party functionaires, army officers, dead agriculture, abuts on the borders of overs,' not 'The Remains'!" war heroes and other prominent people. China. The people shipped there find They live in comfortable houses or apart- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE themselves in the desolate, lonely, high ments, looked after by servants, eat good interior heart of Asia, 2,000 and more food and enjoy the pleasures of life. They bad harvest in 1957 brought about the miles from their homes with a vast are called 'styliagi' meaning stylish one greatest political crisis of the post-Stalin — wasteland in between. or style chasers, because they love to epoch. It presented an opportunity to wear flashy clothes in Western style, Says Dr. Fabian: Khrushchev's enemies to attack him. automobiles and jazz. "Khrushchev has tried to open up 91 Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov, Shepi- adore foreign million acres of the virgin lands of Ka- lov and Bulganin fought sharp verbal "Not all Young Communists who go to see such things, zakhstan and the adjoining territories of battles with him on this subject. to Kazakhstan return Siberia, hoping to create a new agricul- "Their main objections were not only nor do the 'volunteers' or deportees from the tural terrain. the unsuitability of most of the area for the captive nations. Those from "Mr. Khrushchev has a special per- large scale farming, but that the deporta- Soviet Union, Bulgaria, and Rumania three to five year sonal interest in transforming Kazakh- tions of millions of Europeans to since 1954 have signed government tries stan into a showcase of farm production Kazakhstan were nurturing the revolu- contracts, but the Soviet for good. and efficiency. In Stalin's lifetime, tionary mood in the whole country. The hard to keep them there Khrushchev had tried to carry out his risks were too great, the results too few "Of 10,000 Bulgarians sent there in pet project of replacing the collective to justify the risks, as the effort in Ka- 1957, only 2,500 have returned in the farms and their foot-dragging peasants zakhstan did not substantially alleviate three years since their contracts expired with the agricultural cities, known as the Soviet food situation. Furthermore in 1960. 'agrogorods.' This, he claimed, would they objected to the siphoning off of a "A book published by the Soviet- end the sabotage, making farmers just considerable number of Soviet youth, Latvian Publishing Office in Latvia em- like all other 'workers.' The last vestige while the rest of the Soviet Union suffers phasizes that: 'People do not go to the of peasant independence would be from manpower shortage. virgin lands in order to return home to abolished. "Khrushchev replied that even if in father and mother after a few years. No. "In Kazakhstan, where there were no a five year period Kazakhstan had two People go there to stay for good, to spend peasants on the soil, but only the dwin- bad harvests, two medium, and one ex- all their life there.' dling nomads, Khrushchev could make cellent—farming there could still be "After the Hungarian revolution was his dream come true. He would create a considered as profitable. put down, the Communist Party was newer and more obedient kind of farm "His opponents kept saying that Stalin plagued with young citizens who were population by importing people with no had been far more flexible in this matter. too curious to know all about what had roots in the land. At the time of the great food crisis in the been done in Hungary by their peace-

46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • t RCH 1964 loving government. In 1957, out of 8,000 We make this students of Leningrad University, 4,200 GROW HUNDREDS OF spectacular of the more curious and questioning were offer in order STRAWBERRIES sent to Kazakhstan. In December 1956, to gain new From a Small Garden Patch ^ Khrushchev gave a speech in which he friends! PICK YOUR FIRST CROP said that he had heard that there were students in Moscow University who were ...Within 60 Days! not satisfied with a regime that provides Nationally Advertised them with a free education and living THOUSANDS SOLD expenses. LAST "After his speech, 200 students were YEAR at£tet*t arrested and sent to Kazakhstan, and in BARGAIN OFFER! 20 for $2.00 NOW plus 35c shipping cost. the Communist Youth Leagues the con- scription of 'volunteers' to Kazakhstan Grow All You Can Eat For As Little As Pennies Per Basket among the students was started, so as to From official sources, commercial growers and

"Ordered 25 plants . . . never saw such home gardeners coast to coast came news and prove their patriotism and loyalty toward beauties. Didn't lose a single one." reports of the amazing Surecrop Strawberry J. N.T.—Curtis, Ohio Plants ... A berry plant hailed by growers as the Party. After the American Exposi- "We have been picking strawberries, one of the hardiest and most prolific strawberry some as large as plums all summer until plants, they ever knew. Virus Free, resistant tion in Moscow, those young Muscovites frost set in." B. W. —Poughkeepsie, N. Y. to mostcommon diseases as leaf spot, wilt, root rot, draught, etc. A remarkable June Bearing "Planted our first lot of strawberries 2 Perennial plant that will produce prolific crops who had shown the greatest courtesies yrs. ago. We now have more than enough where many varieties would result in failures. berries to take care of our needs and gave to and interest in the Americans and the plants to our neighbors." G.H. — York, Pa. Officially Tested in West Virginia and Missouri American way were 'volunteered' to They RankedAmongst the Top in Both States Best of All This June Bearer Can Produce Your A recent official report from Missouri proved Kazakhstan. Girls who fraternized with First Crop Within SO Days After Planting that these plants ranked among the top 3 for From the New England coast to the borders of excellence in firmness, uniformity, color and were compared with 10 other foreign youths at Soviet International Texas new records were set with these Surecrop abundance. They Strawberry plants. Not only will you get bas- varieties in 17 locations in official tests in W.Va. in average yield for 1960- kets of berries . . . firm, red, large, luscious ber- They lead all others Youth Festivals were shipped to Kazakh- location they produced at the star- ries . . . but you will start to harvest your first 1961. In one 1 quarts per acre. With so tre- crop within only 60 Days . . . *A $2.00 pur- tling rate of 6,000 stan with their heads shaved. chase of 20 SUPERS WEET Nurserie's Sure- mendous a yield of large bright red firm and crop plants requires only an area of 9 ft. sq. flavorful berries, this plant became the domi- "Under Stalin in the old days, deporta- when planted according to our simple pictured nant variety in many other areas. Additional instructions, you will pick hundreds of berries agricultural tests in many states both North and tions were carried out furtively; people and enjoy them this winter. Of special signifi- South proved them so vigorous and so prolific cance are the countless enthusiastic reports they consistantly ranked amongst the leaders. were dragged out of their homes by from both commercial growers and home gar- Your neighbors will be agog when they see deners as far South as Texas, North to New your crop of hundreds of berries . . SOME AS night. Khrushchev's deportation trains England and Iowa stating this variety is one of LARGE AS SILVER DOLLARS. best Strawberry Plants they have ever known. roll out in broad daylight and are given Our plantis a vigorous, field grown. Perennial Over ly OOO,000 Plants resistant to draught & most common diseases. Have been sold to our customers in the past 2 . . . the demand has always years! The big demand for SUPER-SWEET'S a farewell with orations and a band. This Will Grow in Virtually Any Garden Soil! been tremendous. may Plants has always been tremendous. Each year We It takes little care or experience, once planted, not be able to supply every- our limited supply was completely sold out be- form of deportation, introduced by using our pictured instructions to raise our body. Order now, avoid before the end of the season! This may be ourlast extraordinary June Bearing SUPER-SWEET ing disappointed. Orders baskets fruit per offer at the unbelievably low price of 8 plants Khrushchev, is called 'volunteers for plants. You'll have more of shipped promptly in time ever hoped or dreamed. for only $1.00. Over 70 leading Dept. Stores square foot than you for planting in your locality. featured varieties of SUPER-SWEET Nurs- Kazakhstan.' Not only will they produce luscious, mouth- A written guarantee of sat- eries Strawberry plants exclusively during the watering fruit, they will also dress up your isfaction and simple pic- 1963 planting season. Because our quantity is garden beautifully. SUPER-SWEET'S berry tured planting instructions "By this he kills two birds with one limited we can no longer supply these Dept. plants be planted until early June'in most sent with each order. may Stores. You can now order directly from us and has never stone manpower to work the mines and localities. Even a rank amatuer who save middleman's profit. Don't delay— orders — I 8 PLANTS . . $1.00 before attempted to grow his own strawberries will be accepted on first come first served basis. plus 25c handling cultivate the virgin lands, and riddance crop I can now harvest the most magnificent of We honestly believe, based on years of exper- > 20 PLANTS . . $2.00 plus 35c handling strawberries he ever tasted. ience that regardless of how much more you I of unruly elements from educational in- ' 60 PLANTS . . $5.00 SELF-PROPAGATING may pay for other varieties, SUPER-SWEET t plus 60c handling You'll buy our strawberry plants only once. plants will prove superior in almost every re- stitutions and factories." ! Sorry, no C.O.D.'s. These plants multiply rapidly, reaching full ma- spect, as evidenced by our countless re-orders. Each mother plant bearing But the enormous dilemma which the turity in 2 years. many daughter plants which if allowed to take SUPER -SWEET NURSERY SALES root will enable you to double or triple the num- Soviet leader has been making for him- ber of plants you wish the next 2 or 3 years. Box222 Cooper Station, Dept. B- 51 9. New York 3,N.Y. self was already evident beyond all con- cealment by 1959. By a double standard of thought, he treated Kazakhstan as a place to produce Russia's food without rebellious peasants, yet he also consid- No there are two things ered it a place of exile, and crowded it h°w cancer: matter well you should do about Have a with rebellious intellectuals; a strange health checkup every year. Learn class to whom to trust Russia's food sup- feel Cancer's Seven Danger Signals: ply, for intellectuals have produced more you 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge. rebellions than all the peasants ever born. 2. A lump or thickening in the breast "Decreases in production and an in- or elsewhere. 3. A sore that does crease in strikes and sabotage forced not heal. 4. Change in bowel or Khrushchev to defend himself in a bladder habits. 5. Hoarseness or speech before the Central Committee of cough. 6. Indigestion the Communist Party in December or difficulty 1959. He made his confession in the form in swallowing. 7. Change in a of an accusation to the officials respon- wart or mole. sible on the spot in Kazakhstan. If your signal lasts longer "Said he, As of November 1st there than two weeks, see remained nearly 4 million acres of your doctor without delay. unmown and uncollected grain crops in Kazakhstan.' He complained that 'Eighteen thousand of your tractors did not take part in the spring sowing campaign, because they had not been over- AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY hauled. . . . When it was necessary to prepare the harvesting campaign, for This space contributed by the publisher they were only finished sowing in Ka-

