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ERIC ROSS ARTHUR [1898-1982] The Educator: “Modern Thought… Built on Society’s Needs”1

ANGELA CARR, Ph.D., is an associate professor > Angela Carr who teaches architectural history in the School for Studies in Art and Culture, at Carleton University. She has supervised M.A. students in art history as well as worked with M.A. and Ph.D. students in the Institute for Comparative Studies in Literature, n May of 1952, professor of architectural Art and Culture and in the School of Indigenous Idesign Eric Ross Arthur proudly confided and Canadian Studies of the same university. Her to ’s Globe and Mail newspaper that students of the University of Toronto areas of specialization include historical Canadian School of Architecture were “unashamed architecture and art, Canadian portraiture, among modernists.”2 He was commenting on others that of George Theodore Berthon, and models prepared by them for a public methods of architectural history. Angela Carr is exhibition under the title “Architecture the author of Edmund Burke: Redefining Canadian in Perspective for Tomorrow.” Arthur had Architecture, published by McGill-Queen’s encouraged an interest in new ideas since University Press in 1995, and she is currently his appointment at the university in 1923, working on a book dealing with Toronto’s Osgoode but in 1952 the Canadian profession was only beginning to accept international Hall in the context of urban form. modernism and the public was even more reticent about it.3 A few years later, architecture students from the University of Toronto led opposition to a conserva- tive proposal for a new city hall (fig. 1) and thereafter Arthur presided over the jury that selected Viljo Revell’s now iconic Scandinavian design completed in 1965 (fig. 2).4 As Arthur surmised presciently in 1952, “the impact of the students’ work will be felt on the Canadian scene within a very few years.”5

The 1952 architectural exhibition con- sisted of thirty-one models displayed on the fifth floor of the Robert Simpson department store, a venue that exposed the projects to the widest possible pub- lic audience.6 Themes included a low- rental apartment building for Regent Park (an urban renewal scheme recently begun in the Toronto neighbourhood of Cabbagetown), ideas for an airport on Toronto Island and a new bus terminal for the city’s Dundas Street, together with a proposed permanent home for the Canadian International Trade Fair. The examples drew upon actual projects being developed within the architectural FIG. 1. PROPOSAL FOR CITY HALL, TORONTO, 1955, MARANI AND MORRIS, MATHERS AND HALDENBY, SHORE AND MOFFAT. RENDERING BY SCHELL LEWIS. | CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES, SERIES 1188, FILE 5, ITEM PT 344-C-5.

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FIG. 2. NEW TORONTO CITY HALL, 1958-1965, VILJO REVELL, FIG. 3. A UNIVERSITY ASSEMBLY HALL, 1919. | THE LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURAL SKETCH BOOK (1920), P. 3, AS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSITY ARCHITECT. | PHOTOGRAPH BY AUTHOR. OF TORONTO ARCHIVES NO. A1979-0044(27A): ERIC ROSS ARTHUR [?], STUDENT ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: SERIES III, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE.

