Serbia’ school with respect to these Small schools attributes at the end of the current section. However, we feel that there We now proceed to look at the spa- is a minimum level of communica- tial distribution of key indicators tion that must be guaranteed each related to school size. As we have school - the existence of at least one seen in previous sections, the de- quality phone connection. For this mographic trends in are such reason we have placed this param- that many small schools are getting eter among our basic indicators of smaller still. At some point their total school infrastructure. enrollment goes to zero. This need not automatically signal the perma- Out of all of the schools in our data- nent closing of such schools - that base 3,517 gave an answer to this follows if the schools in question are question. Of these, 1,091 (31.0%) not working for several consecutive have no phone connection of any years. kind, 1,421 (40.4%) have a single connection with pulse dialing, 386 Serbia currently has 106 schools (11%) have more than one such that aren’ working. All but one of connection, 390 (11.1%) have a these schools are primary satellite single phone connection with tone schools. One is a secondary school. dialing, 207 (5.9%) have more than The distribution of satellite schools one such connection and, finally, that were not working in the 2001/ only 22 schools (0.6%) said they 2002 school year is shown in Map 5. had an ISDN connection. Schools with zero enrollment are Therefore, our proposed criterion for just the top of the iceberg - not a the minimal level of communication problem in itself but the indicators (one phone line) is met by 69% of of a true problem. In this case the Serbia’s schools. This is an average problem is the existence, and in- over the whole country. Map 4 gives creasing number of extremely small the percentage of schools in a given satellite schools. The problem is municipality that have telephone caused by the systematic downward connections. demographic trend, a trend further exacerbated by the ten years of eco- nomic and political crisis that Serbia has only recently put a stop to.

72 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 73 Novi Knezevac Kanjiza 0 − 30

Senta Coka 30 − 50 Backa Ada Mali Idos Kula BecejNovi Becej 50 − 70 Odzaci Vrbas Zitiste 70 − 90 Bac Zabalj Backa Palanka Secanj Backi PetrovacCity of 90 − 100 Plandiste BeocinSremski Karlovci Kovacica Irig Indija Vrsac Sid Bogatic Pancevo PecinciZemunNovi Beograd

Sabac CukaricaRakovica Veliko Gradiste Vladimirevci Pozarevac Sopot Malo Crnice Ub Kucevo Zabari Osecina Arandelovac Velika PlanaPetrovac Topola Raca Zagubica Batocina Bor Kosjeric Gornji MilanovacCity of JagodinaCuprija Bajina Basta Zajecar Pozega Knic Uzice Cacak Paracin Lucani Cajetina Razanj Cicevac Trstenik Vrnjacka Krusevac Knjazevac Nova Varos Prjepolje City of Nis Raska Merosina Gadzin Han Zitorada Kursumlija VlasotinceBabusnica Dimitrovgrad Tutin Medveda Vladicin Han

Vranje

Presevo (2)

Map 4: Percent of schools in a given municipality that have a telephone connec- tion (2001/2002 school year)

72 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 73

Bela Crkva

Beograd Bolec Ritopek Vrcin Lestane Kozuar Sopot

Kotesica ProgoreociPridvoriceVodice Brangovic Raca Gornje Leskovice

Ljestansko Kragujevac Kovanica

Bresnica Dulene

Golovo Brezovica Alin Pekcanica StubloPriboj Kasidoli Medurecje OjkovicaTrudovo Bucje Krnjaca Tepece ErcegeVucak Durasici Prijepolje Tiodze Prokuplje Blazevo KunovicaRavni Do

Strbovac Kaluderovo Dol Dimitrovgrad Tutin Linovo Male Bonjince Leskovica

Gagince StresakVlase DrenovacJovac BacvisteStubal BujanovacRistovac Trgoviste

Map 5: Distribution of schools currently not working (2001/2002 school year). Larger circles denote higher concentrations of such schools.