zakhstan. . . . You did not repair 18,000 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 49 WHY DOES KHRUSHCHEV NEED WHEAT? addition, about 2,500 volunteer police, "It should not be overlooked in the (Continued from page 49) members of the home guard, were im- West today that this enormous upheaval pressed into service. in Soviet internal ruling circles sprang tractors, and they did not go into service. "But the Komsomols refused to sur- chiefly from the perpetual food dilemma . . . According to data of the USSR render. They fought—and died—on the caused by rebellious peasants every- Ministry of Agriculture, 32,000 com- barricades. where, and from criticism of Khrush- bines, pick-ups 1 reap- 21,000 and 1,000 "On the third day, Oct. 5, the uprising chev's adventure in seeking a food part harvesting ... in ers did not take in was finally crushed when additional de- solution in Kazakhstan." What has made Kazakhstan. ... It is quite natural that tachments of Soviet troops arrived and it far worse for him is that there had harvesting dragged out and some of the surrounded the rebel forces. The casual- been, since 1953, a spirit of revolt and bread grain was buried under snow.' ties, according to eyewitnesses, num- questioning in non-agricultural circles in "Later he complained, and attempted bered at least 100 killed and 1,000 the Soviet Union and the satellites which to 'explain,' with this, 'Yet we are forced wounded." Khrushchev welded to the food problem to direct into harvesting, students, people The personal dilemma to Khrushchev by shipping the rebels in large numbers attending trade-schools, employees who caused by strikes, rebellions and slow- into the heart of his food-experiment do not possess the necessary skills. For area. Reports Dr. Fabian: this reason, the productivity of their "The chain reaction of the East Ger- is low.' work very What he now com- man revolts in 1953 was first seen inside plained of had been the very center of the Soviet Union in the slave labor his original scheme—farming without camps. A string of revolts broke out^ the troublesome farmers." with uprisings in Vorkuta, Norilsk, Dzezkazgan, Karabash, Tayshet, Resh- Not A word of the confession hinted oty, Kingir, Karaganda, Sherubay Nura, at any rebelliousness on the part of Balkhash and Sakhalin. In 1955 there the "happy volunteers in the virgin were revolts in Vorkuta, Solinkamsk and lands." But the speech was delivered only Potma. In the Krasnoyarsk Region there two months after a violent revolt in the was a revolt in April 1956. A revolt in Karaganda district, one of the richest and Revdal was staged by Hungarian prison- biggest slave labor encampments in the ers of WW2, whom the Soviets refused Kazakh Republic. It was a revolt— led by to send home. These are the only revolts the hope of the Soviet Union "volun- up to that time of which we have knowl- teers" of the Young Communist League edge. According to returned prisoners, (Komsomols). Notes Dr. Fabian: many of whom took part, the number of "The revolt that broke out in Temir- victims of these revolts exceeded 50,000. Tau, in the Karaganda District, on Oct. "The revolt in Tiflis on March 7, 1956 4-5, 1959, because of insufficient food, —which preceded the Hungarian revolu- bad housing conditions and lack of sani- tion—saw several thousand students and tation, was the work of the Komsomols. workers march through the streets of Repatriated Bulgarian, German, Greek Tiflis clamoring for freedom. After the "Oh, it's lovely, Mrs. Boggs. I just wish and Spanish prisoners have reported that demonstration the crowd dispersed with- you could see it." most of the discontented Young Com- out violence or attack by the police or THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE munists were originally from Bielo- troops. But the next day the rebels bar- Russia and the Ukraine. ricaded themselves and were attacked by downs in Kazakhstan has been enor- Seven hundred died. The rest, to- "The uprising began, say these eye- mous. He had solved the resistance of tanks. with the wounded, were loaded witnesses, on Saturday evening, Oct. 3, Malenkov, Shepilov, Molotov, Kagano- gether trains and trucks and taken to Ka- 1959, when a group of about 50 Young vich and Bulganin in 1957, and of Zhu- on Communists protesting against poor zakhstan. All along the way, when they — kov in 1958, by forcing them out of the passed through stations, the wounded food—suddenly set fire to the communal inner circle, only to find their prophecies screamed and showed their bandaged dining hall in Temir-Tau. coming back to haunt him. "Picking up reinforcements on the Writes Dr. Fabian: "Only two of the limbs. way, they marched to Vostok, a newer six constituted a real danger to him, section of the cuy, where they raided the Malenkov and Zhukov. Both of them "rpoDAY, 40% of the deportees and market place and confiscated food. completely vanished from the scene. _L 'volunteers' to Kazakhstan, who "By this time the rebels numbered at Malenkov was supposed to have been number more than 6 million, are esti- least 1,500. Setting up barricades in the sent to direct a power station in Ust- mated to be Russians who, as we have streets, they routed a small force of Kamenovsk, near the Mongolian border seen, include those who are most curious police by hurling stones at them. The of Kazakhstan, but never arrived and about public affairs. Most of the rest art next day, Sunday, Oct. 4, the youthful was not heard of since. No one knows Bielo-Russians, Ukrainians, Latvians, rebels ambushed three truckloads of the whereabouts of Zhukov, whom Lithuanians, Estonians, Germans, Hun- troops being rushed to Temir-Tau from Khrushchev said had been 'given a new garians, Bulgarians and a few Rumani- Karaganda, the huge forced-labor city assignment.' ans. They also include a large number of about 45 miles to the southeast. The "The lesser four had no followers, so Jews from European Russia. Factories which were required to Young Communists seized their weapons it meant little to Khrushchev whether and universities and prepared further to defend them- they lived or not, so long as they were send a certain number of persons to selves. removed from public life. Mikoyan, an- Kazakhstan preferred to send Jews to "During the night, several troop- swering a question about Molotov at a get rid of them. A synagogue was built carrying planes were flown into Temir- press conference in Washington, said at there in Karaganda where none had been closed. Dur- Tau from Army camps in Balkash, 230 the time that he would be named Am- before—though it was later availed miles south; Alma-Ata 520 miles south, bassador to the Netherlands in the near ing the journey, many Jews and Akmolinsk, 175 miles northeast. In future. He never was. themselves of the opportunity to lose 50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • M ARCH 1964 their passports marked 'Evrei' (Jew). "Yet another source of often mutinous citizens of eastern Kazakhstan are Rus- sians who were lured back from China MY ZOYSIA GRASS and Manchuria in a gigantic propaganda drive. These are descendants of Russians who fled the Bolshevik revolution be- CUTS YOUR WORK, tween 1918 and 1920 who, unable to go to Europe or America, settled in Man- churia and China. When the Communists took over China their situation became SAVES YOU MONEY worse. Many of them were imprisoned in concentration camps. They hoped that Meyer 1-52 Zoysia Grass Was Perfected By better that. Kazakhstan might be than The U.S. Govt. • Approved By U. S. Golf Assoc, They suffer intensely under the living By Mike Senkiw, Agronomist, Zoysia Farm Nurseries conditions in Kazakhstan and are often When I figured up how much our old No Need To Rip Out Your Present in the forefront of those who lead rebel- cost us, I was staggered. Spring lawn Grass, Amazoy Drives It Out. lions and uprisings, and who quietly meant spending money for lawn seed, Plug It In Old Lawn Or New Ground sabotage the farm operations. However, weed-killers and fertilizers. Summer meant fighting to keep our grass green 1. No waste, no sod to cut, no seeds to fail. it is the Young Communists who are the thru hot dry spells. Amazoy comes in fresh, 3 square inch, plugs of living grass especially grown frustrated. Not . . . most impatient and most It was sprinkler