community, and students were even way poses provocative questions about later moved to the United States with encouraged to consult with public offi- the role of women in the profession for her husband, was described as having cials and members of the business and contemporary scholars, but at the time “invaded” the First-Year Drafting Room, religious sectors to understand building their presence passed without comment while Miss Elizabeth Gregory MacGill requirements.7 or explanation. of Vancouver managed to “look after herself,” even “upholding her dignity” The Toronto Daily Star illustrated two The architectural profession was for years during a lecture by “the unmistakable of the building models—both “shown” a largely male preserve. The first woman sound of two feminine hands coming by women specifically identified in the to have graduated from a school of archi- into very sudden contact with two mas- caption. Lois Bagnall was pictured with a tecture in Canada was Alice Charlotte culine cheeks,” an event that is said to scheme for a church in Noranda, Quebec, Malhiot, who earned a diploma in archi- have “rudely awakened” her classmates.13 and Betty MacConnell posed with a pro- tecture from the Rhode Island School of That year the university’s Varsity maga- posal for a low-rental apartment building Design in 1910 then went on to a pro- zine suggested there was a vast field in Toronto’s Regent Park.8 Curiously, nei- fessional degree from the University of for women in architecture, but the text ther woman is listed among the graduates Alberta in 1914.11 At the University of undercut this invitation by anticipating of the university. Were they attending Toronto, Esther Marjorie Hill completed a narrow role in the design of “perfect the exhibition, were they involved with the architecture program in 1920 and homes for women.” This myopic vision its installation, or were they students of was eventually accepted as a member of was a cultural norm for decades, but by another institution?9 Women architects the Alberta Association of Architects in the 1960s a new generation had firmly were a rarity at the time, there being 1925.12 The rarity of women in the field rejected the idea that a woman’s practice only eight registered by the is underlined by a reference in Toronto’s should be confined to the application of Association of Architects throughout year-book from 1927 identifying two “little pink touches.”14 the decade of the 1950s, and of them women enrolled at the Faculty of Applied five are reported to have left for a var- and Practical Science (where Architecture In his analysis of the 1952 exhibition, iety of reasons.10 The newspaper’s deci- was one of the programs): Elizabeth Lalor, Arthur focused not on the composition of sion to animate the photographs in this who became a practicing architect and the student body but on modern trends.

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He pointed out that the church models ready to move into new headquarters the individuality in teaching approaches were “most revolutionary” because they at 50 Park Road designed in the inter- espoused by Canadian schools in early discarded “traditional rectangles” for national style by the Toronto firm of public pronouncements.25 “great sloping arched roofs inspired by John B. Parkin & Associates.21 A descrip- the Gothic.”15 He did not mention that tion of Canadian architectural programs A review of Arthur’s own history offers the apartment block project included published in 1949 was unusually frank insight into the evolution of his own multi-storey units, a nod perhaps to about the way teaching programs had thinking and the teaching strategies Le Corbusier’s unité d’habitation com- engaged with these ideas up to that he championed following his arrival in pleted in Marseille earlier that year.16 time. Henry Harrison Madill, Director Toronto. A New Zealander who made Arthur went on to add that the younger of the University of Toronto School of his way to Britain as part of his country’s members of the profession were look- Architecture, confided: World War I expeditionary force, Arthur ing forward to an open competition to arrived at the University of Toronto’s design a National Gallery of Canada in Schools of Architecture in Canada, till about School of Practical Science in 1923 after accordance with the recommendations 1935, were manageable in size, and staff stellar academic success in a bachelor of of the Royal Commission on National and students were agreed in the carrying architecture program at the University of Development in the Arts, Letters and out of the curriculum that had the blessing Liverpool.26 He exchanged employment Sciences, before whom he himself had of the best schools in Britain and the United in the office of the renowned British presented proposals.17 The competition States. We were as blissfully unaware of architect Sir Edwin Lutyens for the future held later that year resulted in a gen- the revolutionary changes that were taking potentials of a teaching career in Canada. eric office block (the Lorne building), place in France, Germany and Austria as we Unlike the Scottish-trained Percy Nobbs replaced after three decades by Moshe were of the significance of the structural at McGill University who was a vigorous Safdie’s purpose-built synthesis.18 In 1952 developments in the 1880s in the United advocate of the Arts and Crafts, Arthur however, Arthur was glowing as he talked States.22 was steeped in the principles of the École about “a growing humanity in architec- des Beaux-Arts under the mentorship of tural feeling” that had become evident While Madill’s remarks overlook how Charles Reilly, one of the method’s chief over the past two decades, a time-frame much Canadians knew about American exponents in Great Britain.27 For three that would have coincided with the commercial architecture by the end years running, Arthur submitted classiciz- ground-breaking 1932 exhibition at the of the nineteenth century, the fact he ing schemes to the annual Prix de Rome Museum of Modern Art in New York would take it upon himself to make such competition and placed among the final- that introduced international modernism a statement at that date is revealing.23 In ists.28 A surviving student design project to a North American audience.19 Arthur contrast, Fred Lasserre of the University (fig. 3) demonstrates his facility with the went on to dismiss the traditions of the of British Columbia emphasized that technique, as well as his satiric humour City Beautiful movement “where public “Schools of Architecture in America and woven into the details with cartouches convenience was sacrificed to external Canada, at least, are largely guided by bearing his teachers’ names, a cyclist on appearance,” and proposed that “mod- the teaching pattern of the Bauhaus.”24 an antiquated penny-farthing bicycle, and ern thought is built on society’s needs Eric Arthur’s appraisal appended to that a driver trying to repair a stalled car. to provide living areas where people can of Madill’s was suitably circumspect. He live, work and play conveniently.”20 wrote that the average Canadian student The program at Liverpool, honed under was not familiar with contemporary archi- Reilly’s stewardship, imbued Arthur with The 1952 exhibition offers a point of tecture, so Toronto’s school had a two- the Beaux-Arts methods that Reilly had reference for a pivotal time in Canadian week program to specifically study details introduced in 1905 and which the Liverpool architecture when new ideas related to of the best European work. The goal director found current in the United States European modernism were first being was to encourage a “functionalism . . . during a visit in 1909. British architectural tested in Canada. The B.C. Binning moulded and enriched by proportion, historian Joseph Sharples has described [Bertram Charles Binning] house in West scale and texture and the right use of how Reilly regarded the approach as Vancouver had launched Canadian mod- new materials and structural methods.” “essentially modern,” and “an ideal [and ernism a decade earlier and by 1954 the There was no desire, he noted, to groom teachable] corrective to . . . the chaotic Ontario Association of Architects was “blinkered acolytes,” an affirmation of indiscipline of in

