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Theories of Soviet Foreign Poliey: a Classifieation of the Literature' , World Affairs Quar• Terly (Vol Notes 1 Framework for Analysis 1. For detailed summaries of these theories, see William A. Glaser, 'Theories of Soviet Foreign Poliey: A Classifieation of the Literature' , World Affairs Quar­ terly (Vol. XXVII, no. 2, July 1956); Daniel Bell, 'Ten Theories in Seareh of Reality: The Prediction of Soviet Behavior in the Sodal Seiences' , World Politics (Vol. X, no. 3, April 1958). 2. For a detailed diseussion of the views of these two sehools, see Adam Bromke, 'Ideology and National Interest in Soviet Foreign Poliey', International Journal (Vol. XX, no. 4), pp. 547-62. 3. R. N. Carew-Hunt, 'The Importanee of Doetrine', Soviet Conduct in World Affairs, Alexander Dallin, ed. (New York: 1960). 4. Samuel L. Sharp, 'National Interest: Key to Soviet Polities', Soviet Conduct in World Affairs (New York: 1960). 5. W. W. Kulski, The Soviet Union in World Affairs, 1964-1972 (Syracuse, 1973), pp. 251, 292. 6. Hafeez Malik (ed.), Domestic Determinants of SOviet Foreign Policy Towards South Asia and the Middle East (London: Maemillan, 1990), pp. 1-16. 7. Alexandre Bennigsen and Marie Broxup, Islamic Threat to the Soviet State (New York: 1983). p. 9. 8. Alexandre A. Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslim National Commu­ nism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World (Chicago: 1979), pp. 50-51, 68. 9. Michael Rywkin, Moscow's Muslim Challenge (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1982), p.44. 10. For a thorough study of these theories see an excellent study by James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr, Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey (New York: 1981), p. 592. 11. For these studies, see Richard C. Snyder, H. W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, Foreign Policy Decision-Making: An Approach to the Study of International Politics (New York: 1962), pp. 208-72. 12. Michael Brecher, Blema Steinberg and Janice Stein, 'A Framework for Re­ search on Foreign Policy Behavior', The Journal of Conflict Resolution (Vol. XIII, no. 1, March 1969), pp. 79-80; see also, Erik P. Hoffman and Frederic J. Fleron, Jr (eds) , The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy (New York: 1980), pp. 7-8. 2 Instruments of Soviet Diplomacy and Self-Projection 1. 2-oy s'yeed Kommunisti cheskovo Intematisionaka (Moscow, 1929), pp. 562-5 in Hugh Seton-Watson, From Lenin to Malenkov (New York, 1953), pp. 73-4. 2. Abdullah Malik, Hadith-i Dil: Ayk Kammunist ka Roznamcheh-i Hajj (Lahore: n.d.), pp. 42-3. 3. Abul Kalam Azad, Mas' alah-i Khilafat (Labore: Maktabah-i Ahbab, n.d.), pp. 10-15; Sayyid Sulaiman Nadwi, Khilafat Awr Hindustan in Ma'arif (Azam- 342 Notes 343 garh: October, 1921), pp. i39-99; Abdul Halim Sharar, Tarikh-i Khilafat (Lucknow: 1928), pp. 15-19. 4. Among the Caliphate leaders, Mawlana Abdul Bari and Abul Kalam Azad issued the fatwa for the migration of the Muslims out of India. For the text of Azad's fatwa see, 'Hijrat Ka Fatwa', Daily Ahl-i Hadith (Amritsar: 30 July 1920); also, Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India anti Pakistan (Washing­ ton, DC: 1963), pp. 343-4. 