off, sprinkler on for transplanting. Every plug taken even in Hungary has the Communist mowing and crabgrass killers. There from ground under supervision of our agronomist. to it! Party received as many torn up member- was no end I was about ready to give up, when I 2. Set pre-cut plugs into hole in ground ship cards as in Kazakhstan. The Young heard about Meyer Zoysia Grass, the like putting cork into a bottle. Plant 1 foot apart, checkerboard pattern. Easy Communists there are high spirited and grass perfected by U. S. Govt, agrono- planting instruction with order. mists and praised by turf experts dare to say what is on their minds. The 3. Plugs spread to cover area with thick, coast to coast. I plugged in this grass beautiful grass. No more ugly brown or regime is unsuccessful in silencing them. and those plugs grew into a beautiful bare spots due to heat or drought. "When 'volunteers' arrive in Kazakh- lawn that continually saves us work stan they are in for an unpleasant and money. Experience shows I can Your Own Supply Of Plug Transplants for surprise. No living quarters are provided guarantee Amazoy to do the same Your established turf provides you with- you. Zyosia plugs for other areas if you so de- for them, not even building material. sire. The plugged area grows over solidly CHOKES OUT CRABGRASS again, providing a convenient supply of Medical care and hygiene is of the most Your Amazoy lawn stays green in spite plugs whenever you want them. primitive kind. They feel cheated, as at of heat and drought. It laughs at water bans. It chokes out crabgrass and weeds all Work Less, Worry Less, Spend the time they were recruited they were summer long. It resists attacks by insects Less Your not only promised higher wages but were and diseases. On Lawn • Perfect for problem shown photographs of attractive two- NEVER NEEDS REPLACEMENT areas (banks, slopes, Your Amazoy lawn grows so thick and etc.) room cottages, complete with bath and rich, it resists footwear, cookouts, lawn • Won't winter kill • Cuts mowing furniture and children's play. Yet under- % kitchen, which in itself was an attraction foot it's like a thick pile carpet so resistant • Stays green through droughts and heat it never needs replacement. compared to the crowded living quarters • Cuts costs of watering, weeding, mowing of Soviet towns. LAUGHS AT WATER BANS and fertilizing It saves time and money in many ways. • Resists blight, insects, diseases "The 'volunteers' would like to take It won't winterkill — has survived temps. 30° below zero. Goes off its green color • Resists lawn furniture, cookouts, play- the first train home, but they cannot do after killing frosts, regains new beauty ground punishment so without being prosecuted. They re- every Spring — a true perennial. It ends the need for crabgrass killers. Fertilizing Why put up with a lawn you must coddle? ceive three months pay in advance, and watering (water costs money too) are A lawn that turns to hay when you want it rarely it ever needed. Cuts pushing a mower most? Decide to enjoy a GREEN weed-free is usually before they get to which gone under a blazing summer sun by %. There's lawn all summer and Save Money Too! Kazakhstan, and which now has them no need for costly chemicals that can endanger wildlife, pets and children. in bondage. They receive a one-way PROVEN NO. 1 Dept. 230, ZOYSIA FARMS ticket, and are told that, having accepted ZOYSIA GRASSES 6414 Reisterstown Rd., Baltimore 15, Md. pay, if they escape they will be prose- IN DURABILITY 80 Boylston St., Boston 16, Mass. 333 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 1, III. cuted for embezzlement, while it is writ- BY LARGEST U.S. UNIVERSITY ten in their work-books that they have America's largest university tested 13 Please ship following order: leading grasses lor resistance to foot traf- Full Size Plugger volunteered to go to Kazakhstan and fic, wheel damage, etc. Special paddle- $4.95 wheels smashed the grass; spiked rollers 100 Plugs 6.95 would be deported back anyway. ripped and tore its blades. 100 Plugs & Plugger 9.95 " Result: The grasses most praised by turf 'While in the winter the frosts here experts, the Zoysia Grasses, (Matrella and 200 Plugs 11.20 are worse than in the Arctic Circle, in meyeri species) led all others in resistance. 200 Plugs & Plugger 13.75 No Risk, Every Amazoy Plug 300 Plugs & Plugger 17.75 summer it is like living on the equator, 600 Plugs & Plugger 27.95 except that the wind is always blowing, GUARANTEED 1100 Plugs & Plugger (F.O.B. Md.) 39.95 ' whipping up whirlpools of dust and soot,' Perfect For Problem Areas If you live East of Rocky Mts. add 75c per 100 Whether you have poor soil, sub-soil — wrote N. N. Krasnow, Jr., about Ka- plugs. If you live WEST of Rocky Mts., add $1.50 even sandy waterfront soil — you're as- per plugs and we shipping charges. success 100 pay zakhstan in his book The Hidden Russia. sured lawn beauty and with Otherwise omit handling charges and we ship Every Plug must grow within 45 Amazoy. Express charge collect. Do NOT enclose handling "I this experi- entirely at our know out of my own days or we replace FREE — chgs. on 1100 plug orders, shipped only F.O.B. risk and expense. Since you know we're Maryland Nursery Farm. ence. In summer months, you can cook hardly in business for the fun of it, you this grass has to be every- an egg in five minutes by sticking it in the know thing we say. I enclose check money order cash sand. In some parts of Kazakhstan dur- PATENTED mm mm mm WITH ing this period the temperature may drop STEP-ON L If li k LARGER NAME PLUGGER U ORDERS from 130 degrees in daytime to 40 de- llkb Full-size plugger is wonderful ADDRESS grees at night. for planting, invaluable for transplanting and other garden work as CITY "At first, the 'volunteers' live in tents. it clears away unwanted growth as Later they build themselves mud huts or it digs holes for the plugs. $4.95 ZONE STATE separately or FREE with large dugouts—a slight improvement over the order.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 51 WHY DOES KHRUSHCHEV NEED WHEAT? After a short time, the city Commu- Khrushchev, in his speeches de- to run the farms, also turned livered on Sept. 28 and Oct. 9, 1963, (Continued from page 51) nists, sent to theft along with the collective farm reiterated his old theory of abolishing the dung houses of the nomads whom they workers and turned in false statistics. collective farms altogether and trans- are replacing. Khrushchev responded in 1960 by plac- forming them into untenanted state "At the beginning, one of the strongest ing farms of 60,000 to 70,000 acres in farms adjacent to agricultural cities factors contributing to the revolutionary Kazakhstan under military leadership. where the farmers are day-laboring mood was the shortage of women. As Army men became the chairmen of such apartment dwellers, without homes on soon as the local food situation had im- farm collectives. Reports Dr. Fabian: the soil or household farming plots. If he proved in 1954 and the young men had "That same year, when part of the makes up his mind to forge ahead, Dr. enough bread, kasha and meat to keep Soviet military was demobilized, he had Fabian predicts that he must anticipate them from being perpetually hungry, the demobilized battalions, officers and open revolt. they started to long for women. The men alike, shipped to Kazakhstan, where Khrushchev's "fertilizer" speech of recruiting organizations then started to they were to maintain order and be ready last Dec. 9 was an old excuse, warmed persuade female students and factory in case of internal revolt. The 'demobili- over. He cannot admit before the world girls to go to Kazakhstan—at first by zation,' which was sold to the world as a that it is the rebellion of his people that gentle means, then by threats. This drive is at the core of his troubles. "Plenty of spread to the collective farms and villages fertilizer has been delivered to the farms of the USSR, forsaken by young men in the past, and is a pet object of peasant who had gone to town to find better jobs sabotage," writes Dr. Fabian. "They while the girls stayed home. have stored it openly in the rain to leach "They were told that in Kazakhstan out, and they have applied it in overdoses there were hundreds of thousands of eli- to burn out crop lands."