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and to direct his attention towards what may often be described as mere tricks of draughtsmanship.34

A further potential of this exercise was also noted:

It might even be possible, by mapping out the country and its buildings in districts, to build up within twenty or thirty years an almost complete collection of measured drawings of the past architecture of the country, the value of which could be very great in years to come.35

Not only did Arthur assign measured drawings of local structures to his stu- dents in Toronto as they entered their third year, successive instructors followed the same practice for decades. Unlike the FIG. 4. DESIGN FOR A BANK AND OFFICE BUILDING, 1928, FIG. 5. A BANK AND OFFICE BUILDING, 1928, LEONARD E. Liverpool examples however, the Ontario C.H. BROOKS. | JRAIC, JUNE 1928, VOL. 5, P. 226. SHORE. | JRAIC, JUNE 1928, VOL. 5, P. 230. subjects were usually of a modest ver- nacular character. As the commentary from 1919 suggested, Arthur went on to Britain.”29 So dominant was this approach old buildings [of established merit] has a compile the work by his own students as in Liverpool that even in the early 1930s, direct practical value that constitutes an an invaluable resource to chronicle the students reportedly “had no horizons important contribution to architectural history of the province’s early architec- beyond the drawings of McKim, Mead education.”33 ture. At the same time, from the 1920s and White.”30 At the same time however, on, he began to publish his own studies Reilly’s American contacts led to student In 1919, during the second year of his pro- of Ontario history. Student drawings and placements in New York City, where gram, Arthur executed measured drawings Arthur’s own photographic collections Gordon Stephenson who later served on of Joseph Franklin’s classicizing George survive both in the Archives of Ontario the jury for the Toronto City Hall competi- Street Congregational Church, Liverpool, and Library and Archives Canada, and in tion worked on a presentation plan for an of 1841. When these were published in the 1960s, Toronto students contributed unexecuted design of Rockefeller Center The Architect, an accompanying commen- information about Ontario examples and George Kenyon prepared elevations tary explained the merits of the practice in to the “Canadian Inventory of Historic for Shreve, Lamb & Harmon’s Empire which Arthur continued to engage his own Building” developed under the steward- State Building.31 Part of the curriculum students in Toronto: ship of Parks Canada.36 at Liverpool also included sketchbooks of measured drawings published in 1906 and One of the defects of Architectural In contrast to the practical application 1908 as Liverpool Portfolio of Measured Drawing of the day is that there has been of the measured drawing assignment, Drawings, with further issues in 1910, 1911, a very marked diminution in the practice Arthur in later years spoke of an early and 1913 of the Liverpool Architectural of measuring and sketching actual buil- scepticism for the esoteric character of Sketchbook, which disseminated the repu- dings, as no process is so likely to bring the Beaux-Arts system notwithstanding tation of the program internationally.32 students into touch with actual realities his mastery of its demands: Reilly, himself, explained this aspect of of design, while the production of huge Liverpool’s teaching approach by noting finished colour drawings is apt to alienate At my school at Liverpool University, we how an “insistence on the measuring of the student from the realities of design, fought a battle against the teaching of the

