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A Preliminary Key to the Identification of Larval Fishes of Oklahoma, • with Particular Reference to Canton Reservoir

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A Preliminary Key to the Identification of Larval Fishes of Oklahoma, • with Particular Reference to Canton Reservoir A PRELIMINARY KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAL FISHES OF OKLAHOMA, • WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANTON RESERVOIR, INCLUDING A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY By . I EDWIN B. mAY AND CHARLES R. OASAWAY OKLAHOMA FISHERY RESEARCH LABORATORY BULLETIN NUMBER 5 CONTRIBUTION No. 164 OF THE OKLAHOMA FISHERY RESEARCH LABORATORY, NORMAN, OKLAHOMA AUGUST, 1967 THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AS PART OF FEDERAL-AID PROJECT F-I6-R ' PRESENT ADDRESS: ALABAMA MARINE RESOURCES LABORATORY, DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALABAMA 36524 f• OKLAHOMA FISHERY RESEARCH LABORATORY CHARLES R. GASAWAY, ACTING DIRECTOR • SUPPORTING AGENCIES THE OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION II AND THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ADVISORY COMMITTEE WENDELL BEVER, DIRECTOR, OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION GEORGE L. CROSS, PRESIDENT, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA • BUFORD L. TATUM, CHIEF, FISHERIES DIVISION, OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION CARL D. RIGGS, DIRECTOR, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AND DIRECTOR OF ORGANIZED RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA LELAND ROBERTS, ASSISTANT CHIEF OF FISHERIES - RESEARCH, OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION CONTENTS • • ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... I NTRODUCTION ................................................................................. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................... 2 PHOTOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 4 ARRANGEMENT OF BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 4 TERMINOLOGY OF YOUNG FISHES ....................................................... 4 I DENTIFICATION ...5 SCOPE OF THE KEYS .................................................................... 5 PRESERVATION ............................................................................ 6 USE OF KEY ............................................................................... 6 ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL FISHES ............................................ 7 BODY SHAPE .............................................................................. 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUT ............................................................... 7 DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT ............................................................... 7 DEVELOPMENT OF FINS ................................................................. 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................... 8 PRELIMINARY KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE LARVAL FISHES OF OKLAHOMA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANTON RESERVOIR ................ 9 BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME COMMON OKLAHOMA LARVAL FISHES ........................ 19 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................ 22 A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LARVAL FRESH WATER FISHES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO OKLAHOMA FAMILIES ............................... 23 APPENDIX (FIGURES 1-58) ........................................................... 33 ABSTRACT AN ILLUSTRATED KEY USEFUL FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAL FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM CANTON RESERVOIR, OKLAHOMA, IS PRESENTED. OTHER OKLAHOMA SPECIES WERE ALSO CONSIDERED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KEY TO INCREASE ITS USEFULNESS IN OTHER AREAS AND ITS VALUE AS A BASIS FOR FUTURE STUDIES. MORE PRECISE TERMINOLOGY HAS BEEN DEFINED FOR THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES BASED ON PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF YOLK AND DEGREE OF FIN DEVELOPMENT. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND METHODS USED IN THIS STUDY ARE DISCUSSED. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL FISHES IS ALSO INCLUDED. A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY USEFUL FOR IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF LARVAL FISHES HAS BEEN COMPILED. A PRELIMINARY KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAL FISHES OF OKLAHOMA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANTON RESERVOIR, I NCLUDING A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BY EDWIN B. MAY AND CHARLES R. GASAWAY I NTRODUCTION ALTHOUGH IT IS OFTEN IMPORTANT THAT INVESTIGATORS BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE YOUNG STAGES OF FISHES TO SOLVE MANY BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, FEW COMPREHENSIVE SOURCES OF I NFORMATION ON THIS SUBJECT ARE AVAILABLE. THE PROBLEMS INVOLVED AND THE FACILITIES NEEDED TO REAR OR COLLECT FISHES TO USE FOR COMPARISON OFTEN MAKE THESE METHODS I MPRACTICAL. SELDOM ARE GOOD SERIES AVAILABLE TO MOST BIOLOGISTS. I NFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE FRESH-WATER FISHES IS, FOR THE MOST PART, SCATTERED THROUGHOUT LIFE HISTORY STUDIES. A FEW TAXONOMIC STUDIES HAVE BEEN MADE, HOWEVER, AND THESE ALONG WITH OTHER PUBLICATIONS USEFUL FOR IDENTIFICATION CAN BE FOUND IN THE LIST OF SELECTED REFERENCES. THIS WORK IS PRIMARILY INTENDED AS A