gible young men—they would have a The following day, Dec. 10, it was left chance to get married and lead a happy to G. I. Voronov, Premier of the Rus- life. They were persuaded to sign up for sian Republic, to raise the ominous sub- a year, and if they didn't like it they ject of disciplining the peasants with could return." more "education." It would be necessary to "teach the peasants" how to use ferti- Khrushchev's first drive in 1955 lizer, said Voronov, for Khrushchev's raised 25,000 girls for Kazakhstan. "fertilizer" program would be wasted if Recently 100,000 were persuaded or it was not properly used "as a result of forced to go. A large proportion of ignorance or prejudice on the part of the those brought back from Manchuria and peasants." Skirting any confession of China were women. sabotage, he mentioned "problems" of The significance of Kazakhstan with transporting chemicals from factories to respect to the food supply of the Soviet fields. He told the Central Committee that to of the present fertilizer Union is not simply that the rebellious 15% 20% people there are sitting on their hands output "and sometimes more" is being as much as they can. The sabotage of "What wine would you recommend to go "lost" in transportation and storage. with Metrecal?" is indication that foreign is nationwide. The Soviet system There every farming THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE purchases will be used to see the has failed, throughout its 46 years, to wheat attempt to disci- manage farming successfully or to enlist 'peace' token, actually turned part of the regime through a new final death strug- the support of the farm people anywhere. army into an internal rural police force. pline the peasants, in a gle between the red regime and its people. Eastern Kazakhstan is too small a part of "When the troops arrived, no housing meeting the Soviet agricultural area to be able to had been prepared for them. They had When the December Party it a plenum within starve the bureaucracy into collapse by to provide for building material and the closed, scheduled new months, instead of the usual six, itself. But Kazakhstan was the last an- construction of living quarters them- two with the problem to be the chief one swer Khrushchev could think of, short of selves. It turned out that in the state farm food importing food wholesale, to offset his company stores there was neither food on the agenda. food difficulties everywhere. To make the nor consumer goods for them. The offi- effort there he risked his position at the cers, who had previously enjoyed certain The u.s. Congress cooled noticeably head of the government, involved him- privileges, were so embittered that they toward the wheat deals after the De- self in a show of strength with his top- too began undermining, rather than cember meeting in Moscow. It finally ranking colleagues and purged them. strengthening, discipline." gave the President permission to endorse Meanwhile, throughout the Soviet Today, every movement of Khrush- private sales of wheat to the Soviet Union Union, he brought more repressive power chev has been in the direction of more (which means guaranteeing sellers that to bear on farm units. He centralized force and repression. The significance of they'll get their money), but washed its

