DOCSLIB.ORG

Crop-Raiding Macaques: Predictions, Patterns and Perceptions from Langtang National Park, Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crop-Raiding Macaques: Predictions, Patterns and Perceptions from Langtang National Park, Nepal Vol. 20: 217–226, 2013 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online May 31 doi: 10.3354/esr00502 Endang Species Res FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Crop-raiding macaques: predictions, patterns and perceptions from Langtang National Park, Nepal Ganga Ram Regmi1,2, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris1, Kamal Kandel2, Vincent Nijman1,* 1Department of Anthropology and Geography, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK 2Global Primate Network-Nepal, GPO Box 26288, Kathmandu, Nepal ABSTRACT: Crop-raiding by wild animals is increasingly known to cause conflict between these animals and humans; subsequent losses incurred by farmers may make communities antagonistic and intolerant towards wildlife protection. There is an increasing need to understand interspecific and geographic differences in patterns of crop-raiding. Here, focussing on macaques, a group of primates that feature high on the list of crop-raiders throughout Asia, we calculate incidence rates (IRs; the proportion of farms where a particular crop is raided by macaques in relation to the total number of farms where this crop is grown and available to macaques) for different crops and relate this to physical and temporal features. Based on interview data from 120 farmers in 3 Vil- lage Development Committees in Lantang National Park in Nepal, IRs were highest for potato (0.783) and maize (0.697) and lower for cereals (0.353 and 0.357 for buckwheat and millet, respec- tively), and IRs of 4 crops were negatively related to the distance to the forest edge. IRs for potato and maize were close to 1 near the forest edge but dropped significantly when the distance between the forest edge and fields exceeded 150 and 400 m, respectively. Farmers mostly employed benign crop-deterrent tactics, but macaques disproportionally raided farms in the early hours of the day, presumably to avoid conflict with farmers. Comparisons with IRs from other macaque species from Sri Lanka and Indonesia show that IRs are not related to caloric or nutri- tional content of crops or to the quantities in which crops are grown. With respect to the manage- ment of macaques and mitigating conflict due to crop-raiding, we advocate an integrative approach taking into account both the IRs and the interactions among macaques, crops and farmers but also the relations among the farmers themselves and the local authorities. KEY WORDS: Cercopithecidae · Conservation attitudes · Crop-raiding risk · Human–wildlife conflict · Management Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION developing countries often have limited access to cash and are rarely compensated for their losses, the Crop-raiding by wild animals is increasingly individual economic losses suffered from crop-raid- known to be a source of conflict between the animals ing can be relatively high (Nyhus et al. 2005, Linkie and humans, perhaps especially so along the bound- et al. 2007, Warren et al. 2007). Furthermore, farm- aries of protected areas (Strum 1994, Naughton- ers’ inability to mitigate crop-raiding adequately and Treves 1998, Sekhar 1998, Gillingham & Lee 2003, the absence of compensation schemes may lead to Linkie et al. 2007, Riley 2007). The losses incurred by retaliatory killing of problem species (Jackson & farmers may make communities living close to pro- Wangchuk 2001, Nyhus et al. 2005). Several studies tected areas antagonistic and intolerant towards have found that proximity of a farm to the forest edge wildlife, which can undermine and impede conserva- and the presence or absence of neighbouring farms tion strategies (Nyhus et al. 2000). Because farmers in best explains the likelihood of any farm sustaining *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2013 · www.int-res.com 218 Endang Species Res 20: 217–226, 2013 crop damage (Hill 2002, Priston 2005, Warren et al. We test the null hypotheses that a crop’s incidence 2007, Nijman & Nekaris 2010a,b, Wallace 2010). rate (IR, the risk of a crop being raided; see ‘Materials Hence, it seems that farmers that reside close to the and methods: Analysis’) does not differ among