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Historia Do Meio Ambiente HISTORIA DO MEIO AMBIENTE Guia bibliográfico ALBERTO VIEIRA Funchal, 1998 Com este guia e compilação pretende-se orientar o leitor interessado no conhecimento da produção bibliográfica. Para isso, a cada tema juntaram-se breves textos introdutórios, ou uma indicação para uma pesquisa mais aprofundada com a procura nas diversas bibliotecas especializadas neste tipo de fundos bibliográficos. A actualidade da edição disponível muitas vezes via Internet permite um acesso rápido e imediato. Deste modo deu-se atenção, quando possível, a este novo suporte que está a revolucionar as formas de acesso à informação. A maior parte da pesquisa foi feita nas Bibliotecas do Congresso em Washigton e Publica de Nova York, da biblioteca da Univ. de Columbia(NY), na Biblioteca do Museu de História Natural(NY), completando-se a informação por pesquisas on-line através da Internet. A cronologia das edições permite fazer o enquadramento histórico da abordagem da temática, situação imprescindível na compreensão dos conteúdos que são um reflexo de conjunturas que marcaram a evolução da História da Ciência e da relação do Homem com o meio natural. A bibliografia arruma-se em Biobibliografias, um inventário geral, publicações periódicas e uma ordenação por temas fundamentais: História da Ciência, Religião, A Arte, Ecofeminismo, Agricultura, a Floresta e Literatura. No conjunto desta produção bibliográfica aqui reunida merecem destaque isolado os autores e textos considerados clássicos, por aquilo que deram de forma directa ou indirecta para a afirmação da História da Ciência e do Meio Ambiente, do conhecimento do quadro natural que nos rodeia e no germinar de uma diferente visão da relação do homem com o meio natural. A História do Meio Ambiente é uma criação da geração de sessenta do presente século, mas lança as suas raízes em épocas recuadas. Este conjunto de autores, que se repartem entre a observante extasiado e o cientista atento, são os pilares fundamentais da História da Ciência nos séculos XVIII e XIX, ou então a expressão plena do romantismo literário. Aqui estão reunidos alguns dos protagonistas mais marcantes desta geração. No domínio da História da Ciência temos: Comte de Buffon, Carl von Linné, Joseph Banks, Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, John James Adubon. A Literatura da descoberta e defesa da natureza tem nos EUA uma conjuntra influente de autores que influenciaram o mundo europeu. São eles: Gilbert White, David Henry Thoreau, Thomas H. Huxley, John Muir e William H. Hudson. Neste domínio é rica a oferta digital, como se poderá verificar através da listagem das páginas web, onde é possível encontrar os textos fundamentais. Num domínio à parte reunimos a informação referente ao arquipélago da Madeira . Aqui estão reunidos os testemunhos de autores nacionais e estrangeiros. Os Livros ilustrados e as gravuras apresentam-se também como uma fonte fundamental para a descoberta da evolução do quadro natural. Eles são um dado imprescindível na descoberta da relação dos madeirenses e visitantes com o quadro natural. HISTORIA DO AMBIENTE- TEORIA Man and nature is the basic fundamental fact of History. The relationship is mutual and necessary". Arthur A. Ekirch, Man and Nature in America, Colombia, 1963 A História do Meio ambiente é sem dúvida uma criação do mundo científico e universitário americano e por isso teve aqui desde a sua origem até a actualidade uma valorização inexcedível. A década de sessenta foi o momento ideal para o seu nascimento, contribuindo para isso alguns trabalhos que hoje são um marco do alerta para a situação em que o Homem estava intervindo e destruindo o meio natural. São dois os livros que se assumem como o despertar das consciências dos cidadãos e dos políticos para esta cruzada. Em 1962 Rachel Carson publica "Silent Spring", considerado o verdadeiro alerta para os efeitos do "DDT" sobre a Natureza e ficou como o grito de alerta às autoridades e motivo de reflexo de jovens de gerações de académicos. Seis anos depois juntou-se o texto de Paul Ehrlich: The Population Bomb1. A década de sessenta é na verdade o momento de afirmação simultânea do movimento ambientalista na historiografia com a "Environmental History". Daqui deverá resultar, certamente, a tendência para identificação de "Environmental History" com a História do ambientalismo2, o que é insistentemente negado pelos teóricos e historiadores desta nova disciplina. O ambiente não foi apenas motivo de denuncia pública, mas também de reflexão filosófica e historiográfica. E é precisamente neste domínio que ganha forma o novo domínio historiográfico. Na década de setenta para além de se assistir as reedições de clássicos do século XIX, como Henry David Thoreau e Ralph Aldo Emerson3, é de salientar a publicação destas novas reflexões. O ciclo inicia-se em 1935 com Paul Sears em Deserts on the March e prossegue na década de cinquenta. Primeiro em 1957 com "Nature and the American” de Hans Hunt, que é secundado com "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency" de Samuel P. Hays(1959). O movimento prossegue nos anos imediatos com uma maior precisão temática: 1963: Man and Nature in America de Arthur A. Ekirch Jr. 1967: Wilderness and the American Mind de R. Nash In the House of Stone ou Light: A Human History oh the Grand Canyon de J. Donald Hughes. 