power over the collective farms by re- Kazakhstan is that it is the "last straw." hands of responsibility by stipulating that

ducing their number from 300,000 to As it has provided only a new seat of President Johnson could guarantee the 87,000, ousted the farmers' own unit agricultural mutiny and sabotage worse sales if in his judgment it was in the "best

presidents and replaced them with re- than any of the others, it has exhausted interests of the United States." Very liable city Communists. Each show of Khrushchev's last conceivable answer to shortly thereafter, the first sale was con- force simply added to the stubbornness the problem of providing an expanding summated, a private dealer negotiating of the farmers, and brought forth such a food economy at home, produced by sale of one million tons of wheat to the show of criticism from Soviet writers willing farmers under the Communist Soviet Union at U.S. support prices, that Khrushchev withdrew the freedom system. At the same time it has height- Moscow paying a lower price and the he had once given them, arresting some, ened the rebellious spirit everywhere in U.S. providing the difference. It was ceasing to publish the works of others, the Soviet Union, as Molotov, Bulganin, reported to be the biggest single sale of the end and threatening them all. Kaganovich, Shepilov, etc., had warned. wheat ever made.

52 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • r RCH 1964 C

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The MELLINGER CO., 1554 S. Sepulveda, Dept. m 303, Los Angeles 25, Calif. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 53 old trout or bass, according to Bob Taft of Cape May, N. J. Just add natural scent. If you're fishing with a fly, squash a few real ROD & GUN ones and smear them on the artificial. If CLUB you're using a plug or spoon, spear a piece of cut fish onto one of the hooks, or rub some fish slime on the lure's body. There's nothing like the real aroma to arouse a Trout Bait From The Stream fish's appetite. TRAIL BLAZING used to be tedious work for a sportsman who wanted to mark It will profit the trout angler to know standard-size hook passed through its back something about the bottom of a stream beneath one of its body segments. These his route to a game kill or into a hidden lake. that through clear, fast water may appear baits aren't cast but are drifted downstream He had to hack off bark and tree limbs as barren and lifeless. Actually it teems with with the current, and then are still-fished. markers. Clarence Johnson of Libby, Mont., tiny animals which he can use as bait. The The trout soon find them. has found a faster, easier way. He uses a stream bed is the home of clams, mussels, pint spray-can of red paint to mark his trail. snails, crayfish, and numerous nymphs, or POISON SNAKE COUNTRY may provide larvae, that soon will hatch into flying in- good hunting and fishing but a snake bite TO CARRY A FISHING ROD through sects. In residence also are leeches and tiny can quickly end the fun. Your hands and the brush without snagging it on twigs and bloodworms which are miniature cousins of arms are safe when you keep them out of bushes, point the tip straight ahead of you the earthworm. All are preferred items in a reach. Your legs will be safe, too, if you and let it lead the way. When you're carry- trout's diet when available, more so than wear leggings like those of Jerome O'Brien ing two rods, however, it's not so simple; the rods tend to spread with their tips point- the flies it snatches from the surface; if fish of St. Louis, Mo. He takes two pieces of had only these wisps to feed upon, they wire mesh (steel or monel-metal) with a ing in different directions. Joe Skinner of would starve to death. Vsth inch weave, wide enough to overlap Goldfield, Iowa, has solved the problem. He slips both rod tips through a large safety Buried in the bottom gravel are small fin- his leather boot tops and to extend to his pin, and it keeps them from straying. gernail clams. Living on the gravel beds of slow streams are the thick-shelled mussels of which pearl buttons are made. Snails are TO TRAP LrVE 'COONS try a trick suggested by Hilton Melius of Faulkton, S. D. present wherever there is dead vegetation or He ties a dozen feet of rope to the neck of algae. When an angler lifts a stone in a riffle, a milk bottle and its other end to a tree. he's apt to see a crayfish scurry to another squeezes a few chunks of apple hideout. Although a trout can't open the Then he into the bottle. The 'coon reaches in, grabs shells of these animals, there are always a a chunk, but won't let go so it can withdraw few tidbits that float within reach whenever its paw. a raccoon, mink or muskrat is feeding on them. Sometimes a trout will grasp a snail knees, and wraps one around the calf of METAL SUN GLASSES can get uncom- its it its shell. by exposed head and pull from each leg three times, holding it in place with fortably cold when you're waiting for action And a large trout will swallow a snail or rubber bands cut from an inner tube. The at an ice-fishing hole. The remedy is to in- small crayfish whole. leggings aren't heavy, noisy in brush, or sulate them as recommended by Mrs. Lyle On the tops of submerged rocks there are hot to wear, but they're proof against fangs. Ealy of Belle Plaine, Iowa. She wraps yarn small tubular inch-long clumps that may around the nose piece and temples. Ad- look like sand or clusters of tiny twigs. But ROD-GUIDE ICING is one of the prob- hesive tape will work, too, but sometimes they're more than sand and twigs; they crawl lems of early spring trout fishing. Water the adhesive is difficult to remove. on tiny legs, moving very slowly. They are from the line collects on the guides and Caddis cases, containing the caterpillar-like freezes when the rod is whipped through the SNAGGED-PLUG RETRIEVERS usually nymph of the Caddis fly, which wears them air during casting. It not only slows up the consist of a weight that slides down the as camouflage. Clinging to the under sur- cast but also can damage the line. The rem- fishline and jars the plug free—if you're faces of the rocks are the small, flat May edy is glycerine. Carry a small bottle of it lucky. F. R. Ashworth of Mattoon, 111., has fly nymphs with fringed legs and triple tails and rub some on the guides to prevent ice designed another type that works even when that look like feathers. These move fast and from forming. your line is broken. It's a two-foot length are difficult to catch. His neighbor is a large ferocious-looking insect which resembles a YOU CAN MISS a long-range rifle shot if miniature black scorpion, the hellgrammite, you don't allow for a cross-wind because nymph of the Dobson fly. It must be han- wind will cause the bullet to drift off-target. dled with caution; its sharp pincers can nip To help you to remember to correct for painfully. Then there's the flat, mud-colored wind drift, and also to estimate the wind nymph of the Stone fly with its two long velocity, tie a short thread to your gun muz- tail filaments. It is found on stones in the zle so it hangs in the breeze, advises Byron fastest, most aerated water of the stream. Lewandowski of Watertown, Wis. You When trout are in the riffles, it usually is this may still miss the target but you can't miss nymph on which they're feeding. noticing the thread. The leech of the quiet shallows has a worm-like body about two inches long but AN INEXPENSIVE outdoor heater can be of small-diameter galvanized pipe attached it can stretch to four inches. A sucking de- made from an empty coffee can and its lid, side of a flat square of fine-mesh vice is at each end. In muddy bottoms the fine sand and denatured alcohol, writes to one it on a rope and small red bloodworms can be dug from their David Ford of Richland, Wash. Fill can chicken wire. He lowers it over the snag. When one of the mud tunnels. These and the fragile nymphs, with sand, and add as much alcohol as it drags hooks catches the wire, he jiggles his retriev- when used as trout bait, must be gently tied will absorb. To fire it up, stir the sand and times, and pulls up the lost plug. to the hook with a few turns of thread. light. It burns with a hot, smokeless flame. er a few Shelled species can be crushed with a stone The can's lid will keep fuel from evaporat- If you have a helpful idea for this feature and their meat tied to the hook. The case ing until the "stove" is ready for use, and send it in. If we can use it we'll pay you of the Caddis nymph must first be removed can be used to extinguish the flame. $5.00. However, we cannot acknowledge, re- gently. turn, or enter into correspondence concern- Small nymphs should not go on a hook WARY FISH often refuse artificial lures ing contributions. Address: Outdoor Editor, larger than No. 14. An exception is the hell- no matter how lifelike those lures may be. The American Legion Magazine, 720 Fifth

grammite; it's so tough it can be used on a But there's a way to fool the most stubborn Ave., New York, N. Y. 10019.