5. F. S. Briggs, 'The Indian Hijrat of 1920', The Muslim World (Hartford: Vol. XX, no. 2, April 1930), pp. 164-8. 6. Cf. Muzaffar Ahmad, The Communist Party of India and Its Formation Abroad (Calcutta: 1962), pp. 32-3; see also Gene G. Overstreet and Marshali Windmil­ ler, Communism In IndÜl (Berkeley, 1960), pp. 26-7. 7. Muhammad Sarwar, Afadat Wa Malfuzat Mawlana Obaid Alloh Sindhi (Labore: 1972), p. 296. 8. For the tull text of this declaration and appeal see Iver Spector, The Soviet Union and the Muslim World, 1917-1956 (Seattle: 1956), pp. 15-16. 9. Sarwar, Afadot Wa Mal/uzat, pp. 120-1. 10. M. Habib, 'Obituary: Dr. K. M. Ashraf', Enquiry (Delhi: no. VI, n.d.) pp. 1-2. 11. Rahul Sankritayana, 'Sajjad Zabeer: Nai Nayta', Naya Dawr (Karachi: August 1948), p. 13. 12. Sajjad Zaheer, A Case for Congress-League Unity (Bombay: 1944), pp. 20,36. 13. N. K. Krishnan (ed.), Forgery Versus Facts: Communist Party Exposes the Fifth Column (Bombay, 1948), p. 19. 14. N. K. Krlshnan (ed.), National Unity for the Defence ofthe Motherlond (Bom- bay: 1943), pp. 24-5. 15. Zaheer, op. eit., p. i. 16. Sajjad Zaheer, Roshnai (Lahore: Maktabu-i Urdu, 1956) See Harf-i Akhar. 17. Political Thesis: Adopted at the Second Congress (Calcutta, 28 February, 6 March 1948 (Bombay, Communist Party of India, 1948), 95 pp. 18. Pakistan Kammunist Parti, Inqalabi Discipline 'Kaya Hai (Labore: 1950), p. 4. 19. Ibid., p. 31. 20. Ibid., p. 48. 21. Popham Young Minute, 15 November 1895, Government of India Revenue File, December 1896, 22-47A; Popham Young Minute, 16 April 1907, FCF4411108A. (Personal Microfilm copy of this author.) 22. Firuz-ud-Din Mansur, Kisan Awr Abiyana (Labore: n.d.), pp. 12-13. Actually by 1907 the British-Indian Government of the Punjab had ·been repaid on the capital outlay for the Chenab Colony; and then received over Rs 700 000 annually as net profit from water charges and land revenue. Cf. Revenue Report of the Punjab Irrigation Department, 1902-5, Lahore: 1905), p. 5. (Personal microfilm copy.) 23. Mansur, op. eit., p. 13. 24. Ibid., p. 14. 25. Ibid., pp. 18-20. 26. Ibid., p. 23. 27. Ibid., pp. 24-8. 28. Zaheer, Roshnai, .pp. 114-15; Muhammad Sadiq, Twentieth Century Urdu Literature (Baroda: 1947), p. 61. 29. For a detailed survey of their activities during 1936-47, see Hafeez Malik, 'The Marxist Literary Movement in India and Pakistan', The Journal of AsÜln Studies 344 Notes (Vol. XXVI, no. 4, August 1967); Emest J. Simmons, 'Introduction: Soviet Literature and Controls', Through the Glass of Soviet Literature (New York: 1961), pp. 20, 26. 30. Zaheer, Roshnai, p. 97. 31. Prem Chand is the first artist who adopted the peasant folk as the chief actors in human drama, who express their problems in their own unrefined speech. This realistic portrayal of Indian vi11age life makes Prem Chand's Gosha-i Afiyyat, Maidan-i Amal, and Godan very highly accomplished Urdu novels. 32. Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Mizan (Lahore: Nashrin, n.d.), pp. 244-5; for a general critical appreeiation of Prem Chand, see. also Mumtaz Husain, Adab Awr Sha'ur (Karachi: 1961), chapter on 'Novel Nigar Munshi Prem Chand', pp. 253-84. 33. P. C. Gupta, A Handful ofWheat and ather Stories of Prem Chand (New Delhi: 1962), pp. VI-VII. 34. Mohammad Sadiq, Twentieth-Century Urdu Literature, p. 61. 