DOCSLIB.ORG

Malaria Vectors on Buka and Bougainville Islands, Papua New Guinea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Malaria Vectors on Buka and Bougainville Islands, Papua New Guinea Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 18(2):100-106, 20O2 Copyright @ 2OO2 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. MALARIA VECTORS ON BUKA AND BOUGAINVILLE ISLANDS, PAPUA NEW GUINEA R. D. COOPER aNo S. P. FRANCES Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4052, Australia ABSTRACT, Anophelines were sampled from 82 locations on Buka and Bougainville islands in Papua New Guinea by larval collections, carbon dioxide-baited mosquito traps, and human biting catches. Anopheles farauti s.s. was collected in larval surveys but infiequently in mosquito traps on both islands; on Buka Island this species was readily collected in human biting catches. Anopheles faretuti 2 was commonly collected in larval surveys on both islands; however, it was not collected in either mosquito traps or human biting catches. Anoph- eles punctulatus was found only on Buka Island, where it was commonly collected as larvae, but rarely in human biting catches and mosquito Iraps. Anopheles lungae was collected as larvae liom only I site on Bou- gainville. Anopheles fararll s.s. fed consistently throughout the night (1900 0600 h); small peaks at midnight and dawn were not statistically significant. Of I,156 An. farauti s.s. specimens examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for malaria sporozoites, 20 were fbund to be positive; 72 were positive for Plasmodium - - .fulciparum and 8 were positive for P. vivax (247 variant 5;21O variant 3). Anopheles fara&ti s.s. seems to be the major malaria vector on these islands, whereas An. punctulatus may play a minor role on Buka Island. Anophele .t'arauri 2 is unlikely to be involved in malaria transmission on Buka or Bougainville islands. KEY WORDS Anopheles punctulatus group, malaria, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea INTRODUCTION a peace agreement was signed and a multinational peace-keeping group (PKG) was installed while the The islands of Buka and Bougainville are lo- political issues were resolved. Concern for the in- cated in the southwestern Pacific at the northern cidence of malaria in PKG personnel led to re- end of the Solomon Island Archipelago, and newed interest in the malaria vectors of the prov- make up the North Solomons Province of Papua ince. The following report details surveys New Guinea (PNG). Malaria occurs on both is- conducted to ascertain the species present and their lands and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) role in malaria transmission. indoor residual spraying for vector control was implemented in 1961 and continued, at 2 spray rounds per year, until the early 1980s. Potential MATERIALS AND METHODS malaria vectors on the islands were identilied as Survey area and timings: Collections of anoph- Anopheles farauti Laveran, Anopheles punctula- eline mosquitoes were made from Arawa, Tonu, tus Ddnitz, and Anopheles koliensis Owen (Spen- and Buka areas of North Solomon Province, PNG cer 1961,1971). These speciesbelong to the (Fig. 1). Collections were made during the period Anopheles punctulatus group, which is now February-March 1999. known to consist of 12 closely related species Topography and climate oJ'the region' Buka Is- distributed throughout the southwestern Pacific land (area 850 km') is a raised coral reef composed and northern Australia (Foley et al. 1994; Cooper of limestone overlaid with plastic clays. Most of et al. 1996, 2OO2). Identification of the members the island (757o) is below 100 m; the highest point of the group by morphological characteristics is is 1,000 m. Much of the island has been cleared for unreliable. The An. farauti species are isomor- copra plantations and native gardens. Bougainville phic and the other members are now known to be Island (area 8,150 km') is made up of a series of polymorphic for previously used diagnostic char- volcanic peaks up to 2,6OOm. More than one half acters (Cooper et al. 2OO2).Because of this, over of the island consists of hills and mountains. Coast- the last decade, various molecular-based tech- al plains, made up of volcanic material distributed niques have been developed to accurately iden- by rivers, terminate on the coast with swamps im- tify these species (Cooper et al. 1991, Beebe and pounded by coastal sand dunes (Scott et al. 1967). Saul 1995). Although the original members of the The climate is continuous hot-wet with precipita- An. punctulal&.s group were known to be major tion of 2,600-3,300 mm/year (median of 14 years vectors in the region, the recent recognition of of data); rainless periods on average do not exceed several cryptic species within the group has now 2.5 days. The mean temperature is 27.3"C (24- resulted in uncertainty as to the actual role the 30"C)and the average humidity is 807o(McAlpine different members play in transmission of malar- et al. 1983). ia. Sut'vey methods: Larval and human night biting In the mid-1980s. the North Solomons Province collections were made in the Buka, Arawa, and attempted to secede from PNG. This resulted in a Tonu areas, and carbon dioxide (COr)-baited mos- civil war that closed the province until 1998, when quito trap (Rohe and Fall 1979) collections were too JUNE2002 MALARTA VEcroRS oN BUKA AND BouGAtNVrr-l-E ISLANDS. PAptJA NEw GUTNEA l0l BUKA ISLAND 5km 1oo 11t tfll n,'-o .!3 \ 4E'v. 1R 21 4A-ct I 22 23 26 27 25 30 c 41 EMPRESS 48 50 TONU AREA ARAWA AREA cf2 '73 .71 60r 74. 