54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 )

To make new friends, foods plus, the world's largest vitamin manufacturer

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COMPARE THESE FOODS PLUS FORMULAS TO CALL attention to its already-low prices for quality Vitomms vitamins, and to make new friends among vitamin users, [Save on TO FAIR-TRADED BRANDS— AND SAVE! FOODS PLUS, INC. now makes this unprecedented intro- family ductory offer: buy any formula shown on this page at the oor whole Buy one bottle of any formula at the low price for Y below— regular low price and get a second bottle of the same formula get another bottle of the same formula for t(f for just 1 4. These are the very same vitamins that are now used by hundreds of thousands of FOODS PLUS customers coast-to-coast. By dealing with FOODS PLUS— the world's largest vitamin ONE-TABLET-PER-DAY % THERAPEUTIC THERAPEUTIC VITAMINS are TYPE MULTIPLE VITAMINS WITH ADDED MINERALS manufacturer selling direct to the public— these customers assured of always getting fresh, full-potency vitamins—while FOODS PLUS FORMULA 402 FOODS PLUS FORMULA 412 FOODS PLUS FORMULA 413 at the same time, they enjoy savings of up to 50% over the Comparable brand costs Comparable brand costs Comparable brand costs fair-trade retail prices for comparable formulas. -$2.94 per 100.* -$7.45 per 100.* ^ggs.*,,,,. -$7.89 per 100.* Now, with this revolutionary 1 4 sale, FOODS PLUS invites Buy Foods Plus brand Buy Foods Plus brand Buy Foods Plus brand to see for yourself the unique advantages of dealing directly -S1.7S per 120-get a -$3.95 per 100-get a -$4.95 per 100-get a you second bottle of 120 second bottle of 100 second bottle of 100 with an established vitamin manufacturer. ,orl( ,orU for - $1.75 + lf $3.95 + 10 H. $4.95 + 10 Send No Money Now Each tablet contains: Each capsule contains: To take advantage of this offer just choose the formula you Vitamin A 5,000 USP Units Vitamin A . . . . 25,000 USP Units Vitamin D 500 USP Units Vitamin D 1,000 USP Units Each capsule contains: want by comparing the FOODS PLUS formulas at the left Vitamin B-l 3 mg. Vitamin B-l 10 mg. Vitamin A ... 25,000 USP Units with the label on your present bottle. Then simply send in the Vitamin B-2 2.5 mg. Vitamin B-2 10 mg. Vitamin D 1,000 USP Units coupon below, giving us the number of the FOODS PLUS Vitamin B-6 1 mg. Vitamin B-6 5 mg. Vitamin B-l 10 mg. Vitamin B-12 1 meg. Vitamin B-12 5 meg. Vitamin B-2 10 mg. formula you've chosen. Vitamin C 50 mg. Vitamin C 200 mg. Vitamin B-6 5 mg. You need send no money now— for your added convenience, Niacinamide 20 mg. Niacinamide 100 mg. Vitamin B-12 5 meg. we'll be glad to send your bill with your vitamins. And all you Calcium Pantothenate ... 1 mg. Calcium Pantothenate . . 20 mg. Niacinamide 100 mg. pay is the regular low price of one bottle, plus just 1 i for the Calcium Pantothenate . . 20 mg. Vitamin C 200 mg. second bottle of the same formula. Vitamin E 5 Int. Units Your vitamins will be sent to you post-paid with an uncon- CHEWABLE — Calcium 105 mg. FOR OLDER PEOPLE -j ditional 30-day guarantee. 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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 55 UjUru, Be Bothred bq BillsT

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Mfg ., 3816 Dahlia , Dept . 115, Denver, Colo. Huge profits. Cyclo INVENTIONS WANTED Time at Home Now-Full Time Later. salesmen-dealers Inventions wanted immediately for promoting on cash or SALESMEN, DEALERS: Increase your present earnings, royalty. Patented or Unpatented. Free booklet outlines royalty new line of products, fast moving, easily sold to service sta- rates, requirements. Write Kessler Corporation, C-363, tions, variety stores, drug stores, etc. Perfect additional line Fremont, Ohio. or new venture. Complete information on request. JAY JAY INVENTIONS wanted: patented, unpatented. Global Market- 1 vard Street, Color ado Springs, Colorado. N0W-Y0U can make the truly modern conversati Enter prises , 23 Har ing Service, 2420-L 77th, Oakland 5, California. HELP WANTED pieces - the breathtakingly beautiful sofas, armchai COINS ottomans, built-ins. headboards, cornices FIRES, DAMAGE, ACCIDENTS seen in INVESTIGATE STORM 15 Different Foreign Banknotes $1.00. Confederate Banknote color photos in HOUSE BEAUTIFUL, AMERICAN HOME INSURANCE COMPANIES— Pays up to $1,000 a FOR $1.00. Lists 10f(. Americana Gallery, 810 East Broward, Fort AND SUNDAY MAGAZINES. Make slipcovers, draperi full time. No college necessary. Car furnished; month, part or Lauderdal e, Rorida. cushions. Work on home furnishings, cars, boats, expense paid. We train you at home in spare time. Keep pres- OLD GOLD & JEWELRY WANTED trailers! Learn MODERN UPHOLSTERY AND YOU CAN ent job until ready to switch. Pick your location. Men badly MAKE MONEY TEN DIFFERENT WAYS! FAST, EASY, Full information FREE. Write Liberty School, Gold, Teeth, Jewelry, Rings, needed now. HIGHEST CASH for Diamonds, AT HOME, NO OVERHEAD! Card or letter to: Dept. C-951, 1139 W. Park, Libert yville, Illinois. Watches, Silver, Platinum. Mail Articles Today. Free gift MODERN UPHOLSTERY INSTITUTE Information. Chicago Gold Precious Metals. 6 E. Directory of Foreign-U.S.A. job possibilities. Most occupa- with & Dept. U209, FallDrook > California tions up to $1,600.00 monthly. Often free transportation. Monroe, Dept. 186, Chicago 3. Benefits. Money back guarantee. Send $1.50 ($2.00 airmail), LOANS BY MAIL accepted. International Employment, B3, Box 22038, C.O.D.'s BORROW $100 to $1,000 by Mail. Quick, Easy, Private. No I I ndiana. dianapolis 22, Co-Signers. Repay in 24 small month'y payments. For the EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES amount you want write TODAY to Dial Finance Co., 401 TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITIES— U.S.A.—Overseas— Kittredge Bldg., Dept. 3-102, Denver, Colorado, 80202. Choose Jobs— Locations—Transportation—Free Details. REAL ESTATE International Airport, Box 100-K12, OCCUPATIONS CANADIAN VACATION LANDS: Full price $385.00. 40 York Jamaica 30 New . acres, $10 month. Suitable cottage sites, hunting, fishing, in- AGENTS WANTED vestment. Free information. Land Corporation, 3768-F Bath- Canada. SELL GREETING CARDS— Make extra money. All Occa- urst, Downsview, Ontario, sion assortments, Easter, Stationery, Gifts, Wrappings, Toys, PERSONAL-MISCELLANEOUS Jewelry. Experience unnecessary. Sa'able Samples on ap- THEATRICAL COSTUMES; Rubber, Leather, Satin, etc. proval Free Catalog. Bonus Plan. Write HEDENKAMP, Illustrated Brochure $1.00, deductible first order. OLYMPIA, 361 Broadway, Dept. AL-13, New York. 126-QM, Brooklyn 18, New York. OF INTEREST TO MEN Secrets to Self Improvement. Details 2bt. Laban, Box 98-A BEERI WINES 200 gallons homemade legally permitted Village, N.Y.C. 10014. yearly tax free. Tremendous savings. Guaranteed instructions $130 Average Race Day Profit with $50. 25 years results in $1. Faculty Press, 1020 Victoria, Vancouver 6, Canada. amazing copyright book. Hitchings, Box 5715-6, Carmel,