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FIG. 6. A COUNTRY HOUSE, 1928, H.E.P. WARREN. | JRAIC, JUNE 1928, VOL. 5, P. 227. FIG. 7. AN ORPHANAGE, 1928, NORMAN GIBSON. | JRAIC, JUNE 1928, VOL. 5, P. 228.

École des Beaux-Arts which had so pro- A mere five years after his appoint- Reilly had cultivated now served a new foundly influenced educational establish- ment, along with a close engagement generation in Toronto. There Manhattan- ments throughout Britain and the United with actual building practices, Arthur style skyscrapers had only taken hold States. As examples, the problems set by had already opened the way for his own after 1905, and then only with reluctant the Royal Institute of British Architects students to address current problems. acceptance, so it was significant that called for [highly] imaginative solutions—but That year the student awards granted Arthur’s students should have come for- in so rarified an atmosphere as never to be in what was then the Department of ward with such ambitious responses.40 met with in professional life. The topic of one Architecture at the University of Toronto While the records of Brooks’s practice are was none other than “a building to commem- were published in the Journal of the sparse apart from a single house orate the universal adoption of the Greenwich Royal Architectural Institute of Canada he designed in Brantford from his office Meridian.” The site was described in poetic (JRAIC). Toronto’s program had just been on Bay Street, Shore went on to a distin- language as a Shangri-la in a mountainous extended from four years to five, but the guished career in partnership with Robert region in Europe; there were no details as published examples were by fourth- and Moffat, counting among the firm’s cred- to accommodation, but the student com- third-year students, the new regime only its the York Township Municipal Offices peting with the hope of success would have being implemented in future years. Two of 1952, the Etobicoke Civic Centre of his own dreams of auditoriums, gorgeous designs for a bank and office building 1958, the Union Carbide Building and restaurants, vast colonnades and provision were singled out for special recognition. Mackenzie Building both of 1960, and the on a princely scale for visiting astronomers C.H. Brooks received the Darling and Shell Research Centre in Oakville of 1961, and the intelligentsia of the world—with no Pearson Book Prize of $100 for a soaring one of the firm’s projects to be awarded means of getting there. skyscraper in what was described as a a Massey Medal.41 “semi-modern” manner (fig. 4). Likewise, Educated under such a system, it is ama- Leonard E. Shore was awarded the Among the other 1928 prize winners zing that modern world-famous architects Architectural Guild Bronze Medal for an was H.E.P. Warren, whose more con- like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and equally up-to-date proposal that is said servative scheme for a country house H.H. Richardson emerged unscathed.37 to have drawn on experience gained dur- earned him first prize from the Toronto ing a year or more in New York (fig. 5).38 Brick Company (fig. 6). There was also Remembered from the vantage point Both engaged with the vocabulary of an elaborate Beaux-Arts proposal for of 1982, this statement suggests that the Art Deco skyscraper that emerged in an orphanage by Norman Gibson that Arthur started to look beyond the the wake of Eliel Saarinen’s entry for the received the Architectural Guild Silver Beaux-Arts very early in his teaching Chicago Tribune Competition of 1922.39 Medal for General Work of the Year career at Toronto. Clearly, the American connections that (fig. 7). These examples demonstrate