75 61o a J7 62 '7-g.zic tz\ 63r 81o '96 a 67 68 10km *..11ul-----J 2km Fig. 1. Location of anophelinesites surveyed on Buka and Bougainville islands, Papua New Guinea (site numbers as in Table l). made in Buka and Arawa. Larval sites were clas- terman 1996) and further identification was carried sified as established or unestablished. Established out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction frag- sites varied in size from small temporary pools to ment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis permanent swamps; all had well-established flora of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 and fauna and all contained some degree of organic region (ITS2), by the method of Beebe and Saul matter and plant debris. Unestablished sites were (1995). Where numbers permitted, at least 5 spec- all small temporary pools with little or no flora and imens from each site were identified with PCR- (tire f'auna and no organic debris; wheel ruts tracks) RFLP analysis. in unsealed roads were a common example of this All specimens collected in traps and human bit- type of site. ing were analyzed individually for the presence of Anophelines collected as larvae were maintained human malaria sporozoites by the enzyme-linked in their site water, fed finely ground goldfish food, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure of Wirtz and reared through to adults. All adults were iden- et al. (1987). The head and prothorax were used for tified in the field by using The Mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicitlae) (Belkin 1962). this analysis; the remainder of the specimen was Adults belonging to the An. punctulatus group then used for identification by PCR-RFLP analysis, as were preserved in liquid nitrogen, whereas speci- mentioned above. mens that were still larvae and pupae at the end of Average hourly biting collections made over 5 the study were preserved in 1007o methanol. With nights (1900-0600 h) were compared and analyzed this material, DNA was extracted from the abdo- by a l-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; mens by the Pat Roman method (Black and Muns- SigmaStat for Windows, Jandel Scientific Software, t02 JoURNAL oF THE AMERTCANMoseumo CoNrnor- AssocrATroN Vor-. 18, No. 2 Table l. Collection sites on Buka and Bougainville islands, indicating collection method, number and species collected, and larval site type (site numbers as in Fig. l). Speciesr Site Total Established Unestablished no. Collection collected fs.s. f2 larval site larval site I Larval 25 0 0 25 Drain 2 Larval 25 o 0 25 Drain 3 Lzuval 7 0 o 7 Wheel rut + Larval 6 0 6 0 Wheel rut Larval 9 0 5 0 Wheel rut 6 Larval 2l I 0 Wheel rut 7 Larval -)2 0 0 32 Wheel rut 8 Larval 9 0 5 0 Wheel rut 9 Larval 15 2 3 0 Swamp t0 Larval 16 0 5 0 Ground pool ll Larval 67 0 5 0 Wheel rut l2 Larval 13 0 5 0 Wheel rut '70 13 Larval 70 0 0 Wheel rut 14 Larval 33 0 5 t4 Wheel rut l5 Larval 26 0 5 0 Swamp 16 Larval 35 0 0 3s Drain 1'7 Larval 38 0 0 Swamp 18 Larval 40 0 0 40 Wheel rut 19 Larval 27 0 5 9 Wheel rut 20 Larval 6 0 0 6 Wheel rut 21 Larval 0 0 ZJ Wheel rut 22 Larval 5 0 0 Swamp 23 Larval 39 0 4 35 Wheel rut 24 Larval 49 0 0 49 Drain 25 Larval 55 0 0 55 Wheel rut 26 Larval 10 o 0 10 Creek 27 Larval 26 0 0 26 Drain 27 Trap 0 28 Larval 36 0 0 36 Wheel rut 29 Larval 35 0 0 35 Wheel rut 30 Larval 40 0 0 40 Wheel rut 30 Tiap 0 JI Larval 30 0 o 30 Drain 32 Larval 60 0 0 60 Wheel rut -f -) Larval 43 0 0 q3 Wheel rut 34 Larval JJ o 0 33 Wheel rut 35 Larval 56 0 0 56 Wheel rut -to Larval 15 0 3 t2 Pig wallow -)t Larval 87 0 0 87 Wheel rut 38 Larval l0 0 5 0 Swamp 38 Biting 1 1 0 3 39 Larval 45 0 0 45 Wheel rut 40 Larval 9 0 o 9 Wheel rut 41 Larval 32 0 0 JZ Pig wallow 42 Larval 7 0 7 0 Ground pool 43 Larval 59 o 5 0 Wheel rut 44 Larval 20 0 4 16 Wheel rut 45 Larval 8 0 5 0 Ground pool 46 Larval 20 0 0 20 Wheel rut 47 Larval l0 0 6 0 Wheel rut 47 Biting I 0 o I 48 Larval 26 0 0 26 Wheel rut 49 Larval 3l 0 I 28 Wheel rut 49 Tiap 0 50 Larval 6 o 6 o Drain -')| Larval 35 0 5 0 Swamp 52 Larval 26 0 5 0 Swamp 52 Biting 64 64 0 0 52 Trap x 2 6 5 0 1 53 Larval ll 0 0 1l Wheelrut 53 Trap 0 Larval 16 0 5 1l Pig wallow 54 Trap 0 JuNs 2002 Melenre VECToRs oN Bux,q nNo BoucerNvrr-le IsleNos, Plpur New GuNsa 103 Table l.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malawi ALMA Quarterly Report, September 2011
