DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Capstone Collection SIT Graduate Institute August 2020 The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers Maeve Mallozzi-Kelly Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones Part of the Development Studies Commons, Food Security Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, and the Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons Recommended Citation Mallozzi-Kelly, Maeve, "The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers" (2020). Capstone Collection. 3222. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/3222 This Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Graduate Institute at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 1 THE POLITICS OF SEEDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SMALL-SCALE PARAGUAYAN FARMERS Maeve Mallozzi-Kelly A Capstone research submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master in Sustainable Development at SIT Graduate Institute in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA. PIM 76 August 2020 Advisor: Professor Kelly Teamey “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 2 CONSENT TO USE OF CAPSTONE I hereby grant permission for World Learning to publish my Capstone on its websites and in any of its digital/electronic collections, and to reproduce and transmit my CAPSTONE ELECTRONICALLY. I understand that World Learning’s websites and digital collections are publicly available via the Internet. I agree that World Learning is NOT responsible for any unauthorized use of my Capstone by any third party who might access it on the Internet or otherwise. Student name: _Maeve Mallozzi-Kelly_____ Date: _August 11th, 2020____ “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who helped me in this process especially Breanna Thompson, Ali Maison, and Shanna Syme for keeping me on task and motivated, and Breanna Mallozzi-Kelly for her lovely editing skills. I would also like to thank all of the farmers and government officials who participated in this study for your time, patience and flexibility. I could not have done this without you. Lastly, I would like to thank all the farmers who shared their lives with me over the course of my Peace Corps service. I could never thank you enough for everything you taught me and gave me. “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..………………………6 List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………..……………...5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..7 Paraguay…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Capstone Framework……………………………………………………………………………………………...9 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………………….....12 Development……………………………………………………………….…………………...……………......13 Food Sovereignty………………………………………………………………………………………...............16 Seed Sovereignty……………………………………………………………………………………...................18 Paraguayan Agriculture……………………………………………………………………………….................21 Gaps in Previous Research……………………………………………………………………………………….23 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………....24 Methodological Framework……………………………………………………………………………………...24 Applied Methodological Framework………………………………………………………………………….…27 Sources of Data and Population Selection Sampling Strategies ……………………………………….………..29 Data Collection Methods……………………………………………………………………..………….............31 Preliminary Data Analysis Strategy……………………………………………………………………………...32 Limitations………………………………………….…………………………………………………………....34 Context………………………………………………………………………………………….................34 Seeds and Intellectual Property Rights……………………………………………………..……………………35 Historical Influences on Seed Policies…………………………………………………………………………..39 Current Seed Policies………………………………………………………………………………………….…41 Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock’s Role in the Lives of Small-Scale Farmers……………………………45 Seed Distribution Map………………………………………………………………………….................46 Formal Seed Distribution Chain………………………………………………………………………………..48 Informal Seed Distribution Chain……………………………………………………………………………...50 Case Studies…………………………………………………………………………………….................51 Committee President: Javier……………………………………………………………………………………..51 Independent Farmer: Alejo………………………………………………………………………………………53 Farmers Market Member: Ña Zulma…………………………………………………………………………….55 Community Council Secretary: Camilo…………………………………………………………………….……56 Sugar Cane Cooperative Member: Christian…………………………………………….…………................…58 Comparative Analysis and Discussion…………………………………………………………………….59 Access……………………………………………………………………………….……………………...........60 Quality………………………………………………………………………………….……..……....................60 Mentality……………………………………………………………………………….……..…….....................61 Control…………………………………………………………………………….…………….….....................63 Climate……………………………………………………………………….………………..…………............64 Suggestions for Future Research………………………………………………………………..................66 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………...67 References…...…………………………………………………………………………………………….70 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………..76 “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CO. CONUMARI………. National Coordinator of Rural and Indigenous Women (Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indigenas) DEAG……………… Agrarian Extension Department (Departamento de Extension Agraria) GDP………………....Gross Domestic Product GM…………………. Genetically Modified GMO……………….. Genetically Modified Organism IPR…………………. Intellectual Property Rights IPTA……………….. Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Technology (Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnologia Agraria) MAG……………….. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia) MERCOSUR………. Common Market of the South (Mercado Comun del Sur) PRODERS………….The Rural Sustainable Development Project (Proyecto de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible) RNCC………………. National Registry of Commercial Plant Varieties (Registro Nacional de Cultivares Comerciales) SEAM……………… Environment Secretary of the Republic of Paraguay (Secretaria del Ambiente de la Republica del Paraguay) SENAVE……………The National Service for Plants and Seeds Quality and Health (El Servicio de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal de Semillas) TRIPS………………. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UPOV……………….International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants WTO………………...World Trade Organization WIPO………………. World Intellectual Property Organization “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 6 ABSTRACT International corporate seed companies have manipulated Paraguay’s politics and agricultural development since 1995, increasing Paraguay’s use and protection of genetically modified seeds, while also undermining farmers’ control over their production and financial stability by almost eliminating markets for heirloom varieties. Paraguay continues to be excluded from research critiquing the effects of neoliberal policies on global agricultural systems. Therefore, this study aims to illuminate small-scale farmers’ experiences and bring Paraguay into the global conversation on seed sovereignty by critically examining the effects Paraguay’s national seed policies have on small-scale farmer’s development opportunities and resilience to climate change. This question guides the research: How does the political relationship between seeds and farmers influence the environmental and developmental landscape in Paraguay? Influenced by Indigenous, Political Ecology, and Sen’s Development as Freedom frameworks, this Capstone took an ethnographic perspective using five case studies with small- scale farmers. Four policies related to seed production, commercialization, quality control and distribution were then analyzed using Baachi’s problematization lens. Interviews with government officials connected to national and regional seed distribution networks informed the creation of a seed map, highlighting disparities of accessibility between hybrid, genetically modified and heirloom seeds. The main themes that emerged from analyses highlighted issues related to seed access, quality, and control, demonstrating how the manifestation of colonial development has affected every step of farmers’ production process. It is hoped that this research can act as a catalyst for future research on the topic of seed sovereignty in Paraguay, specifically research including indigenous populations and employing strong feminist theoretical orientation. Key Words: Paraguay, Seed Sovereignty, Development as Freedom, Climate Change “The Politics of Seeds and Their Effects on Small-Scale Paraguayan Farmers” 7 INTRODUCTION Farmers have been fighting for their right to save seeds and protect genetic diversity for 60 years, but their fight has only recently been given an international stage. Seeds are now recognized as a necessary step towards food sovereignty, environmental protection, basic human rights and resisting imperialistic strategies of development (Riquelme, 2016; La Via Campesina, 2010; Kloppenburg, 2014; Shiva 2016). As a student of sustainable development, food systems and climate change, learning about the impacts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Garden Basic Heirloom Seed Saving
    Garden Basic: Growing and Saving Heirloom Seeds The ornamental plants that grace our gardens and the foods we grow and savor come from a variety of sources. Seeds of many familiar plants were deliberately brought here by generations of immigrants that arrived at our shores from all over the world. Other plants that we enjoy today originated in the Americas; some played (and continue to play) important roles in the daily lives of Native Americans. What is an Heirloom Plant? Varieties of plants that have been valued over time — for qualities such as flavor, beauty, disease resistance, or adaptability — and have been passed down through the generations are often referred to as heirloom plants. They carry with them stories of the people who grew them, enjoyed them, and saved them to pass on to their progeny. Heirloom plants are also repositories of rich genetic diversity that is now understood to be a vital asset that we may need to call upon at any moment. Much of the world’s population has become increasingly dependent upon a relatively few food crops — and often just a handful of varieties of each of these crops. The lack of genetic diversity leaves these crops vulnerable to insect and disease outbreaks, newly evolving pests, and changing environmental conditions. Fortunately, in addition to people who save seeds for their own use, there are also individuals and organizations that have shown the wisdom and foresight to preserve the legacy of many heirloom plants by saving, cataloguing, and storing their seeds and the genetic diversity they represent. Learn more: Lesson: Seed Banks: https://kidsgardening.org/lesson-plan-seed-banks/ Sadly, innumerable varieties have been lost, and with them genes that might have been the key to breeding new varieties that are resistant to some yet-unknown pest, or that are resilient in the face of a changing climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of International Investments in the Agricultural Sector of Paraguay