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the residual norm of British and Beaux- INTERIOR Absolute simplicity—stainless Canadian architectural effort, I think, was Arts traditions that still informed studio steel structural members left exposed, ter- a series of very utilitarian packing plants. practice at the time. There were only six razzo floors to main hall, mezzanine battle- These were the first industrial buildings in students in the program and three full- ship linoleum. Canada and the United States which stood time faculty members specifically named: on their own, and proudly proclaimed indus- C.H.C. Wright, an engineer, Eric Arthur, ROOF Concrete—skylighted of corrugated trial architecture could have its own identity and Toronto architect Henry H. Madill, glass . . . and integrity. Since then many new phases whose 1949 appraisal of Canadian archi- in architecture have passed across the tectural schools was quoted above. By OVERALL FEELING A basic feeling of scene.46 [Italics in transcription] the mid-1930s, the mainstream focus industry to be in accord with the exhibition had moved to Art Deco as a series of of objects of industrial design.44 This allusion to grain elevators, of course, surviving projects from 1935-1936 dem- drew on the writings of Le Corbusier who onstrate (fig. 8), but there were also This synthesis is all the more surprising published Vers une architecture in 1923 dramatic church interiors framed by when one realizes that Eero Saarinen (Éditions Crès), the English translation soaring parabolic arches. One particu- had only just returned to the Cranbrook appearing four years later. There could larly impressive scheme was prepared by Academy from his overseas studies and be no clearer confirmation of the fact William E. Fleury (fig. 9), who in 1940 that the innovations of his TWA (Trans that Arthur was already engaged with became Arthur’s professional partner, an World Airlines) terminal lay two decades international modernism decades before association that continued until Arthur’s in the future.45 it was widely accepted in Canada. retirement in 1966.42 What do we know of Arthur’s teach- The range of skills which Arthur brought An awareness of Scandinavian modern- ing approach at that time? A particu- to the classroom is suggested by two ism is also evident in a remarkable sub- larly evocative description has been left examples from the 1930s, bookending mission prepared in 1936 by Wilson A. to us by C.E. (Ned) Pratt of Thompson, the decade. In 1932, he submitted a com- Salter for the Anaconda Brass Prize. As Berwick and Pratt in Vancouver. Pratt petition entry to the Royal Institute of a notation on the back of the drawing was a Toronto graduate who worked on British Architects (RIBA) for an architect’s recorded, Salter’s bravura exposition of B.C. Binning’s ground-breaking home in head office, which was published in the an Electrical Exhibit Building (fig. 10) Vancouver and served with Arthur on the Architect and Building News (fig. 11). drew the judges “like moths to a flame.”43 competition jury for Toronto’s new City The proposal was strongly influenced by Attached to the drawings are Salter’s Hall in the 1950s: the Beaux-Arts traditions that still pre- analyses of the proposed construction vailed at his alma mater and proffered methods: I haven’t seen Eric for some time so I can’t a grandiose seat of business appropri- add much except to say his architectural ate for a major city such as London or PLAN . . . The sculpture in the pool is to activities continue to be blended with a Liverpool. Four years later, in contrast, be in the style of [Swedish sculptor] Carl generous amount of mischief. Occasionally I he designed the first of the abattoirs Milles. hear of him teasing and taunting the archi- planned for Canada Packers, this one tectural establishment in Toronto . . . During in Edmonton (fig. 12). In this work, he MATERIAL Glass, Black armoured glass or the Depression of the 30’s when the pres- studied the lessons of industrial design enamelled metal, Concrete—steps, pool sure to conform was violent, Eric Arthur so effectively that he was awarded the and theatre walls, Fieldstone—at four main was a lone rebel. We considered his was Gold Medal of the Royal Architectural corners of the building at ground floor level, the most courageous voice in Canada in our Institute of Canada (RAIC) the follow- Pipe railings to balconies. profession. He astounded the . . . world ing year, and at the same time was rec- of architecture of that day by proclaiming ognized by the Toronto chapter of the MAINTENANCE Damaged panels capable of that the only good architecture in Canada Ontario Association of Architects.47 In removal by using spring cover strips. The were C.D. Howe’s grain elevators. That the July, Arthur was appointed editor of the construction eliminates the possibility of front axle of a Ford car was more functional JRAIC, a recognition perhaps of his auda- masonry efflorescence due to non-heating and more beautiful than any architecture cious approach. He held that position for of building during the winter. practised in that day. His most noteworthy twenty-two years.