TOOL FOR ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND NOT TO CONTRIBUTE DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF FISHES. As SUCH, IT DESCRIBES ONLY THOSE CHARACTERISTICS BY WHICH IDENTIFICATION CAN BE ACHIEVED AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE. ALTHOUGH DESIRABLE, DETAILED ALLOMETRIC AND MERISTIC INFORMATION WERE NOT INCLUDED I N THE KEY. THE USE OF THESE TEDIOUS AND PERHAPS MORE PRECISE CHARACTERISTICS MUST AWAIT MUCH MORE DETAILED STUDIES OF THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES. SUCH INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE FOR SEVERAL SPECIES AND IT SHOULD BE USED FREELY TO SUPPLE- MENT THE ABSENCE OF DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FISHES INCLUDED IN THIS PAPER. THE MOST INCLUSIVE PAPER ON FRESHWATER FISHES IS BY FISH (1932). ALTHOUGH THE INFORMATION PRESENTED HERE WAS COMPILED PRIMARILY FOR USE IN OUR I NVESTIGATIONS OF CANTON RESERVOIR FISHES, WE HOPE THAT IT MAY BE USEFUL TO OTHERS. I TS PRELIMINARY NATURE WILL NECESSITATE REVISION AS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE NEED FOR COMPARATIVE STUDIES IS APPARENT. HOWEVER, IF THE PRESENTATION OF A USEFUL METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING YOUNG FISHES WERE POSTPONED UNTIL A COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF ALL FORMS THAT NOW INHABIT OUR WATERS IS OBTAINED, THOSE PRESENTLY INTERESTED IN THE ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF EARLY STAGES OF FISHES WOULD BE DEPRIVED OF THE USE OF AN IMPORTANT TOOL. WE HOPE THAT THIS INFORMATION WILL SERVE AS A GUIDE FOR FURTHER AND MORE DETAILED STUDY, AND IT IS PRESENTED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT NEW INFORMATION CAN BE READILY ADDED. MATERIALS AND METHODS DURING THE PAST TWO YEARS AN INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE FISHERIES OF CANTON RESERVOIR, OKLAHOMA, HAS BEEN MADE. As PART OF THIS STUDY, PERIODIC METER-NET HAULS WERE MADE FROM EARLY MARCH THROUGH AUGUST IN 1 965 AND 1 966. MOST OF THE SPECIMENS STUDIED WERE COLLECTED FROM CANTON RESERVOIR USING A I /32-INCH SQUARE-MESH METER NET TOWED BY A 24-FOOT OUTBOARD BOAT. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED FROM OTHER SOURCES. A LIST OF THE SPECIES EXAMINED AND THE SOURCES OF THE SPECIMENS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KEY MAY BE FOUND IN TABLE I. THE LIMITED FISH FAUNA OF CANTON RESERVOIR MADE IT AN IDEAL BODY OF WATER FOR A STUDY OF THIS KIND. THE LAKE CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY 28 SPECIES IN 1 2 FAMILIES. I NCLUDED ARE 2 SPECIES OF CATOSTOMIDS, 7 CENTRARCHIDS AND 7 CYPRINIDS (CARP EXCLUDED), ONLY 5 OF WHICH ARE COMMON. THESE REPRESENT THE MOST DIFFICULT GROUPS OF FISHES TO IDENTIFY. NOMENCLATURE IS AFTER AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY COMMITTEE ON NAMES OF FISHES, 1 960. TABLE I. SOURCES OF PRESERVED FISHES USED IN THIS STUDY SHOVELNOSE STURGEON, SCAPHIRHYNCHUS PLATORYNCHUS - OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY PADDLEFISH, POLYODON SPATHULA - SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR INVESTIGATIONS, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS SPOTTED GAR, LEPISOSTEUS OCULATUS - LAKE TEXOMA, OKLAHOMA LONGNOSE GAR, L. OSSEUS - LAKE TEXOMA SHORTNOSE GAR, L. PLATOSTOMUS - LAKE TEXOMA ALLIGATOR GAR, L. SPATULA - LAKE TEXOMA BOWFIN, AMIA CALVA - OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY AND NEAR PUXICO, MISSOURI GIZZARD SHAD, DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM - CANTON RESERVOIR, OKLAHOMA THREADFIN SHAD, D. PETENENSE - LAKE TEXOMA RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI - OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY GRASS PICKEREL, Esox AMER ICANUS VERMICULATUS - MC CURTAIN CO., OKLAHOMA 2 NORTHERN PIKE, E. LUCIUS - BYRON HATCHERY, OKLAHOMA STONEROLLER, CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM - CANTON RESERVOIR AND SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR INVESTIGATIONS GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS - SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR INVESTIGATIONS CARP, CYPRINUS CARPIO - CANTON RESERVOIR AND LAKE TEXOMA MINNOW, HYBOGNATHUS SP. - OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY CHUB, HYBOPSIS SP. - OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY RED SHINER, NOTROPIS LUTRENSIS - CANTON RESERVOIR AND LAKE TEXOMA PLAINS SHINER, N. PERCOBROMIS - CANTON RESERVOIR SHINER, NOTROPIS SPP. ( PROBABLY 3 SPECIES) - CANTON RESERVOIR RIVER CARPSUCKER, CARP IODES CARPIO - CANTON RESERVOIR AND UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY HIGHFIN CARPSUCKER, CARPIODES VELIFER - SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR I NVESTIGATIONS GOLDEN REDHORSE, MOXOSTOMA ERYTHRURUM - SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR I NVESTIGATIONS RIVER REDHORSE, MOXOSTOMA CARINATUM - SOUTH CENTRAL RESERVOIR I NVESTIGATIONS BLACK BULLHEAD, I CTALURUS MELAS - CANTON RESERVOIR CHANNEL CATFISH, I. PUNCTATUS - CANTON RESERVOIR FLATHEAD CATFISH, PYLODICTIS OLIVARIS - CANTON RESERVOIR AND HOLDENVILLE HATCHERY, OKLAHOMA WHITE BASS, Roccus CHRYSOPS - CANTON RESERVOIR AND LAKE TEXOMA STRIPED BASS, R. SAXATILIS - MEDICINE PARK HATCHERY, OKLAHOMA BLUEGILL, LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS - CANTON RESERVOIR AND TRI-LAKES FISH HATCHERY, ILLINOIS LONGEAR SUNFISH, L. MEGALOTIS - CANTON RESERVOIR AND LAKE TEXOMA REDEAR SUNFISH, L. MICROLOPHUS - TRI-LAKES FISH HATCHERY, ILLINOIS PUMPKINSEED, L. GIBBOSUS - TRI-LAKES FISH HATCHERY, ILLINOIS SUNFISHES, LEPOMIS SPP. ( POSSIBLY GREEN SUNFISH, L. CYANELLUS, AND/OR ORANGESPOTTED SUNFISH,
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