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Development of Cns, Ans and Sense Organs

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Lesson 4b DEVELOPMENT OF CNS & THE SENSE ORGANS Objectives By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the development of the ANS 2. Describe the development of the EYE 3. Describe the development of the EAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN • The neural tube cranial to the fourth pair of the somites develops into the brain. • During the 4th week, three primary brain vesicles are formed: the forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). • Two flexures appear simultaneously: the cervical flexure at the junction of the hindbrain and the spinal cord, and cephalic flexure in the midbrain region. • During the 5th week, the forebrain divides into two vesicles, the telencephalon (future cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon. • The hindbrain partly divides into the metencephalon (future pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon, separated by the pontine flexure. • The cavity of the rhombencephalon is known as the fourth ventricle, that of the diencephalon as the third ventricle, and those of the cerebral hemispheres as the lateral ventricles. EMBRO – DAY 19 1. Neural plate 2. Primitive node 3. Primitive streak 4. Cut edge of amnion EMBRYO – DAY 20 1. Primitive streak 2. Cut edge of amnion 3. Neural fold 4. Neural groove 5. Somite 6. Primitive node EMBRYO – DAY 23 1. Pericardial bulge 2. Anterior neuropore 3. Somite 4. Posterior neuropore Differentiation of the neural crest 1. Neural groove 2. Neural crest 3. Neural fold 4. Notochord 5. Intermediate zone 6. Neural tube 7. Surface ectoderm 8. Mesoderm FORMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE 1. Notochord 2. Intermediate zone of neural crest 3. Neural groove 4. Neural crest 5. Neural fold 6. Dorsal root ganglion 7. Neural tube 8. Surface ectoderm Neural tube - 4th week 1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon Development of the brain - 6th week 1. Telencephalon 2. Lateral ventricle 3. Interventricular foramen of Monro 4. 3rd ventricule 5. Optic cup 6. 4th ventricle 7. Future aqueduct of Sylvius 8. Central canal Brain vesicles - 6th week 1. Diencephalon 2. Optic cup 3. Telencephalon 4. Primitive cerebral hemisphere 5. Metencephalon 6. Mesencephalon 7. Rhombencephalic isthmus 8. Myelencephalon 9. Pontine flexure Brain vesicles (midline section) - 6th week 1. Diencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Myelencephalon 4. Telencephalon 5. Metencephalon 6. Rhombencephalic isthmus 7. Roof of rhombencephalon 8. Central canal Development of the hypophysis 1. Oral cavity 2. Infundibulum 3. Rathke's pouch 4. Notochord 5. Diencephalon Development of the hypophysis 1. Anterior lobe 2. Lumen of diencephalon 3. Pars nervosa 4. Sphenoid bone 5. Pars intermedia Hypophysis • The hypophysis or pituitary gland develops entirely from the ectoderm derived from two sources: – ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum, known as Rathke's pouch and a downward extension of the diencephalon, the infundibulum. • Rathke's pouch appears during the fourth week and loses its connection with the oral cavity by the end of the 8th week. • The cells of the Rathke's pouch increase rapidly in number and give rise to the adenohypophysis (the anterior lobe), pars tuberalis and pars intermedia. • The infundibulum gives rise to the stalk, and the neurohypophysis (the posterior lobe). PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • The peripheral nervous system mostly develops from the neural crest cells. • The neural crest cells are groups of ectodermal cells that temporarily form an intermediate zone between the neural tube and surface ectoderm. • These cells migrate and differentiate into the sensory ganglia, sympathetic neuroblasts, Schwann cells, pigment cells, odontoblasts, meninges and cartilage cells of the branchial arches. • Neuroblasts of the sensory ganglia penetrate the dorsal part of the neural tube and mostly end in the dorsal horn, thus giving rise to the dorsal root neurons. • The peripherally growing processes of the neuroblasts in the sensory ganglia terminate in the sensory receptor organs. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANS • "The autonomic system can be divided into sympathetic portion, localized in the thoracolumbar region, and parasympathetic portion, localized in the cranial and sacral regions • The postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic ganglia pass to the branchial arches, to the cardiac, pulmonary and intestinal plexus DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM • Cells originating from the neural crest of the thoracic region migrate to form bilateral sympathetic chains on each side of the vertebral column. • Some cells give rise to the preaortic ganglia and sympathetic organ plexuses. • Nerve fibers from the intermediate horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord penetrate the ganglia and the sympathetic chains. FORMATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA 1. Preaortic ganglion 2.Sympathetic ganglioN 3. Organ plexus 4. Developing suprarenal gland 5. Dorsal root ganglion 6. Neural tube 7. Dorsal aorta 8. Urogenital ridge 9. Notochord 10. Gut DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSE ORGANS - EYE The eye develops from the three sources: neuroectoderm of the diencephalon, surface ectoderm of the head and the mesoderm between these layers. Three tunics surround the eyeball: 1. fibrous coat (sclera and cornea), 2. vascular coat (iris, ciliary body and choroid), 3. retina (neural and pigmented). These tunics surround three chambers: the anterior chamber (between the cornea and the iris), the posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens), and the vitreous body (behind the lens). STRUCTURE OF THE EYE 1. Retina 2. Choroid 3. Sclera 4. Iris 5. Vitreous body 6. Ciliary body 7. Hyaloid artery 8. Optic papilla 9. Optic nerve 10. Lens 11. Cornea 12. Ciliary process 13. Anterior chamber 14. Posterior chamber DEVELOPMENT OF LENS & RETINA • The eye appears during the 3rd week of development as a lateral evagination of the diencephalon, the optic groove. • It gives rise to the optic vesicle, which is attached to the diencephalon by an optic stalk. • The optic vesicle grows laterally and comes into contact with the surface ectoderm, inducing its thickening known as the lens placode. • This placode subsequently invaginates and develops into the lens vesicle. • The lens vesicle induces the optic vesicle to become invaginated into a double layered optic cup. OPTIC & LENS VESICLES – 4TH WK 1. Forebrain 2. Optic vesicle 3. Lens placode 4. Mesenchyme 5. Surface ectoderm 6. Invaginating lens placode 7. Optic cup 9. Optic stalk DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE CONT.. • The inner layer of the optic cup develops into the neural retina, while the outer layer becomes the pigmented retina. • The two layers are temporarily separated by the intraretinal space, which is continuous with the lumen of the brain. • Up to the 3rd month, the neural retina has two layers: a nucleated layer and a region of cell processes. • Subsequently, the posterior part of the neural retina develops into specialized neurons (rods and cones, bipolar and ganglion cells) and supporting cells forming the pars optica retinae. • The optic stalk develops into the optic nerve. • Anterior part of the inner layer, pars caeca retinae, remains as single cell layer. It gives rise to the pars ciliaris and pars iridica retinae. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RETINA, CILIARY BODY AND IRIS 1. Pars optica retinae 2. Neural layer 3. Pigment layer 4. Pars caeca retinae 5. Intraretinal space 6. Ciliary process 7. Pars ciliaris retinae 8. Sphincter pupillae 9. Pars iridica retinae 10. Mesenchyme DEVELOPMENT OF THE EAR • The ear consists of internal, middle and external parts. The first two parts are concerned with the transference of sound waves from the exterior to the inner ear. • The inner ear concerns with the balance and hearing. Components of the ear: 1. the external ear consists of the auricle, the external auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane; 2. the middle ear components are the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity with auditory ossicles; 3. the inner ear consists of the cochlea (containing the organ of Corti) and the vestibular apparatus (containing the semicircular canals, the saccule and the utricle). 1. External auditory meatus 2. Tympanic membrane 3. Auditory tube 4. Incus 5. Stapes 6. Mastoid cavities 7. Malleus 8. Tympanic cavity 9. Semicircular canals 10. Vestibule 11. Ampullae 12. Utriculus 13. Endolymphatic sac 14. Sacculus 15. Perilymphatic space 16. Oval window 17. Round window 18. Ductus reuniens 19. Helicotrema 20. Cochlea 21. Scala tympany 22. Scala media 23. Scala vestibuli DEVELOPMENT THE INNER EAR • Early in the fourth week, a thickening of the surface ectoderm on each side of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) forms the otic placode. • It invaginates to form the otic (auditory) vesicle, the primordium of the membranous labyrinth. • Each vesicle divides into the ventral component, which gives rise to the saccule and the cochlear duct (scala media), and the dorsal portion which forms the utricle, semicircular canals and endolymphatic duct. • The spiral organ of Corti differentiates from the cells in the wall of the cochlear duct. • The mesenchyme around the auditory vesicle differentiates into a cartilaginous otic capsula, which later ossifies to form the bony labyrinth. • Part of the cartilaginous shell undergoes vacuolization, and form the two perilymphatic spaces (scala vestibuli and scala tympani). DEVELOPMENT OF THE OTIC VESICLE 1. Otic pit 2. Wall of rhombencephalon 3. Pharynx 4. Mesenchyme 5. Dorsal aorta 6. Endoderm 1. Statoacoustic ganglion 2. Otic vesicle 3. Surface ectoderm 4. Wall of rhombencephalon 5. Tubotympanic recess 6. First pharyngeal cleft 7. Mesenchyme 8. Dorsal aorta DEVELOPMENT
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  • For Proteoglycans in Neurulation