crops border of protected forest reserves or that cultivate and that macaques raid crops irrespective of the loca- crops within the park boundaries are especially tion of the fields on which the crops are grown. Crop- vulnerable to crop-raiding. raiding furthermore has no relation to the nutritional While many species raid cultivated crops (e.g. content of crops or the number of farms on which the insects, rodents, birds and livestock), primates in crops are grown. We assume that farmers protect all particular can be significant pests because of their crops equally, and thus, we do not expect any tempo- opportunism, adaptability, intelligence and manipu- ral differences in raiding events. These predictions lative abilities (Naughton-Treves 1998, Sillero-Zubiri should hold for various species of macaques in & Switzer 2001, Warren et al. 2007). Farmers’ percep- various regions. tions of the most notorious crop pests are often influ- enced by factors other than crop damage (Naughton- Treves et al. 1998, Hill 2004, Naughton-Treves & MATERIALS AND METHODS Treves 2005). The generally high visibility of, and crop-raiding strategies employed by, primates com- Study area pared to other crop-raiders may lead farmers to per- ceive primates to be even more important crop- The government of Nepal established Langtang raiders than they already are; this has important National Park (85° 33’ E, 28° 12’ N) in 1976; it is management implications. located in north-central Nepal on the China-Tibet In Africa, baboons Papio spp. and vervets Chloro- border. Covering an altitudinal range from 800 to cebus spp. top the list of crop-raiding primates (King >7200 m a.s.l., habitats within the park range from & Lee 1987, Saj et al. 2001, Sillero-Zubiri & Switzer subtropical forest to perpetual snow (Sayers & Nor- 2001, Warren et al. 2007, Wallace 2010). Throughout conk 2008). In 1998, the authorities designated most of Asia, the macaques Macaca spp. are per- 420 km2 in and around the park as a buffer zone. It ceived as the most important culprits (Pirta et al. now encom passes 2130 km2 in 3 districts, viz. 1997, Knight 1999, Marchal 2005, Linkie et al. 2007). Rasuwa, Nuwakot and Sindhupalchowk. Some 45 Crop-raiding by Japanese macaques M. fuscata has villages in 26 Village Development Committees are been studied since the 1960s (e.g. Sprague & Iwasak within the park boundaries (Bhuju et al. 2007). From 2006, Agetsuma 2007, Yamagiwa 2008, Nakagawa et the time of gazettment, the villages have been per- al. 2010, Yamada & Muroyama 2010). While the num- mitted to farm in the park and are not under the park ber of detailed studies of crop-raiding macaques in jurisdiction. other parts of Asia is on the increase (e.g. Priston We worked in and with 3 Village Development 2005, Linkie et al. 2007, Riley 2007, Nijman & Ne - Committees, Ramche, Syafru and Timure (Rasuwa karis 2010b, Nekaris et al. 2013), there is still an District), situated within the boundaries of the increasing need for a proper understanding of crop- national park. The villages are relatively compact, raiding, including interspecific and geographic dif- and during the last census of 2001, Ramche and ferences in crop-raiding patterns (cf. Sillero-Zubiri & Syafru were of a similar size (397 houses and 2153 Switzer 2001, Gumert et al. 2011). Information on people in Rachme and 484 houses and 2141 people in crop-raiding in the only species of non-Asian Syafru), and Timure was decisively smaller (102 macaque, M. sylvanus from North Africa, is sparse houses and 517 people). but conflicts with local people have been reported as While some villagers gain an income from sporadic a result of crop-raiding (Deag 1977, Butynski et al. village or home-stay tourism, agriculture provides 2008). the main livelihood. Maize Zea mays and potatoes Here, we report on patterns and perception of Solanum tuberosum are the chief staple crops, with crop-raiding by macaques in a farming community smaller areas dedicated to growing finger millet located inside the boundaries of an established Eleusine coracana, buckwheat Fagopyrum tataricum national park. We also present data on crop-raiding and barley Hordeum vulgare. Around their houses, by 3 other macaque species from 3 other regions all villagers grow additional crops, such as banana collected and analysed in a comparable manner, to Musa spp., for subsistence. provide insights into the