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Earthcomm C8s1 Chapter 8 Earth System Evolution Section 1 The Evolution of the Geosphere What Do You See? Learning Outcomes Think About It In this section, you will Previously, you looked at the This Dynamic Planet map. Look • Describethe formation and again at this map. Think about all the large-scale geologic events development of Earth’s that have played a role in producing Earth’s rocks, landforms, geosphere. continents, and oceans. • Analyzethe spatial distribution of major regions of the • What were some of the major events in the evolution of geosphere. the geosphere? • Identifyprocesses that are of primary importance to the • What would a cross section through a continent look like? operation of the geosphere. • What might this cross section tell you about the evolution of the geosphere? Record your ideas about these questions in your Geo log. Make a few quick sketches to support your thoughts. Be prepared to discuss your responses with your small group and the class. Investigate In this Investigate, you will explore Earth’s geologic provinces to understand how the continents have developed through geologic time. Then you will look at the geology of the rocks that underlie the North American continent. You will be looking for clues about its geologic development. 864 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C8.indd 864 7/15/11 12:12:37 PM Section 1 The Evolution of the Geosphere Part A: Earth’s Geologic Provinces Orogen: A linear or arc-shaped region. 1. Examine the map of Earth’s geologic The region has been subjected to intense provinces and its legend. A geologic folding and other deformation during the province is a large region of Earth’s tectonic cycle. surface with a common geologic history. Basin: A low-lying area of Earth’s crust Also, have a copy of the This Dynamic in which sediments have accumulated. Planet map available for comparison. Large Igneous Province: Extremely large a) Describe the age distribution of accumulations of any kinds of igneous oceanic crust. rocks, usually greater than 100,000 km2 in Craton: A large stable part of continental area. Most are connected to rising plumes crust. It has undergone little deformation in the mantle or to plate tectonic processes. for a long period. The central cratons Extended Crust: A province of thinned of the continents include both shields crust (> 50 percent) due to extension. and platforms. An example, is The Basin & Range, Shield: A large area of rocks that form the North America. roots of a continent. A shield is a part of 2. Examine the map on the next page that a craton. They commonly have a gently shows the age in which the last major convex surface. They are surrounded by event to influence the structure of the sediment-covered platforms. crust took place. Platform: The part of a continent covered a) Describe the spatial distribution of by fl at-lying or gently tilted sedimentary age on Earth’s geologic provinces. strata, above the older basement rocks. b) Why is oceanic crust, on average, A platform is a part of a craton. much younger than continental crust? A map of Earth's geologic provinces. 865 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C8.indd 865 7/15/11 12:12:38 PM Chapter 8 Earth System Evolution A map showing the age in which the last major event to influence the structure of the crust took place. Time 5. Examine the Scandinavian crustal region. Age Span Era a) What kind of plate boundary would (Ma) (million you expect there? years) b) What kind of plate boundary occurs Cenozoic and Mesozoic 0–251 251 there? What does this tell you? Paleozoic 251–542 291 6. Examine the Indian and Asian Late Proterozoic 542–900 358 continental landmass. Middle Proterozoic 900–1600 700 a) Describe its structure. Early Proterozoic 1600–2500 900 Archean > 2500 — b) Compare its structure to North America. 3. Examine the North American c) Why do you think it is possible continent on the map of Earth’s that at this location there can be geologic provinces. an orogen between two shields? a) Describe its structure. 7. Scientists know that the oceans are gigantic sediment basins. b) Explain its structure. a) Are there any basins located on 4. Compare the representation of North the margins of continents? Where America on the two maps. are they? a) What kinds of plate boundaries b) Account for their locations. would you expect along the east 8. Find any features/superimposed features and west coasts of North America? that do not fit the general structures of Explain your answer. the continents you described earlier. b) What kinds of plate boundaries a) Where are they located? actually occur there? What does this tell you? b) Account for their locations. 