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Migrant Representation Within British and Dutch Political Systems

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Migrant Representation Within British and Dutch Political Systems MIGRANT REPRESENTATION WITHIN BRITISH AND DUTCH POLITICAL SYSTEMS A Ph.D. Dissertation by NERMİN AYDEMİR ÇAVUŞ Department of Political Science İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2015 To Atlas and Ogün To all migrants and minorities – from whatever origin they are, from wherever they come from, to wherever they go MIGRANT REPRESENTATION WITHIN BRITISH AND DUTCH POLITICAL SYSTEMS Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by NERMİN AYDEMİR ÇAVUŞ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2015 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ------------------------------ Assistant Prof. Dr. Saime Özçürümez Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ------------------------------ Assistant Prof. Dr. Tolga Bölükbaşı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ------------------------------ Assistant Prof. Dr. Can Mutlu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ------------------------------ Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ------------------------------ Prof. Dr. Dilek Cindoğlu Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences ------------------------------ Professor Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT MIGRANT REPRESENTATION WITHIN BRITISH AND DUTCH POLITICAL SYSTEMS Aydemir Çavuş, Nermin Ph.D., Department of Political Science Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Saime Özçürümez August 2015 This research aimed to analyze how often, in what ways and under which conditions MPs of migrant origin addressed the cultural and religious rights and freedoms of ethnic and religious groups. A content analysis was conducted on parliamentary questions to achieve this aim. The cases of the Netherlands and the UK are analyzed within a time period between 2002 and 2012. The research follows the ‘political opportunity structures’ approach in analyzing available opportunities and constraints of political and institutional environments in the above-mentioned two cases. Taking recent trends in the neo- institutionalist understanding into consideration, the study also incorporates the idea iii of ‘discursive opportunities’ into the general frame of political opportunity structures. The holistic approach incorporates political parties as a dimension of institutional approaches and makes space for individual and group related factors such as gender identity and ethnic backgrounds of minority representatives. The content analysis combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to provide an in-depth understanding of the subject area on the one hand, and formulate generalizable patterns on the other. Comparing the British and the Dutch cases reveals to what extent, if any, the opportunity structures differ across Britain and the Netherlands; the latter showing a clear shift towards a more integrative approach, whereas Britain would still seem to be attached to multiculturalism even debating it loudly in recent years. Findings of the qualitative content analysis reveal suppressive framings as well as messages supporting cultural and religious rights. The quantitative content analysis challenges the profound role attributed to the citizenship regime and media discourse. Political party membership appears to be the most significant factor in explaining a variance in framing cultural and religious rights and freedoms in the parliament. The roles of ethnic background and gender identity are also significant. However, their impacts differ across the two cases. Keywords: Political representation, immigrant minorities, content analysis, The Netherlands, The UK iv ÖZET HOLLANDA VE İNGİLTERE SİYASAL SİSTEMLERİNDE GÖÇMENLERİN TEMSİLİ Aydemir Çavuş, Nermin Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yard. Doç. Dr. Saime Özçürümez Augustos 2015 Bu çalışma ile göçmen kökenli milletvekillerin ne sıklıkta, ne şekilde ve hangi şartlar altında etnik ve dini grupların kültürel ve dini haklarını ve özgürlüklerini dile getirdikleri incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla, parlamentodaki soru önergeleri üzerinde bir içerik analizi yapılmaktadır. Hollanda ve İngiltere örnekleri ele alınmakta ve 2002 ile 2012 yılları arasında bir zaman dilimi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Araştırma, Hollanda ve İngiltere örneklerindeki siyasi ve kurumsal çevrelerin beraberinde getirdiği mevcut fırsatları ve engelleri araştırmada siyasi fırsat yapıları v anlayışını takip etmektedir. Neo-kuramsal anlayıştaki son trendler dikkate alınarak, söylemsel fırsatlar da çalışma içinde siyasi fırsat yapılarına dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bütüncül yaklaşımı siyasi partileri kurumsal yapıların bir boyutu olarak ele almakta ve göçmen kökenli milletvekillerinin cinsiyetleri ve etnik kökenleri gibi birey ve grup ile ilgili kimlik faktörlerini de içermektedir. Çalışmada bir taraftan incelenen konunun derinlemesine anlaşılmasını sağlamak diğer taraftan ise genellenebilinir sonuçlara ulaşabilmek adına nitel ve nicel teknikler bir arada kullanılmaktadır. Hollanda ve İngiltere örneklerini karşılaştırmak, son yıllarda artan tartışmalarla birlikte çok-kültürlü geleneğine bağlı görünen İngiltere ile daha entegrasyonist bir yaklaşım benimseyen Hollanda'nın fırsat yapılarının - eğer birbirlerinden farklılık gösteriyorsa - ne ölçüde değiştiğini araştırılmaktadır. Nitel içerik analizinin bulguları, azınlık kökenli milletvekillerinin kültürel ve/veya dini haklarını desteklemelerinin yanı sıra zaman zaman baskılayıcı çerçevelendirmeler de kullandıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Nicel içerik analizi ise vatandaşlık rejimine ve medyanın söylemine atfedilen rolü sarsmakta ve kültürel ve/veya dini hakların ve özgürlüklerin çerçevelemesinde siyasi partilerin ağırlığına işaret etmektedir. Etnik köken ve cinsiyet kimliklerinin de kayda değer bir önemi bulunmaktadır. Ancak, kimliğe bağlı bu faktörlerin etkileri, incelenen ülkelerde farklılık göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasi temsil, göçmen kökenli azınlık, içerik analizi, Hollanda, İngiltere vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this thesis has been a long path in my life with lots of ups and downs. It has been both a productive and learning process, and demonstrated the value of perseverance in those moments when things are not going that well… I would like to express my thanks to Saime Özçürümez for supervising this thesis. I started my academic path with the main aim of contributing to the rights and freedoms of those with whom I shared a similar background. However, the academic essence of this ideal soon revealed the bareness of limiting the well-being of people to their ethnic and religious identities. Contribution to the rights and freedoms of immigrant minorities per se makes much more sense in consolidating our democracies, when compared to a limited effort to support a particular group. Such awareness has not only shaped my approach in academe, but also influenced many other aspects of my personal life, including naming my son. The reason for choosing the name Atlas for our son was not just to see him as someone strong and responsible enough to carry the globe, but in the hope that he will develop strength and responsibility to hold the beauty of diversity in his hands. This thesis is my small attempt to contribute to this ideal. Atlas, whose presence in our lives has changed things significantly, mostly in a positive way…. Your presence, like the presence of all little children, makes me believe in the winds of change and in the power of politics to create a good society. Your presence adds a meaning to the countless word vii documents, keywords, analysis programs and the relationship between variables…. Thank you. Ogün, so many thanks for letting me be the closest one to you. You have always been an inspiration for me to love wholeheartedly, and to do things with passion extending my capacity every passing day. You supported this PhD as much as you could, as you have always supported me in many aspects of life, even if such support had consequences for you. We celebrated good moments, but we also supported each other during those times when things were not going that well, as we always have done before. Thank you…. Dear Rens Vliegenthart, I can never thank you enough for working with me in this research. Your open-hearted support for my research together with your professionalism showed me the wonderful combination of kindness and academic excellence. I learned a lot from your methodological expertise, but I also learned much from you about determination even when things were not going very well. Thank you for being a part of this thesis. My lovely friends at Bilkent, what an incredible opportunity it has been to have so many wonderful people in my life! Çağkan, Christina, Deniz, Didem, Eda,
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