perceptions of crop-raiding Although the majority of people living in Langtang by macaques in general. National Park consider themselves Buddhist or Regmi et al.: Crop-raiding macaques in Nepal 219 Hindu, with associated respect for primates, high were geo-referenced with a hand-held GPS. We incidences of crop-raiding have led to the occasional made several attempts to follow groups, but given retaliatory killing of macaques (Chalise & Johnson the terrain and the fact that the macaques were not 2005, Regmi & Kandel 2008, Chalise 2010). habituated to humans, this proved to be impossible. We encountered 2 of the 3 primate species present in the park, Assamese macaques Macaca assamensis Interviews and Nepal grey langurs Semnopithecus schistaceus, with the former being ubiquitous between elevations We used semi-structured interviews to investigate of 1300 to 2400 m a.s.l. and the latter occurring more the farmers’ perceptions of crop-raiding by primates. sparsely above 2000 m a.s.l. away from the villages. We held interviews in May to July 2007 with 120 The farmers were able to distinguish between the household owners (n = 40 in each Village Develop- Assamese macaques and the Nepal grey langurs and ment Committee, spending ~3 wk per village) whose to confirm the absence of rhesus macaques M. farms were situated relatively close to nearby forest mulatta in their area. With reference to crop-raiding, areas or vegetated rocky outcrops (median distance the Assamese macaque was the most prominent pri- ~100 m for all 3 villages, range 15 to 900 m; measured mate species, and our interviews therefore focussed with a handheld GPS).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
    Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Ranking Geladas Protect and Comfort Others After Conflicts
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN High-Ranking Geladas Protect and Comfort Others After Conficts Elisabetta Palagi1, Alessia Leone1, Elisa Demuru1 & Pier Francesco Ferrari2 Post-confict afliation is a mechanism favored by natural selection to manage conficts in animal Received: 2 January 2018 groups thus avoiding group disruption. Triadic afliation towards the victim can reduce the likelihood Accepted: 30 August 2018 of redirection (benefts to third-parties) and protect and provide comfort to the victim by reducing its Published: xx xx xxxx post-confict anxiety (benefts to victims). Here, we test specifc hypotheses on the potential functions of triadic afliation in Theropithecus gelada, a primate species living in complex multi-level societies. Our results show that higher-ranking geladas provided more spontaneous triadic afliation than lower- ranking subjects and that these contacts signifcantly reduced the likelihood of further aggression on the victim. Spontaneous triadic afliation signifcantly reduced the victim’s anxiety (measured by scratching), although it was not biased towards kin or friends. In conclusion, triadic afliation in geladas seems to be a strategy available to high-ranking subjects to reduce the social tension generated by a confict. Although this interpretation is the most parsimonious one, it cannot be totally excluded that third parties could also be afected by the negative emotional state of the victim thus increasing a third party’s motivation to provide comfort. Therefore, the debate on the linkage between third-party afliation and emotional contagion in monkeys remains to be resolved. Conficts in social animals can have various immediate and long-term outcomes. Immediately following a con- fict, opponents may show a wide range of responses, from tolerance and avoidance of open confict, to aggres- sion1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the Karyotype of Five Species in Genus Macaca