    Malawi ALMA Quarterly Report Quarter Three, 2020 Scorecard for Accountability and Action Key Malaria is endemic in all parts of Malawi. The annual reported number of malaria cases in 2018 was 5,865,476 with 2,967 deaths. Target achieved or on track Progress but more effort required Not on track No data Not applicable Malawi ALMA Quarterly Report Quarter Three, 2020 Malaria Sustaining Essential Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic is putting an incredible strain on health systems across Africa. Health systems are required to maintain routine health services for other illnesses even as they handle the additional burden. In order to prevent widespread morbidity and mortality, it is of vital importance that we work to sustain the delivery of essential life- saving interventions during this difficult time including for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Adolescent and Child health and malaria. WHO underlines the critical importance of sustaining efforts to prevent, detect and treat malaria during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is of vital importance to ensure the continuity of malaria prevention and treatment services including distribution of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as chemoprevention for pregnant women (intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy). Any intervention must consider the importance of both lowering malaria-related mortality and ensuring the safety of communities and health workers given the ease of transmission of COVID-19. For Malawi, it will be of vital importance to ensure that the planning for the universal coverage campaign for long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) campaign scheduled for 2021 and the indoor residual spraying campaign go ahead, whilst taking into account physical distancing, in accordance with the recent guidance and recommendations from WHO and the RBM Partnership to End Malaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrilineal Kinship at Sea in Bougainville, PNG
    HUMANIORA VOLUME 30 Number 3 October 2018 Page 223–236 Matrilineal Kinship at Sea in Bougainville, PNG Katharina Schneider Independent Researcher E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper explores matrilineal kinship in the Buka area, in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, from the perspective of saltwater people on Pororan Island. In Bougainville and elsewhere in Melanesia, anthropological research has highlighted the importance of joint work in the gardens, of sharing and exchanging garden food, and of negotiations of access to land for kinship and relatedness in the region. Where does this leave saltwater people, who often have only small areas of land of their own, take little interest in gardening and depend on traded sweet potatoes or imported rice for meeting their subsistence needs? In the first part of this paper, I discuss the “landed” bias in anthropological research on kinship, including matrilineal kinship. I then suggest complementary descriptive and analytic terms that may be useful for researchers who want to understand kin relations among saltwater people, based on my experiences among Pororan Islanders in Bougainville. Finally, I indicate the theoretical contribution that these terms can make to research on kinship in landed settings, as well. Keywords: matrilineal kinship; saltwater people; maritime anthropology; Bougainville; Papua New Guinea INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper is matrilineal kinship among 05. The Buka area includes Buka Island, locally Pororan Islanders in Bougainville, PNG, and its called
    [Show full text]
  • Community Knowledge and Acceptance Of
    Magaço et al. Malar J (2019) 18:27 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2653-x Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access Community knowledge and acceptance of indoor residual spraying for malaria prevention in Mozambique: a qualitative study Amílcar Magaço1*, Carlos Botão1, Pedroso Nhassengo1, Mohomede Saide1, Arminda Ubisse1, Sérgio Chicumbe1 and Rose Zulliger2 Abstract Background: Malaria control remains a leading health challenge in Mozambique. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is an efective strategy to control malaria transmission, but there are often barriers to reaching the coverage necessary for attaining maximum community protective efect of IRS. Mozambique recorded a high number of household refusals during the 2016 IRS campaign. This study sought to evaluate household and community factors related to the accept- ability of IRS to inform strategies for future campaigns in Mozambique and the region. Methods: A cross-sectional, qualitative study was conducted in eight urban and rural communities in two high malaria burden provinces in Mozambique. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with community mem- bers, leaders, sprayers, and representatives of district health directorates; focus group discussions with community members who accepted and who refused IRS during the 2016 campaign; systematic feld observations; and informal conversations. Data were systematically coded and analysed using NVIVO-11®. Results: A total of 61 interviews and 12 discussions were conducted. Community participants predominantly described IRS as safe, but many felt that it had limited efcacy. The main factors that participants mentioned as having infuenced their IRS acceptance or refusal were: understanding of IRS; community leader level of support; characteristics of IRS programmatic implementation; environmental, political and historical factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Toolkit for the Sound Management of Ddt for Disease Vector Control
    Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Scientific and Technical Document Series: DDT TOOLKIT FOR THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF DDT FOR DISEASE VECTOR CONTROL Acknowledgements The Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention (SSC) acknowledges the collaboration and support extended by the Global Malaria Programme of the World Health Organization and its Africa and South-East Asia regional offices for technical inputs in the development of this document. Contributions by delegates representing national malaria control programmes and national focal points of the Stockholm Convention from Botswana, Cambodia, China, Congo DRC, Comoros, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Vietnam and Zambia, and those from academia and non- governmental organizations are gratefully acknowledged. The Secretariat acknowledges the collaboration and support in organizing the workshops provided by Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases (JIPD), Wuxi, Jiangsu province, China, The Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific/Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific, China and the Stockholm Convention Regional Center, Kenya. The financial support of Government of France on this work is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of France. 2 Copyright @ Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention (SSC), January 2016 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, i.e. SSC, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. SSC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
    [Show full text]
  • An Observational Analysis of the Impact of Indoor Residual Spraying
    Wagman et al. Malar J (2018) 17:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2168-2 Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access An observational analysis of the impact of indoor residual spraying with non‑pyrethroid insecticides on the incidence of malaria in Ségou Region, Mali: 2012–2015 Joseph Wagman1*, Christelle Gogue1, Kenzie Tynuv1, Jules Mihigo2, Elie Bankineza3, Mamadou Bah3, Diadier Diallo4, Andrew Saibu5, Jason H. Richardson6, Diakalkia Kone7, Seydou Fomba7, Jef Bernson8, Richard Steketee9, Laurence Slutsker9 and Molly Robertson1 Abstract Background: Ségou Region in Central Mali is an area of high malaria burden with seasonal transmission, high access to and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and resistance to pyrethroids and DDT well documented in Anoph- eles gambiae s.l. (the principal vector of malaria in Mali). Ségou has recently received indoor residual spraying (IRS) sup- ported by Mali’s collaboration with the US President’s Malaria Initiative/Africa Indoor Residual Spraying programme. From 2012 to 2015, two diferent non-pyrethroid insecticides: bendiocarb in 2012 and 2013 and pirimiphos-methyl in 2014 and 2015, were used for IRS in two districts. This report summarizes the results of observational analyses carried out to assess the impact of these IRS campaigns on malaria incidence rates reported through local and district health systems before and after spraying. Methods: A series of retrospective time series analyses were performed on 1,382,202 rapid diagnostic test-confrmed cases of malaria reported by district routine health systems in Ségou Region from January 2012 to January 2016. Malaria testing, treatment, surveillance and reporting activities remained consistent across districts and years dur- ing the study period, as did LLIN access and use estimates as well as An.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) on Malaria Prevalence Between 2001 and 2009 in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