74 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 75 Doline Senta Rancevo Zarkovac Doroslovo Becej Backi Brestovac Jankov Most Zlatica Kisac Sangaj Stara Bingula Beska Malo Srediste Vrdnik Mesic Besenovacki PrnjavorIndija Belegis Socica Dobricevo Pecinci Bela Crkva Macvanski Pricinovic BatajnicaZemun Jakovo Bolec Ritopek Vinci Vrcin Maljurevac Usije Desic Usce Baric Vojilovo Dren Golubac Orasac Vukovic Jadranska Dvoriste Kozuar Drazevac Sopot Koceljeva Palanka Dolnja Borina Radusa Bukovska Topolnica PlaninaBastavStave Joseva Rudovci Maskar Sirdija Rudna Glava Crnca TabanovicSutci Kusiljevo Sovac Laznica Sarkamen Voljevci Leovic Tolic BorciRaca Rucevac Cubra Savkovic Susica Rudnik Svilajnac GornjaneMetris Grcic Kozelj Bresje Tamnic Razan Ramaca Rogacica Takovo Brusnik Brajici Kragujevac Kovanica Zlot Jagostica Grivac PerucacPilicaTrnava Cuprija Mitrovac Cacak Gruza Cikot Pozega Sljivar Dulene GolubovacKrivi Vir RajacMrsac Ilino SemegnjevoGolovo Brezovica Gledic BacinaPardik RazanjTrgovisteBucjeSelacka Dobrace Lesevo StubloLjubis Kraljevo Trstenik Citluk StrmacZabrde JelacaKucaniKatici Dakovo Gari Stanci Medurecje Rzanica Bucje Usce Krnjaca Suric Vrbovo Vucak Brus Jabuka Devici Dasnica Locika Vrelo Fijulj ZvijezdHrta TrnavaRaska Sosice Blace Krupac MerosinaSicevo Rudinje Tiodze Seoce Bace Mokra MatarugeZastup Pupe Stava PirotRsovci Budevo Babicko Dezeva Licje Smilovci Dojevice Orasac Kursumlija Magas Dol Stol Zeljusa Tutin Vrelo Mala Kosanica Bojnik Vava Dimitrovgrad Strumce Geglja Gornji Crnis GrdelicaSvode Sponce BrodKalna Tupale Medevce Preslap Ruzic Mackatica SvirceStubalJovac SekrijeVranje Ploca Dukat Rataje Kocura

Map 6: Distribution of schools with total enrollment less than or equal 10 students. Larger circles denote higher concentrations of such schools (2001/2002 school year).

74 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 75 In 2001/2002 Serbia had 679 schools are distributed in size according (all of them primary schools) with to an exponential function with a total student enrollment between 1 characteristic scale of 28 students. and 10 (inclusive). Of these 21 are Therefore, satellite schools of 10 or special schools, 1 is a central school, less students, although they repre- while 657 are satellite schools. Map sent an extreme case, are just part 6 gives the spatial distribution of of all small schools. For example, schools with a total of ten students 589 schools have total enrollment or less. between 11 and 20. Map 7 gives the distribution of all satellite schools. We have already seen in a previ- From that map we see that they are ous section that satellite schools fairly smoothly distributed through-

Photographs:

Top left: A church and a picturesque old wooden school (now closed) in the village of Brzohoda near the town of Žabari in the municipality that bears the same name.

Center left: A typical small satellite school in the Sjenica municipality. The school in is adminis- tratively linked to the central school “Branko Radičević” in Štavalj. The four year satellite school has a total enrollment of 15 students, its central school is also small with a total of 82 students.

Bottom left: A school with four students. The school in the small village of Dujke in the Sjenica munici- pality has only four students (front row), one teacher and one maintenance worker (back row, third and fourth from the left). The school is a four year satellite school attached to the central school “Jovan Jovanović Zmaj” located in the village of Raždeginja. The Raždeginja school has 207 students and is an example of a small central school.

76 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 77 1 − 5

5 − 13

13 − 27

27 − 50

50 − 96

Map 7: Distribution of satellite schools. Larger circles denote higher concentra- tions of such schools (2001/2002 school year).

76 optimization of the network of schools in serbia optimization of the network of schools in serbia 77