    © 2006 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 71(2): 161–167, 2006 A Comparison of the Karyotype of Five Species in Genus Macaca (Primate, Cercopithecidae) in Thailand by Using Conventional Staining, G-banding and High-Resolution Technique Alongkoad Tanomtong*,1, Sumpars Khunsook1, Wiwat Kaensa1 and Ruengwit Bunjongrat2 1 Genetics Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand 2 Genetics Program, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand Received February 7, 2006; accepted March 1, 2006 Summary Cytogenetics of 5 macaque species from genus Macaca in Thailand were studied using lymphocyte cultures and high-resolution techniques. Their chromosome numbers are 2nϭ42, 20 pairs of autosome, and 1 pair of sex-chromosome. M. arctoides and M. mulatta have a fundamental number (NF) 84 in male and female but the others have 83 in male and 84 in female. They have 6 large, 4 medium, 8 small metacentric chromosomes and 8 large, 12 medium, 2 small submetacentric chromosomes respectively. M. fascicularis and M. mulatta have medium metacentric X chromo- some. M. assamensis, M. nemestrina and M. arctoides have medium submetacentric X chromosome. M. arctoides has small submetacentric Y chromosomes, M. mulatta has small metacentric Y chro- mosomes, while M. assamensis, M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina have small telocentric Y chromo- somes. By using G-banding in metaphase and high-resolution technique in late prophase, the results show that the bands are 274, 273, 273, 275, 273 and 351, 350, 350, 352, 350 respectively. Their auto- some and X chromosome are similar but their Y chromosome is different.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consequences of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on the Distribution, Population Size, Habitat Preferences, Feeding and Rangin
    The consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation on the distribution, population size, habitat preferences, feeding and ranging Ecology of grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiopes aethiops) on the human dominated habitats of north Shoa, Amhara, Ethiopia: A Study of human-grivet monkey conflict 1 Table of contents Page 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background And Justifications 3 1.2. Statement Of The Problem 6 1.3. Objectives 7 1.3.1. General Objective 7 1.3.2. Specific Objectives 8 1.4. Research Hypotheses Under Investigation 8 2. Description Of The Study Area 8 3. Methodology 11 3.1. Habitat Stratification, Vegetation Mapping And Land Use Cover 11 Change 3.2. Distribution Pattern And Population Estimate Of Grivet Monkey 11 3.3. Behavioral Data 12 3.4. Human Grivet Monkey Conflict 15 3.5. Habitat Loss And Fragmentation 15 4. Expected Output 16 5. Challenges Of The Project 16 6. References 17 i 1. Introduction World mammals status analysis on global scale shows that primates are the most threatened mammals (Schipper et al., 2008) making them indicators for investigating vulnerability to threats. Habitat loss and destruction are often considered to be the most serious threat to many tropical primate populations because of agricultural expansion, livestock grazing, logging, and human settlement (Cowlishaw and Dunbar, 2000). Deforestation and forest fragmentation have marched together with the expansion of agricultural frontiers, resulting in both habitat loss and subdivision of the remaining habitat (Michalski and Peres, 2005). This forest degradation results in reduction in size or fragmentation of the original forest habitat (Fahrig, 2003). Habitat fragmentation is often defined as a process during which “a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original”.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Responses to Injury and Death in Wild Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Lincoln Institutional Repository 1 Behavioral responses to injury and death in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) 2 Liz AD Campbell*1, Patrick J Tkaczynski*2, Mohamed Mouna3, Mohamed Qarro4, James 3 Waterman1, Bonaventura Majolo1 4 5 * Contributed equally as lead authors. 6 1 School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK 7 2 Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, Department of Life 8 Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK 9 3 Mohammed V University, Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Morocco 10 4 Ecole Nationale Forestiére d´Ingenieurs, Tabriquet Salé, Morocco 11 12 Correspondence to: 13 Patrick Tkaczynski 14 Department of Life Sciences 15 University of Roehampton 16 London, SW15 4JD 17 UK 18 email: [email protected] 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Abstract 26 The wounding or death of a conspecific has been shown to elicit varied behavioral responses 27 throughout thanatology. Recently, a number of reports have presented contentious evidence 28 of epimeletic behavior towards the dying and dead among non-human animals, a behavioral 29 trait previously considered uniquely human. Here, we report on the behavioral responses of 30 Barbary macaques, a social, non-human primate, to the deaths of four group members (one 31 high-ranking adult female, one high-ranking adult male, one juvenile male and one female 32 infant), all caused by road traffic accidents. Responses appeared to vary based on the nature 33 of the death (protracted or instant) and the age class of the deceased.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTH 42 Lect 15 Quiz Clock