1970: The Greening of America de Charles A. Reich 1972. Columbian Exchange de A. Crosby 1973: American Environmentalism de Donal Worster4 Este movimento, tal como o referimos, ganhou fortes raízes nos meios académicos5. Deste modo por iniciativa de R. Nash, na Universidade de Califórnia, 1 Carl G. Hernsl, Green Culture, 1996, pp.21-45. 2 . D. Worster "World without borders: the internationalizing of environmentel History: critical issues", K. E. Bailes (ed.) Environmental History: critical issues in comparative perspective, Lanham, 1985, 664. 3 . Sand County Almanac foi reeditado em 1968. 4 . Char Miller e Hall Rothman, Out of the Woods. Essays in Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 1997, XXII-XXIII. Donald Worster na de Yale e Brandeis no Hawaii a disciplina entrou nos currículos de ensino. Estava lançada a semente que cedo iria justificar. Enquanto na América crescia esta consciência ambientalista, fruto dos alertas para a destruição da Natureza, na Europa a História Social, que a Escola dos Annales era a principal promotora, desembocava no mesmo rumo e na clara definição a valorização desta nova disciplina. Note-se que um número dos Annales de 1974 dedica especial atenção ao tema. Por outro lado F. Braudel, um dos expoentes máximos desta escola, pode ser considerado o pai desta disciplina no continente europeu. Este novo movimento historiográfico vai ao encontro das solicitações da sociedade. Em 1970 temos a primeira comemoração do dia da terra e a criação da EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. Era também a época de pujança dos movimentos ecológicos6. E foi também a duvida levantada sobre a historicidade do movimento ecológico que levou a esse novo olhar sobre o passado humano e a sua interacção com o meio natural7. Os estudos acabaram por provar que a ideia de preservação do meio ambiente não surgiu apenas após a segunda Guerra Mundial8. Daqui resultou a revelação do fulgurante movimento ambientalista de finais do século passado e princípios do nosso, bem como a revelação do primeiro ambientalista radical na figura de John Evelyn (1620-1706) 9. Todavia os trinta anos que se sucedem à década de setenta são cruciais para a sua afirmação. É o período de mudança do ambientalismo entendido como religião para uma actividade profissional orientada de acordo com os ditames da ciência10 . Neste contexto a afirmação da História do meio ambiente lança as suas raízes institucionais e académicas, sendo de realçar a criação em 1976 da "American Society for Environmental History" e a revista "Environmental Review"11 a uma interpretação ecológica da História12. O reconhecimento definitivo de "Environmental History" está patente na mesa redonda organizada em 1990 por "The Journal of American History". De acordo com J. Donald Hughes "Environmental history, as a subject, is the study of how humans have related, to the natural world through time. As a method, it is the application of ecological principles to history"13. Para Donald Worster "its principal peal became of deepening our understanding of how humans have been affected by their natural environemtal through time and, conversely, how they have affected that enviroment and with that results"14. E W. Beinart precisa que a "Environmental history deals with the various dialogues over time between people and the rest of nature, focusing on recipocal impacts"15. Neste contexto poderá referenciar-se 5 . O primeiro curso "American Environmental History" surgiu em 1970 na Universidade de California (Santa Barbara), Vide Carolyn Merchant, “Major Problems in American Environmental History" surgiu em 1970 na Universidade de Califórnia (Santa Barbara), vide Carolyn Merchant, Major Problems in American Environmental History, Lexington, 1983. E o significativo estudo de R. Nash, "American Emvironmental History. A new teaching frontier", Pacific Historical Review, 363 (1974), 362-372. 6 . K. Wallace, No turning back..., N. York, 1994, 28-55; Derek Wall, Green History, N. York, 1994. 7 . D. Wall, ibidem, p. 1-3. 8 . Tenha-se em conta os estudos de C. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, Berkeley, 1967; Richard Grove, Green imperialism, Cambridge, 1994; Donald Worster, Nature's Economy, Cambridge, 1977. 9 . P. Brimblecombe, The big smoke. A history of air pollution in London since medieval time, London, 1987 (48-52). 10 . R. Nash American Environmentalism, N. York, 1990. 11 . A Revista sofreu várias transformações no seu título. Veja-se Capitulo Revistas. A primeira fase da publicação até 1983 foi coordenada por John Opie, altura em que lhe sucedeu J. Hughes. 12 . C. Merchant, Major problems in American Enviromental History, 1993, 2. 13 . Pan's Travail, London, 1994, p. 3. 14 . The ends of the earth, 1988, p. 290-291. 15 . Environmental and History, 1995, p.
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