    The impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on malaria prevalence between 2001 and 2009 in Mpumalanga province, South Africa By LINDOKUHLE M. NGOMANE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY in the School of Health Systems and Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROF C. DE JAGER January 2012 © University of Pretoria © University of Pretoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof Christiaan de Jager for his valuable and professional guidance and support as well as continuous motivation throughout this project. A special thank you to the Mpumalanga Department of Health: Malaria Control Programme for providing me with malaria data and support with additional relevant documents. I also thank the South African Weather Service for assisting me with climate data. This study would not have been possible without these Departments’ assistance with data provided in a timely manner. I thank Dr Steve Olorunju of the Medical Research Council (MRC) for his assistance with the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. I am grateful to Mandla Zwane from Mpumalanga Department of Health for his comments and suggestions as well as support and encouragement during this project. Lastly, I thank my family, friends and colleagues for their patience, continued encouragement and support. L.M. Ngomane University of Pretoria, 2012 i DECLARATION I declare that the dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree Master of Science (MSc) in Epidemiology at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Note on the People and Languages of New Ireland and Admiralty Islands Author(S): Sidney H
    Note on the People and Languages of New Ireland and Admiralty Islands Author(s): Sidney H. Ray Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21 (1892), pp. 3-13 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842201 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 03:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.34.78.242 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:30:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions S. H. RAY.-The Peopleand Languagesof New Ireland. 3 Fromthe EDITOR.-Science. Nos. 413-417. AmericanAntiquarian. Vol. xiii. No. 1. Nature. Nos. 1107-1110. Revue Scientifique. Tomexlvii. Nos. 3-6. The Mlonist. Vol. i. No. 2. Physique. Vol. i. No. 1. - The Journalof Heredity. Vol. vi. No. 1. Mr. G. M. ATKINSONexhibited some sketches of horse orna ments,symbolic survivals. Mr. MARTINsuggested that the "fish" on horse ornaments coming from Delhi were probablythe arms of Ouidh-on the gates of Lucknowthe fish figureslargely-and this ornament wouldprobably prevail in Oudh,from whence it wouldbe conveyed to neighbouringcities.
    [Show full text]
  • RE-INTRODUCTION of INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING INTO PACIFIC ISLANDS Background and Current Status
    RE-INTRODUCTION OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING INTO PACIFIC ISLANDS Background and current status Dr Tessa Knox WHO Vanuatu Country Liaison Office APMEN Tech Talks - 30 September 2020 1 Background: Solomon Islands including targeted IRS 1/10/2020 2 Source: Adapted from - Solomon Islands Strategic Plan for Malaria Control and Elimination, 2012-2025 Background: Papua New Guinea 1/10/2020 3 Source: Papua New Guinea National Malaria Strategic Plan, 2012-2025 Background: Vanuatu Deaths, cases by parasite species, and annual parasite incidence (API) (2000-19) Tropical Cyclone Pam Source: National Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases Control Program Similarities across three Pacific countries • Ongoing persistent malaria transmission in some areas (An. farauti) • High vulnerability to natural disasters and outbreaks • High rural population and severe logistical challenges • Issues with LLIN access, usage or efficacy • Additional measures required to accelerate progress towards malaria elimination • IRS used successfully in the past though no empirical evidence • New tools (insecticide formulations, spray machines) give opportunity to increase spray quality and efficacy • Additional funding through GF (regular allocation, MEMTI and PAAR) • Recent Malaria Program Reviews and new Malaria Strategic Plans present renewed opportunity to emphasise importance of IRS Status: New strategic plans SOLOMON ISLANDS PAPUA NEW GUINEA VANUATU LLINs (mass + continuous) LLINs (mass + continuous) LLINs (mass + continuous) IRS in outbreak areas IRS in high burden/low LLIN use Responsive IRS in outbreaks (non-pyrethroid) areas (non-pyrethroid) and foci (non-pyrethroid) Alternative tools + personal Supplementary tools + personal Alternative tools + personal protection (high-risk, high- protection (high-risk, high- protection (high-risk, high- exposure populations) exposure populations) exposure populations) 6 Focal responsive (outbreaks, foci) Status: progress and plans • Drive is to re-commenced IRS in all three countries by 2021 • Additional resources identified (eg.