35. A very slight amendment in the wording of the Manifesto was adopted on the suggestion of the Maharashtra delegation. Cf. Zaheer, op. eit., pp. 114-15; Sadiq, op. eit., p. 62; see also a highly critical study by Gopal Mital, Adab Mein Traqqi Pasandi (Delhi: 1958), p. 20. 36. Zaheer" op.eit., p. 115. 37. For the life of Jafri and Majaz see Abdul Wahid (ed.), Jadid Shura-i Urdü (Lahore: n.d.), pp. 841,871; Majaz's alma mater, Aligarh Muslim University, published a 'Majaz Number' of the Aligarh Magazine, ed. Abdul Hafiz Siddiqi (Aligarh: 1955-56), which contains exce11ent articles on Majaz's tragic life of alcoholism and his romantic poetry by Professor Aal Ahmad Sarur of Aligarh Muslim University and Dr Ibadat Brailvi of the Punjab University, Lahore. 38. For an excellent biographical essay on Sajjad Zaheer see Rahul Sankrityayana, 'Sajjad Zaheer: Nai Nayta', Naya Daur (Karachi: 1948), pp. 8-16. 39. Akhtar Husain Rai-puri, Adab Awr Inqalab (Bombay: n.d.), pp. 83-4. 40. Faiz, op.cit., pp. 23-4.· 41. Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Naqsh-i Faryadi (Lahore: n.d.), pp. 95-6. 42. Rai-puri, op.eit., pp. 88-9. 43. Sahir Ludhianvi, 'Jang Awr Nazm', Naiya Adab (Bombay: no. VI, 1946), p. 26. 44. Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Dast-i Saba (Lahore: 1952), p. 18. 45. Ludhianvi, op.eit., p. 35. 46. Sajjad Zaheer, A Case for Congress-League Unity, pp. i, 20, 36; N. K. Krlshnan (ed.), National Unity for the Defense of the Motherland, pp. 24-5. 47. Sahba Lucknavi (ed.), Majaz Ayk Ahang (Karachi: 1956), p. 684. 48. Ibrahim Jalis, Dow Mulk Ayk Kahani (Lahore: n.d.), pp. 32-3 ff. 49. Cf. also Khawaja Ahmad Abbas, 'Notes on Urdu Literature' , Journal of the Indo-Soviet Cultural Society (Bombay: January 1954), Vol. I, no. 1, p. 91. 50. Since 1937, when he made his debut in the literary eircles of Lahore, Krishan Chandar has written about eight novels, and approximately 250 short stories, a11 of them in Urdu. A sizeable number have been translated into Sindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Polish,.Chinese, Czech and Russian. Among the most outstanding of Krishan Chandar's works are: Kala Bhangi (Kalu, The Sweeper); Maha Lak­ shmi ka pul (Maha Lakshmis Bridge); Peshawar Express; But Jagte Hai in (Idols Awake); Kahani Ki Kahani (Story of Story); and Brahma Putra. Ali Sardar Jafri, Taraqi Pashand Adab (Aligarh: 1957), p. 251. 51. Zaheer, op.cit., see Harf-i Akhar. 52. Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan was the son of Sir Sikander Hayat Khan (d.1942), who headed the Punjab landlords' organization and the National Unionist Party, Notes 345 and became the first Prime Minister of the Punjab as the result of elections held in January-February 1937 under the Govemment of India Act, 1935. 53. Aziz Ahmad, 'Literary and Intellectual Trends in Pakistan' (unpublished paper for the Conference on Pakistan Since 1958, held at the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal, 17-19 June 1964), p. 4. 54. Malik, Mastaqbil, p. 76. 55. An accomplished novelist and a historian, Aziz Ahmad later became Professor at Toronto University's Department of Near East and Islamic Studies.
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