    Quiz clock! Minutes remaining:! ONE! ANTH 42" 30 sec …! Lect 15" 5! 4! Guenons, SIV, 3! conservation, and 2! macaques & baboons (yes, we’re behind)! A fast overview of HIV/SIV! SIV --> HIV: Viral clades “cut hunter”! correlated with primate clades. Note colobus (top) and talapoin (upper right); rest guenons.! If natural process, why never in millennia, then >10 times in <50 years? But not Emerging viruses: So requires “why now” perfectly. adaptive radiation term; multiple theories, Mandrill! into new hosts (us). check my publications SARS, Ebola?, page if interested.! HIV…! The bushmeat trade/crisis! Wildlife (including apes) is traditionally eaten in Central Africa. Killing and butchery creates ample potential for blood-blood contact.! Traditional use! Globalization! The bushmeat trade/crisis! GI parasites at Kibale - less dramatic but ubiquitous! New & Significant # Taï recombinant chimpanzees died viruses... ?! of respiratory illness acquired from researchers.! The crisis: commercialization. ! Primate conservation and primatology as global health issue! Macaques & baboons! Macaques & baboons! Macaques (esp. rhesus) are “the Baboons (esp. monkey” in olive) are “the biomedical work.! monkey” to early behavioral studies (recall DeVore & aggressive baboons, Jay and peaceful langurs)! Macaques! Macaques! Commensal monkeys! Toque macaques (M. sinica), olive baboons (P. anubis), gelada (T. gelada). Good presentation of coping with ecological and social complexity.! Life of Mammals: Social Climbers! 18m! Hamadryas (Papio hamadryas)! Only Asian baboon; hybrid zone with P. anubis - herding behavior by males.! Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)! The baboons (Africa)! Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) (last survivor of Theropithecus, used to be widespread, # species, & some big)! Just about everyplace, Pay attention to how baboon life is presented a baboon…! from “Murder in the Troop”! (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Interference in Stumptail Macaques, and Where Qtpropriate, Data on Their Affiliatioa and Dominance
    SEXUAL INTERFERENCE IN STUMPTAIL MACAQUES (MACACA ARCTOIDES) IS IT RETURN-BENEFIT SPITE? ALYN ROBERT BRERETON Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Stiriing March 1989 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The mere fact that this thesis is coDq>lete is uttmishiiig. Why this is, I leave to legend and foiklore. But because it is, I alone am not entirely responsible. Many people and several organisations have unselfishly contributed, and I wim to acknowledge their help. I would, therefore, like to express my sincerest and deepest dunks: For financial s t^ o r t to: the Harris and Eliza Kempner Educational Fund the Hatde M. Strong Foundation Sigma K , Ihe Sdratific Research Society For techiicai assistance to: Dr. William McGrew Kristin Phillips Aiison Hannah Mario Caba Antonio Jauregui Dr. Ranald MacDonald Bnioe Sutheriand Dr. Arnold Chamove Ernesto Rodriquez Simon Booth KenDodcery Fm-overall encouragement to: Dr. William McGrew Krisdn Phillips Barbara Balen Janice Chu Debbie Bird Alison Hannah Dr. Liz Williamson FranDolins Eluned Price Dr. Arnold Chamovc Dr. Andrew Jahoda A m uFeisner For friendship to: Kristin Phillips Barbara Balen Dr. William McGrew Alison Hannah Dr. Liz Mlliamson Mark) Caba FranDolins Eluned Mce HofirioCanillo UUses Aguiloa Antonio Jauregui Dr. Arnold Chamovc ABSTRACT The phenomeiioa of intervening with other’s matings, or sexual interference, was studied in a fiee-tanging group of stumpcail macaques (Macaco arctoUUs). This thesis suggests that its function may be immediately spiteful, but also ultimately beneHcial reproductively. Preliminary evidence in support of this contention is presented, and speculations on related questions ate offered. A proposed evolutionary scenario of the stunqxail macaque mating pattern is «1«« outlined.