    For Proteoglycans in Neurulation

    J. Anat. (1982), 134, 3, pp. 491-506 491 With 16figures Printed in Great Britain Culture of rat embryos with p-D-xyloside: evidence of a role for proteoglycans in neurulation GILLIAN M. MORRISS-KAY AND BETH CRUTCH Department ofHuman Anatomy, University of Oxford (Accepted 1 May 1981) INTRODUCTION The synthesis of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by early post-implantation rat embryos occurs at very low levels until the onset of neurulation, at which time there is an increase in the level ofsynthesis (as indicated by [3H]glucosamine incorporation) of chondroitin/chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate (Solursh & Morriss, 1977). In embryos undergoing neurulation, histochemical staining techniques have indicated that these sulphated glycosaminoglycans are localised in the ectodermal basement membrane and in the extracellular matrix and cell surface-associated material of the mesenchyme. The staining intensity is higher in the neural fold region than elsewhere in the embryo. They are probably present in the form of proteoglycan in association with hyaluronate (Morriss & Solursh, 1978a). In order to investigate further these stage and position-related histochemical differences, we have cultured rat embryos in vitro during neurulation and early somitogenesis in the presence of the xylose-derivative, /8-D-xyloside. This substance has been shown to bring about a reduction in the level of synthesis of protein-bound chondroitin sulphate and an increase in free chondroitin sulphate chains in both chondrogenic and non-chondrogenic systems (Schwartz, Ho & Dorfman, 1976; Galligani, Hopwood, Schwartz & Dorfman, 1975). Its activity is due to interference with the sequence of normal chondroitin sulphate-proteoglycan synthesis, as fol- lows. Prior to chondroitin sulphate chain synthesis, three sugar molecules, xylose and two galactose molecules, are added sequentially to certain serines of the core protein (for review, see Roden & Schwartz, 1975).