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Residual Spraying for Preventing Malaria (Review)
    Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria (Review) Pluess B, Tanser FC, Lengeler C, Sharp BL This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 4 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria (Review) Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 BACKGROUND .................................... 2 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 4 METHODS ...................................... 4 RESULTS....................................... 7 Figure1. ..................................... 10 Figure2. ..................................... 11 DISCUSSION ..................................... 18 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 19 REFERENCES ..................................... 20 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 27 DATAANDANALYSES. 45 HISTORY....................................... 45 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 45 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 45 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 45 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW . .... 45 Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria (Review) i Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Review] Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria Bianca Pluess1, Frank C Tanser2, Christian Lengeler1, Brian L Sharp3 1Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Additive Effect of an Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign
    Evaluating the additive effect of an indoor residual spraying campaign for reducing the burden of malaria in an Eritrean low-transmission setting Impact Evaluation Concept Note IRS Impact Evaluation: Eritrea: version 05.14.09 1 Table of Contents A. Background ........................................................................................................................ 3 B. Project Goal ........................................................................................................................ 3 C. Research Design and Methods ........................................................................................... 4 C.1. Study Site Description ..................................................................................................... 5 C.2. Intervention and Control Arm Description ..................................................................... 5 C.3. Evaluation Plan ............................................................................................................... 6 C.4. Study Outcomes and Indicators....................................................................................... 6 C.5. Sampling Design ............................................................................................................. 7 C.6. Sample Size and Power Calculations .............................................................................. 8 C.7. Data Collection Activities ............................................................................................... 8 C.7.1 Entomological
    [Show full text]
  • Sergio Javier Villaseñor Bayardo
    Psiquiatría, naturaleza y cultura De lo singular a lo universal SERGIO JAVIER VILLASEÑOR BAYARDO Psiquiatría, naturaleza y cultura De lo singular a lo universal DEDICATORIA A mis hermanos Alejandro, Blanca Amalia y José Gilberto Villaseñor Bayardo A mis amigos y colegas Carlos Rojas Malpica, Renato Alarcón, Yves Toret y Gabriel Ayala y de Landero AGRADECIMIENTOS A Ricardo Virgen Montelongo, Paulina Reyes Silva, Hugo Antonio Ascencio Hernández y Jésica Nalleli de la Torre. A las instituciones que me inspiran La Universidad de Guadalajara y el Antiguo Hospital Civil “Fray Antonio Alcalde”. © Sergio Javier Villaseñor Bayardo Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial del contenido, sin la autorización del autor. ISBN 978-968-5876-39-1 TONOCONTINUO • Enrique Díaz de León sur 514-2 • Guadalajara, Jalisco, México • Tel. 38 25 94 41 • [email protected] • www.tonocontinuo.com.mx Enero de 2009 Contenido 13 Introduction Pr. Wen-Shing Tseng M.D 15 Presentación Prof. Sergio J. Villaseñor Bayardo Conferencias magistrales 21 La psiquiatría Cultural en América Latina Prof. Sergio J. Villaseñor Bayardo 37 Aire y asfixia: Los registros simbólicos del aire Prof. Carlos Rojas Malpica Profa. Joyce Esser Díaz 51 Las raíces históricas de la Psiquiatría de la persona Prof. Jean Garrabé de Lara 59 Obsesividad y narcisismo. Los sorprendentes autorretratos de Julio Galán Prof. Héctor Pérez-Rincón García 63 Susto and ataques de nervios: What kinds of culture-related specific syndromes they are? Pr. Wen-Shing Tseng M.D 73 Cultural competence in assesment and treatment of the Psychiatric patient Pr. Robert Kohn, M.D. Pr. Ronald M. Wintrob, M.D MEMORIAS DEL CONGRESO Psiquiatría, naturaleza y cultura.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Indoor Residual Spraying Broken and What Should Be Fixed?
    SL-1 Is Indoor Residual Spraying broken and what should be fixed? Hindrik Bouwman*1, Henrik Kylin1,2, Riana Bornman3 1Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa 2Department of Thematic Studies, Linkoping University, Sweden 3University of Pretoria Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been and is still a very successful method to control malaria. We are concerned that not enough research attention is given to improving IRS and that most funding goes towards modern but seemingly still ineffectual methods. We believe that there is ample scope for improving IRS, while reducing insecticide exposure Keywords: Indoor residual spray, IRS, Botha de Meillon, policy 1. Introduction Indiscriminate use and use in agriculture may have The effectiveness of DDT and other insecticides led to resistance in many areas. Combining basic when properly used as indoor residual spray (IRS) biological knowledge about reproductive behaviour to prevent the transmission of malaria is not in of the female vector mosquito with residual question [1] (Fig 1). We can safely assume that toxic chemicals within and close to residential millions of lives have been saved in the more than areas where most infections occur, is effective at 80 years since it was first used [1]. The high body preventing transmission, but bad at preventing burden of DDT of those protected by IRS, as well as chemical exposure and uptake of the chemicals by the human health consequences of those protected residents - posing a paradox. by all IRS insecticides are of great concern [1,2].
    [Show full text]