    [Show full text]
  • Theropithecus Gelada) on an Intact Afro-Alpine Grassland at Guassa, Ethiopia ______
    LONG-TERM RANGING PATTERNS OF WILD GELADA MONKEYS (THEROPITHECUS GELADA) ON AN INTACT AFRO-ALPINE GRASSLAND AT GUASSA, ETHIOPIA ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________________________________ By Cha Moua Thesis Committee Approval: Associate Professor Peter J. Fashing, Chair Associate Professor Nga Nguyen, Department of Anthropology Associate Professor Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, Department of Anthropology Fall, 2015 ABSTRACT Long-term studies of animal ranging ecology are critical to understanding how animals utilize their habitat across space and time. Although gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) inhabit an unusual, high altitude habitat that presents unique ecological challenges, no long-term studies of their ranging behavior have been conducted. To close this gap, I investigated the daily path length (DPL), annual home ranges (95%), and annual core areas (50%) of a band of ~220 wild gelada monkeys at Guassa, Ethiopia, from January 2007 to December 2011 (for total of n = 785 full-day follows). I estimated annual home ranges and core area using the fixed kernel reference (FK REF) and smoothed cross-validation (FK SCV) bandwidths, and the minimum convex polygon (MCP) method. Both annual home range (MCP - 2007: 5.9 km2; 2008: 8.6 km2; 2009: 9.2 km2; 2010: 11.5 km2; 2011: 11.6 km2) and core area increased over the 5-year study period. The MCP and FK REF generated broadly consistent, though slightly larger estimates that contained areas in which the geladas were never observed. All three methods omitted one to 19 sleeping sites from the home range depending on the year.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Gartland Oregon 0171A 12939.Pdf
    MALE JAPANESE MACAQUE (MACACA FUSCATA) SOCIALITY: BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND WELFARE SCIENCE APPLICATIONS by KYLEN NADINE GARTLAND A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2021 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Kylen Nadine Gartland Title: Male Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) Sociality: Behavioral Strategies and Welfare Science Applications This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology by: Frances White Chairperson Lawrence Ulibarri Core Member Steve Frost Core Member Renee Irvin Institutional Representative and Kate Mondlock Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2021 ii © 2021 Kylen Nadine Gartland iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Kylen Nadine Gartland Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology February 2021 Title: Male Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) sociality: Behavioral strategies and welfare science application Evolutionarily, individuals should pursue social strategies which confer advantages such as coalitionary support, mating opportunities, or access to limited resources. How an individual forms and maintains social bonds may be influenced by a large number of factors including sex, age, dominance rank, group structure, group demographics, relatedness, or seasonality. Individuals may employ differential social strategies both in terms of the type and quantity of interactions they engage in as well as their chosen social partners. The objective of this dissertation is to examine sociality in adult male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and the varying strategies that individuals may employ depending on their relative position within a social group.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCTORAL THESIS the Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick
    DOCTORAL THESIS The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick Award date: 2017 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques By Patrick John Tkaczynski BSc (Hons), MRes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton 2016 1 2 “A personality is the product of a clash between two opposing forces: the urge to create a life of one's own and the insistence by the world around us that we conform.” Hermann Hesse Soul of the Age: Selected Letters, 1891-1962 3 Abstract Personality, that is intra-individual consistency and inter-individual variation in behaviour, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. This challenges traditional evolutionary assumptions that selection should favour behavioural flexibility, and that variation in behavioural strategies reflects stochastic variation around a single optimal behavioural strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits
    Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits (GaiaPark Kerkrade, 2010) Elwin Kraaij & Patricia ter Maat Old World Monkeys in Mixed Species Exhibits Factors influencing the success of old world monkeys in mixed species exhibits Authors: Elwin Kraaij & Patricia ter Maat Supervisors Van Hall Larenstein: T. Griede & M. Dobbelaar Client: T. ter Meulen, Apenheul Thesis number: 594000 Van Hall Larenstein Leeuwarden, August 2011 Preface This report was written in the scope of our final thesis as part of the study Animal Management. The research has its origin in a request from Tjerk ter Meulen (vice chair of the Old World Monkey TAG and studbook keeper of Allen’s swamp monkeys and black mangabeys at Apenheul Primate Park, the Netherlands). As studbook keeper of the black mangabey and based on his experiences from his previous position at Gaiapark Kerkrade, the Netherlands, where black mangabeys are successfully combined with gorillas, he requested our help in researching what factors contribute to the success of old world monkeys in mixed species exhibits. We could not have done this research without the knowledge and experience of the contributors and we would therefore like to thank them for their help. First of all Tjerk ter Meulen, the initiator of the research for providing information on the subject and giving feedback on our work. Secondly Tine Griede and Marcella Dobbelaar, being our two supervisors from the study Animal Management, for giving feedback and guidance throughout the project. Finally we would like to thank all zoos that filled in our questionnaire and provided us with the information required to perform this research.
    [Show full text]