    - 1 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Trade and Markets Division (EST) Policy Assistance Support Services (TCSP) Analysis of International Investments in the Agricultural Sector of Paraguay. (Draft Report) By Jose Rente Nascimento Senior International Consultant Brasilia – Brazil December, 2010 2 Disclaimer: The conclusions and recommendations presented here are those of the author and do not represent the official policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the Government of Paraguay. © 2010 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy 2 - 3 - Contents I.INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................13 II.FDI IN PARAGUAY..........................................................................................................15 A.Comparative importance of FDI for Paraguay.....................................................16 B.FDI in Agriculture Sector.....................................................................................21 C.TNC Investment in Paraguayan Agriculture.........................................................22 III.IMPACTS OF FDI IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR OF PARAGUAY....................................25 A.Economic Impacts................................................................................................25 B.Environmental Impacts.........................................................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • 1.1.4 Conditions of Agricultural Development in Paraguay The
    1.1.4 Conditions of agricultural development in Paraguay The conditions required for agricultural development will be analyzed from the micro perspective of regional agriculture and farming operations that actually support agricultural production rather than from a macro, country-level frame of reference. Firstly, regional agricultural characteristics and development trends will be clarified based on the production trends of major agricultural and livestock products in each department. Secondly, the difficulty of improving production and implementing diversified farming - major issues in agricultural policy - will be examined by discussing the differences in production incentives for cotton and vegetables. In addition, the supporting factor behind soybean production will be analyzed by correlating it to regional agricultural characteristics. (1) Viewpoint and approach in the analysis of regional agriculture Paraguay is divided by the Paraguay River between the Oriental (14 departments) and Occidental Regions (3 departments) that runs from north to south. The total national land area (407,000km2) is four to six and 98 % of the farms are dispersed throughout the Oriental Region. The MAG has divided the Oriental Region into 7 zones (north, east, central east, south, and central south, southwest, and central) and together with the Occidental Region, there are eight agricultural zones. Agricultural development in Paraguay occurred when farms moved from rural to rural in search of fertile land and farming in extensive land areas became an important factor. The two departments of Parana and Itapua which are located in the most fertile east and south zones have developed as soybean production centers, by accepting foreign immigrants and domestic farmers migrating from other regions in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
    Views, Experiences and Best Practices as an example of possible options for the national implementation of Article 9 of the International Treaty Note by the Secretary At its second meeting of the Ad hoc Technical Expert Group on Farmers’ Rights (AHTEG), the Expert Group agreed on a revised version of the template for collecting information on examples of national measures, best practices and lessons learned from the realization of Farmers’ Rights This document presents the updated information on best practices and measures of implementing Article 9 of the International Treaty submitted by Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance on 31 July 2019. The submission is presented in the form and language in which it was received. Template for submission of Measures, Best Practices and Lessons Learned from the Realization of Farmers’ Rights Basic information Title of measure/practice: Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Date of submission: July 29, 2019 (resubmitted September 6, 2019) Name(s) of country/countries in which the measure/practice is taking place: Australia Responsible institution/organization (name, address, website (if applicable), e-mail address, telephone number(s) and contact person) Organisation: Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance Contact: [email protected] Website: https://afsa.org.au/ Contact person: Tammi Jonas Type of institution/organization (categories) National organization – CSO. The Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance is a national organization with active and engaged participation in the
    [Show full text]
  • Paraguay Population Density