SLEEP-LEARNING—HYPNOTISM I Sensational catalog California.

free! Research Association, Box 24-M X , Olympia, Washington. PSORIASIS SUFFERERS: Discouraged? Write for FREE 53 VARGAS GlRLS Playing Cards. Full color. All different. important information that is amazing thousandsl PIXACOL, EYEGLASSES NOSE PADS! Plastic Coated. $2.00 postpaid. Vargas- Vanities, Box 622-0, Box 38-C, Clev eland 21, Ohio. Super- Soft Nose Pads relieve sore spots, and ease Louis, Missouri 63188. New St. ADVERTISERS-AGENCIES weight of eyeglasses. Keep glasses from constantly slipping backing. CARTOONING & COMMERCIAL ART You are reading the Classified Section of one of the Nation's down. All new flesh-colored foam with adhesive put on all of glasses—yet peel off easily when responsive markets. These Classified ads are shopped Stay types "HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH SIMPLE CARTOONS" most desired. Easy to apply. Just peel off backing, and press in —A book everyone who likes to draw should have. It is free; by millions of people who respond to Opportunity. For details place. 6 pair $1 postpaid. California residents add 4<>/0 no obligation. Simply address Cartoonists' Exchange, Dept. write CLASSIFIED, Dept. A-4, 100 East Ohio St., Chicago state tax. Hill, Ohi 11, Illinois. 1353, Pleasant o. COLUMBIA CO., Dept. P-5, 404 Security Bldg. 234 E. Colorado Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. 58 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 —

LIVING FENCE

THE AMERICAN LEGION

SHOPPER Fast-Growing

Ever-Blooming Send for special Amazing RED ing Bonus Offer

GINDEN NURSERY CO. FOR AS LITTLE AS 124 A FOOT San Bruno, California Dept. 12 sensational Robin Rose Hedge (Gloire Des See the Red Send me without cost or obligation, free full- Rosomanes) that's sweeping the country! Plant THIS color book, uses, prices, special Spring Bonus Offer, etc., on ROBIN LIVING FENCE. SPRING; have a vigorous LIVING FENCE bursting with fra- RED grant RED ROSES THIS SUMMER. Red Robin's lush green

foliage is covered with a riot of richly scented red roses month after month. Not a sprawling Multiflora. Grows straight, upright to 6 feet, stays compact. So tough, thrives in even poor soils. Grows so dense Red Robin keeps children and pets in, animals and intruders out.

Available only from Ginden Nursery, San Bruno, California. Zip No.

SLIPPING EYEGLASSES? Eliminate annoy- IN THE ance of pushing them up. Ear-Loks, soft, x PRIVACY OF YOUR OWN HOME elastic tabs keep glasses snug-fitting. No Hush more fussing with sliding glasses. For S$1000byA6M£ men, women, children, 590 a pair, 2 pairs ippies. $1.00. DORSAY PRODUCTS, Dept. A-5, 200 PAYMENTS AS LOW AS $5.61 MONTHLY W. Street, York 19, N. Y. depending on amount 57th New GO borrowed ^ - , vk,. > CASH WANT This confidential Borrow-By-Mail per- IKING -SIZE! amount 24 Monthly sonal plan provides cash for any of Loan Payments purpose. Borrow in complete privacy $100 $ 5.61 by mail no matter where you live. $300 $16.83 Borrow on your good name only. No $500 $27.73 endorsers, no agents will call, no Amount 30 Monthly red tape, just fast service. Repay We Specialize in Sizes 10-16; Widths AAA-EEE. of Loan Payments in convenient monthly payments to $800 $36.33 = Mis. Frederick Johnson fit your needs. Details sent in plain Hush Puppies, Boots, Sport, Dress, Casu- $1000 $44.39 EE 2216 South 23rd Ave. envelope. No obligation. Inquire now! Slacks, McGregor H West Highland Par] als — Also Sweaters, = Anytown, Kansas(8091{j all Dress, Sport Shirts ySoM Jackets extra long. r Budget Finance Co., Dept. CB-114 with bodies 4" longer. Top quality at sen- | 317 So. 20th St., Omaha 2. Nebr. satisfaction guarantee. I Nam> Labels with your "ZIP" CODE! sible prices. 100% Send for FREE FULL COLOR CATALOG of Address, PRINTED Shoes and Apparel. Sold by Mail Only. City . State. NAME & - ADDRESS LABELS 50* Age Occupation. Inc., St., Brockton, Mass. Rich Gold Trim — Free Plastic Box King-Size, 1174 Forest Start using the new ZIP code numbers on your return address labels (the Post Office will tell you your number). ANY name, address and ZIP code beautifully printed in black on white gummed paper with rich gold trim. Up to 4 lines. 2" long. Set of 500 labels in plastic box, just 50c. Ppd. U.S. GOV'T SURPLUS Fast service. Money back guarantee. SELLING FOR ONLY A FRACTION OF ORIGINAL COST! Send for free catalog. "Wal+e»r Flratp 5503-3 Drake Bldg. THOUSANDS OF ITEMS AVAILABLE FOR ONLY 2c AND 3c VVcUlt/I Ultll\.tS Colorado Springs, Colo. 80901 EXAMPLES Jeeps $117.00 ON THE DOLLAR. DIRECT FROM GOVERNMENT Typewriters $8.79 Radios $2.65 Boats $178.00 Airplanes $159.00 508 Different STAMPS Bicycle $5.50 Leather Boots 45c GIANT VALUE ypMS oZZSt Carbines $20.00 Telescope $4.00 npHIS fabulous offer is made to Pass. Bus $208.00 win new friends for Littleton. Surplus Bargains, Dept. AL-3 Refrigerator $5.00 " 508 different stamps—from all P. O. Box 50939, New Orleans 50, La. Power Mower $7.50 1 1 1 over the world — for only 35$! FREE FREE FREE sections immediately. Imagine the excitement of own- Mimeograph $23.00 . „* T , >l enclose $1.00. Send both Separata 52 page section with pictures and wi || . refunded if ing exotic Generators $2.68 under„a„d , hal my mo „ ey b stamps from Na- 600 /OU t0n 0 'd " > completely satisfied. Also I will receive more. ffJSSLtf JS,°7.S?" O" no* tionalist China, the United Arab and thousands DIRECT BY MAIL Is yours free when you send .oo or ma , H „ (l)nd wi(h my' ,;„, ord„ ol j 10 1 Art S It I... C I _ Republic (shown here), Morocco, PLUS a list of 1000 loca- $1.00 for the urplu atalog. Example Indonesia, Pakistan, and many tions where you can Parachutes Ammunitioi Boats Walkie- Holsters Silverware other legendary lands! Yes, you purchase surplus Name Talkies TonH Hand get a really generous assortment on the spot! Clothing Tool* Grenada! Address from every continent — for only Full Details- Goggles Boots Gun Backs 350 with approvals. (Offer open to How, Where to Battle Hats Combat and Guns Knives Hundreds .City _Stat. adults only. ) Simply rush your Buy Only $1.00 Cots Mine Detectors More name and address, and only 3 50 to: LITTLETON STAMP CO., Dept. FULL PURCHASE PRICE OF $1.00 REFUNDED WITH FIRST ORDER OF $10.00 OR MORE 3-AL, Littleton, New Hampshire. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 59 " —