866 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C8.indd 866 7/15/11 12:12:38 PM Section 1 The Evolution of the Geosphere Part B: The Structure of the North American Continent 1. Examine the map showing the basement of the North American continent. The basement consists of the rocks at the bottom of the crust. Basement rocks are usually very old. Often, they are more than 500 million years old. a) Describe the age distribution of the basement rocks (oldest to youngest rocks). b) What are the processes by which a continent grows? c) What evidence is there on the map for these processes? d) What do you think will happen to the North American continent in the distant geologic future? What evidence do you have to support your ideas? A map showing the basement of the North American continent. Digging Deeper GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE GEOSPHERE Geo Words In the Investigate, you looked at maps of Earth’s various geologic geologic province: provinces. These are large regions of Earth’s surface with a common a large region of geologic history. You identified the ages of these provinces. You also Earth’s surface with a common geologic examined the This Dynamic Planet map. You saw that different parts of history. the geosphere can have vast differences in age. The oldest oceanic crust is not older than 200 million years. However, continental rocks are much older. They tell a longer history of the geosphere. Scientists agree that Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Back then, Earth was probably fairly small. It was about one third its current size. The planet grew as it attracted debris in the solar system. For the first 500 million years, Earth was a hostile place. There were many volcanoes on its surface. Also, it was hit often by many meteorites. 867 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C8.indd 867 7/15/11 12:12:39 PM Chapter 8 Earth System Evolution Figure 1 A view of what Earth’s surface looked like during the Hadean. This provided much of Earth’s internal heat. It kept the surface of the young Earth molten. Scientists have calculated that the heat flow in the very young Earth was three times that of today. Today, only the Moon clearly shows the scars of many meteorite impacts. No clear evidence of this period remains on Earth. This mysterious Earth of 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago is called the Hadean. It is named after Hades, the god of the underworld in Greek mythology. The bombardment of Earth’s surface began to slow down. Then Earth began to cool from the outside. The surface cooling allowed some minerals to crystallize. They formed scum-like patches on the molten surface. These patches of the early crust were able to move around a lot. The young unstable surface was easily destroyed by melting. The melting resulted from the impact of meteorites. Some of the melted material was recycled into the mantle. Because of high temperatures in the upper mantle, most of the oceanic and continental crust that formed during this time was likely basalt. The minerals in basaltic crust are stable at higher Figure 2 Zircon is the oldest mineral temperatures. They can crystallize, on Earth. 868 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C8.indd 868 7/15/11 12:12:39 PM Section 1 The Evolution of the Geosphere like those at mid-ocean ridges. However, the melting and remelting of basaltic crust eventually formed granites out of the recycled rock. The crust and mantle were most likely far too hot for plate tectonics to operate as they do today. Earth’s oldest continental materials are tiny crystals of zircon. (Its chemical name is zirconium silicate.) Zircon is hard and durable. It was originally formed in igneous rocks. These rocks were later weathered and recycled into younger sedimentary rocks. The age of one of these crystals is 4.4 billion years old! The date is not 100 percent accurate. However, it does indicate that minerals formed a crust more than 4 billion years ago. Crustal Evolution The oldest known rock on Earth is about 4.1 billion years old. It is a granodiorite from Canada’s Northwest Territories. It formed below the surface as an igneous rock. Its chemistry is somewhere between that of granite and diorite. Granodiorite is usually formed at subduction zones. It is possible that plate tectonics was very active over 4 billion years ago. There probably were many very small plates. Collisions of these plates would have formed island arcs. As plates joined together, the first small continents formed. This process is called accretion. Southwest Greenland contains the oldest preserved crust of a continental landmass. It is Geo Words 3.8 billion years old. It is Earth’s oldest surviving accretionary orogen. orogen: a linear or Here, oceanic lithosphere was subducted, and new continental crust arc-shaped region was produced. However, it is highly fragmented and metamorphosed.
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