    1'1 I). E-190 Public Disclosure Authorized This report is not to be published nor may it be quoted as repre8enting~he Ba~1t· s views. Public Disclosure Authorized A~IUCULTURE IN PARAOUA Y ., Public Disclosure Authorized BY DOUWE GROENVELD Public Disclosure Authorized October Z5. 1951 TABlJI OF CONTENl'S Foreword SUMHARY i I. BASIC CONDITIONS 1 (a) Geography and Population (b) Land Tenure (c) The Soil (d) The Climate (e) The People (f) Capital Goods (g) Government Policy II. CURRENI' SITUATION 6 (a) Crops (b) Animals (c) Meat Production (d) Export and Inport (e) Cost of Production (f) Prices (g) Trade III. ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY 11 (a) Central Zone (b) lnunigration (c) Government Services (d) Processing Plants (e) Transnort (f) Forec~st Appendices: Suggestions as to agricultural policy. List of Literature. Map 1: Population Density. Map 2: Land use in Eastern Paraguay. Foreword A staff member of the Economic Department of l.B.R.D., who visited Paraguay in August 1951, prepared this report for the management of the Bank. For this reason it does not reflect the views or policies of the Directors or management of the Bank. The writer had an opportunity to visit most of the agriculturally important areas and insti­ tutions of the country, thanks to the courtesy of the Central Ban~ of Paraguay and the Servicio Teeniao lnteramericano de Cooperaeion Agricola. Washington, D.C. October, 1951. AGRICULTURE IN PARAGUAY STJM.tllARY Practically all of Paraguay's 100,000 odd farmers live in the eastern part of the country where they cultivate an area of 360,000 ha.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-American Foundation (IAF) Monthly Management Reports, 2016-2018
    Description of document: Inter-American Foundation (IAF) monthly management reports, 2016-2018 Requested date: 02-March-2018 Release date: 15-May-2018 Posted date: 04-March-2019 Source of document: FOIA Request Office of the General Counsel 1331 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Suite 1200 North Washington, DC 20004 Email: [email protected] The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. Inter-American Foundation An Independent Agency of the U.S. Government FOIA IAF-2018-007 March 15, 2018 Via email This letter is in response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) email inquiry, received on March 1, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Oranges in Paraguay
    Oranges in Paraguay Creating Generational Cashflow, Naturally Investment in orange plantations in Paraguay Table of contents 1. Management Summary .......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Business ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Concept .......................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Market ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 4. Provider .................................................................................................................................................. 7 4.1 Directors ......................................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Management company .................................................................................................................. 8 4.3 Environment ................................................................................................................................... 8 4.4 Employment (social responsibility) ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Box of Paraguay
    PARAGUAY CONTENIDO CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................3 Introduction .................................6 Items .............................................8 More Information ........................40 Contents Checklist ......................58 Evaluation.....................................59 AGRADECIMIENTOS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributors The Culture Box program was created by the University of New Mexico’s Latin American and Iberian Institute (LAII), with support provided by the LAII’s Title VI National Resource Center grant from the U.S. Department of Education. Contributing authors include Latin Americanist graduate students Adam Flores, Charla Henley, Jennie Grebb, Sarah Leister, Neoshia Roemer, Jacob Sandler, Kalyn Finnell, Lorraine Archibald, Amanda Hooker, Teresa Drenten, Marty Smith, María José Ramos, and Kathryn Peters. LAII project assistant Katrina Dillon created all curriculum materials. Project management, document design, and editorial support were provided by LAII staff person Keira Philipp-Schnurer. Kathryn Peters collected many of the materials in the Culture Box of Paraguay. Sponsors All program materials are readily available to educators in New Mexico courtesy of a partnership between the LAII, Instituto Cervantes of Albuquerque, National Hispanic Cultural Center, and Spanish Resource Center of Albuquerque - who, together, oversee the lending process. To learn more about the sponsor organizations, see their respective websites: • Latin American & Iberian Institute at the University of New Mexico • Instituto
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Rural Innovative Strategy for Sustainable Rural Development in Paraguay