HAIRY DILEMMA So many women are wearing wigs nowa- PARTING days it's impossible to tell which girl has the phony. Philip Thomas

INSTRUCTIONS TO A PHOTOGRAPHER If that's a "perfect likeness," try SHOTS Again. I'd like to see A more imperfect kind. I hate To look so much like me. Richard Armour

BAIL OUT When you're up to your neck in trouble, try using the part that isn't submerged. Ivern Boyett

TEN MILES OF SUSPENSE Pass the tranquilizers my way, My frayed nerves are drawn up tight; I drove home behind a woman Who did everything just right. Fred W. Norman

LIQUID ASSETS Definition of an expense account: binge benefits. Lionel M. Kaufman PRESCRIPTION FOR LOVE "Superbly matched," the tabbies crack, "Are Barbara and Bill; For she's a hypochondriac, And he's a perfect pill!" Harold Willard Gleason THE JONESES AGAIN "You'd better have your wife drop in, too. I want to have a look at her hands." Another party that has trouble in keeping

up with the Joneses is the finance company. George Hart RUNS IN THE FAMILY Litlle Peggy had been behaving very badly and, in desperation, her SOAPERIOR SYSTEM mother told the youngster: Here is a dame who certainly rates "Don't you know that if you keep on being naughty, your children As "immaculate house keeper" will be naughty, too?" thrice a day,

I he little girl gave her mother a sly little wink. She thoroughly washes the paper plates "Oh, Mommy," she exclaimed triumphantly, "you gave yourself away!" Before she throws them away. V. D. Palat Dirck Poore UNMARITAL STATE JUST ONE MORE CHINTZ Divorce: A condition brought on by two people who were crazy to get married. Shopping for yard goods in the department store, the hard-to-please Tony Pettito woman had been shown almost everything but was still dissatisfied. Finally she said, "Thank you, but really I'm just shopping for a friend. "Well," said the tired clerk, "there's still one bolt of cloth that you haven't seen, do you think she could be in there?" Anna Herbert

TV GUIDER "I hear you were invited to your girl friend's house last night, Jack,"

a teenager remarked to a friend. "How did it go?" "Well," was Jack's gloomy response, "we were sitting in front of the TV set having a swell time when her mother came in and spoiled it." "Spoiled it?" queried the other. "How?" "She made us turn the set on," grumbled Jack. F. G. Kernan

TOP THIS A woman was trying desperately to impress her friends at a tea one afternoon. "My family's ancestry is very old," she said. "It dates back to the days of King John of England." Then, turning to a woman sitting nearby, she asked condescendingly: "How old is your family, my dear?" "Well," replied the woman with a smile, "I really can't say. All "Each first of the month, a strong-arm of our family records lost in the were Flood." hoodlum will call at your home! If you've Herm Albrk.ht already made your payment, ignore him!"

CO THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1964 INVEST.. IN AMERICA... BUY AND FLY A FLAG

ALL PURPOSE FLAG SET with two piece aluminum pole, hal-

yards and utility holder for attaching to wall, window sill, etc. Defiance cotton bunting, sewed stars and sewed stripes.

3 x 5-ft. flag; 6-ft. pole No. 72800 $ 7.40 4 x 6-ft. flag; 8-ft. pole No. 72801 10.00

Reliance cotton, printed stars and sewed stripes

x 5-ft. 6-ft. 3 flag ; pole No. 72802 $ 4.00 Six or more, each 3.50 4 x 6-ft. flag; 8-ft. pole No. 72803 6.20 ALL PURPOSE SETS SHIPPED PREPAID

UNMOUNTED U. S. FLAGS MEMBERS Fast color with canvas headings and metal RING grommets. Popular priced Sterling (Prices of other sizes and qualities on request.) Silver ring with gold-plated Reliance Defiance Nylamn Cotton Cotton (Lone wear wool emblem for every Legion- SIZE (printed stars, (sewed stars texture 75% nylon sewed stripes) and stripes) 25% wool) naire. (Sizes 7 to 13 from 2x3 feet $ 2.70 $ 7.20 stock. Other sizes add 3 x 5 feet $2.50 5.60 12.50 4x6 feet 3.50 7.30 18.90 $1 .50 with 2 weeks delivery) 5x 8 feet — 11.00 29.00 No. 73880 $2.75 6 x 10 feet — 14.00 39.00 8 x 12 feet — 22.00 62.50

LAWN U. S. FLAG SETS Two piece, 12-ft. wood pole with brass capped lawn socket.

Defiance cotton bunting 3 x 5 ft. flag with dyed stars and sewed stripes. No. 72837 $15.00 Reliance cotton 3 x 5-ft. flag with dyed stars and sewed stripes. No. 72838, each $12.00 NYLON JACKET Six or more, each 11.00 Lawn sets F.O.B. New York City. Two Lightweight washable weeks delivery. 100% nylon. "Hurricane" FLAG MATERIAL (not illustrated) type two-button stand-up Let's Be Right on Flag Etiquette-20-page pamphlet. Ques- tions and answers. collar. Navy blue (No. Each No. 726OO $ .15 70271) or white (No. 70275) Per 100 7.oo in sizes Sm., Med., Lg., Flag Code— Illustrates and describes the correct way to dis- Ex-Lg $6.95 play the American Flag. Each 72601 No. $ .04 , Per 100 3.00 Per 1000 20.00

Flag Code Newspaper Mat^Set in standard newspaper col- umns. Can be cut into sections for periodic or partial use. Each ! No. 72602 $ 1.70

ON ALL ORDERS UNDER $3.00, ADD 25e FOR POSTAGE AND HANDLING PRICES INCLUDE FEDERAL EXCISE TAX WHERE APPLICABLE

THE AMERICAN LEGION, NATIONAL EMBLEM SALES P. O. Box 1055, Indianapolis 6, Indiana

Enclosed is $ Please rush the following

NAME BUFFALO CALF "REGISTRAR" BILLFOLD by Prince Gardner. Removable photo card case. Brown (No. ADDRESS 74435) or Black (No. 74436) $5.50 CITY STATE

Send me a free Emblem catalog. Membership Card No, COMPANY. , <.* FB rn to*nr MitKf WHICH IDENTIFY ONLY THE PRODUCT OF THE COCA-COLA "COKE" ABE REGISTERED T RAO E • M AR KS CC-MUlC-I © ,W. THE COCA-COLA COMPANY. "C0C».COl»" ANO

best. gives a special zing. . refreshes Coca-Cola . People go better refreshed. The never-too-sweet taste of things gO better,! .with Coke