    Establishment of 2014Algeria's Joint National Consulting Vision with 2030 IOs Chapter 1 Creating Rural Innovative Strategy for Sustainable Rural Development in Paraguay 1. Vision 2030 and Indicator Analysis 2. Algeria and the Global Economy 3. Current Issues Facing Algeria’s Economy 4.Vision Scenarios 5. Conclusions ? List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Full Description Departamento de Extensión Agrícola Ganadero (Paraguay) DEAG (Department of Agriculture and Livestock Extension) DEAg Directorate of Agricultural Extension (Paraguay) List of Abbreviations Dirección de Investigación y Extensión Agropecuaria y Forestal (Paraguay) DIEAF (Directorate of Research and Extension of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) DIGEAF General Directorate of Administration and Finances (Paraguay) DIGELAB General Directorate of Laboratories (Paraguay) General Directorate of Quality and Safety of Products of Animal DIGECIPOA Origin (Paraguay) DIGESETEC General Directorate of Technical Services (Paraguay) Presidency, General Directorate of Animal Health, Identity and DIGESIT Traceability (Paraguay) Dirección de Investigación y Producción Animal (Paraguay) DIPA List of Abbreviations (Directorate of Livestock Research and Production) DW Date Warehouse Abbreviation Full Description EDI Electronic Data Interchange AgriX Agricultural Integrated Information eXcellent System (Korea) EGDI E-Government Development Index ALAT Local Agencies Technical Assistance (Paraguay) FIA Farmland Improvement Association AIIS Automated Import Information System FTA Free Trade Agreements
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Drivers of Land Use Change in Paraguay
    AGRICULTURAL DRIVERS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN PARAGUAY By Janet Larsen Advised by Dr. Jennifer Swenson Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University APRIL 28, 2017 i Executive Summary In recent years, Paraguay has become one of the top five countries with the highest acceleration in deforestation rates. Between 2000 and 2015, Paraguay lost 4.8 million hectares of forest, equal to 19.7 percent of its tree-covered area. The two main drivers of deforestation in Paraguay are land clearing for cattle pastures and for soybean farms. Agriculture and ranching are encroaching on the country’s unique ecosystems, including the Gran Chaco in the West and Paraguay’s remaining portions of the biodiverse Atlantic forest in the East. Since 2000, Paraguay’s beef and soybean output have each increased by close to 2.5-fold. Despite its relatively small size, the country now ranks as the world’s fourth leading exporter of soybeans and the eighth leading exporter of beef. Paraguay’s contribution to world food supplies is projected to increase. This study presents a statistical and spatial analysis of Paraguay’s changing land use patterns. I review the trends that led Paraguay to become an expanding soybean frontier within the context of the Latin American soy boom that started in the 1970s. I use remotely sensed data and governmental statistics to explore land use change patterns in Paraguay on a national and sub-national basis. I address the following questions: What land use change is driving deforestation in Paraguay? What is the relationship between cattle ranching and soybean farming in Paraguay? What do trends indicate for future land use change in Paraguay? I examine governmental policies and voluntary agreements affecting agriculture and deforestation in Paraguay using a literature review and background interviews with analysts and stakeholders in soybean supply chains.
    [Show full text]
  • Lusscroft General Management Plan Page 1 INTRODUCTION
    LUSSCROFT THE NORTH DAIRY BRANCH OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1931-1970 GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Draft for Distribution July 2004 State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Parks and Forestry State Park Service TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2 HISTORICAL AND NATURAL CONTEXT.......................................................5 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE............................................................... 22 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE...................................................................... 23 VISITOR EXPERIENCE OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 24 INTERPRETIVE THEMES........................................................................ 26 EXISTING CONDITIONS......................................................................... 26 1. The Turner Mansion ..................................................................................................... 29 2. Arcaded Stone Garden Grotto and Viewing Deck............................................................... 29 3. Vegetable cellar............................................................................................................. 30 4. The Manager’s Dwelling (Farm House, Vander Weide House) ............................................. 31 5. Garage (Converted to Offices in 1935; Winter Quarters 1971-1996).......................................... 31 6. Main Barn and Appendages...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE GLOBAL PRACTICE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized PARAGUAY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR RISK ASSESSMENT IDENTIFICATION, PRIORITIZATION, STRATEGY, Public Disclosure Authorized AND ACTION PLAN Carlos Arce, Jorge Caballero, and Diego Arias WORLD BANK GROUP REPORT NUMBER 93943-PY JUNE 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE GLOBAL PRACTICE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PAPER PARAGUAY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR RISK AssESSMENT I dentification, Prioritization, Strategy, and Action Plan Carlos Arce, Jorge Caballero, and Diego Arias © 2015 World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Email: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of World Bank Group or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone: 978-750-8400, fax: 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/.
    [Show full text]