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FIG. 8. A POWER STATION, 1935-1936, F.P. MESCHINO. | PHOTOGRAPHS OF STUDENT WORK, 1935-1936, FIG. 10. PERSPECTIVE, ELECTRICAL EXHIBITION BUILDING AT THE CNE, 1936, ANACONDA B1997-0021/001P (33), UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES. BRASS PRIZE PROBLEM, WILSON A. SALTER. | STUDENT ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: SERIES III, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, A1979-0044(27A), UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES.

Another of Arthur’s students, James A. Murray, who graduated in 1943, was fond of recounting an equally revealing anec- dote, recorded and published by archi- tectural critic Adele Freeman. Murray described Arthur as “Mr. Architectural Education in Canada.”

He taught us architectural design through the five years of the course, and also the history of architecture [mainly Georgian and classical]. When he taught us design, he wasn’t looking at the past. He was a marvellous interpreter and analyst of the origins of the Modern Movement—[Walter] Gropius, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright. As an indication of his interest in modern architecture, he spearheaded the idea of an international competition for Toronto FIG. 9. INTERIOR OF CHURCH, 1935-1936, W.E. FLEURY. | FIG. 11. ARCHITECT’S HEAD OFFICE, 1932, E.R. ARTHUR City Hall. PHOTOGRAPHS OF STUDENT WORK, 1935-1936, B1997-0021/001P (33), OF TORONTO, BOTTOM RIGHT. | ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES. 1932, JUNE 24, P. 423. He was a marvellous guy and had a marvel- lous wit. In first year, students actually used to design buildings. He gave us a little house to do. When I showed him my drawings, he Not only was Murray awarded a medal modernist architect active in Toronto made some suggestions about the doorway. by the British Association for the after [World War II],” counting among A few days later he saw my new drawings Advancement of Science for having his credits the Anglo-Canada Insurance and said: ‘Murray, where did you get that received the highest marks among the Co. Building, Sherway Gardens, and the pathetic door?’ ‘You gave it to me two days 179 students in his year, he went on to South Hills Village rowhouses in Don Mills ago,’ I answered. From that day on we were become what architect and historian designed with Henry Fliess.49 He was also lifelong friends.48 Robert Hill has described as “a leading the founding editor of the Canadian

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By 1924 the description was more ful- some, adding:

The curriculum is based on the belief that an architect should have an education in lib- eral studies, that he should understand and appreciate the other arts in their relation to architecture, and that his training in design should teach him to regard building construc- tion as an expression of his art rather than as an end in itself. With this end in view, the course in Architecture, which was origin- ally derived from the Engineering courses has been gradually broadened out to include an elementary training in the sister arts of painting and sculpture, and also courses in French and English.54

In 1928, the original four-year course of study was extended to five years, provid- FIG. 12. CANADA PACKERS EDMONTON, ALBERTA, 1936, ERIC ROSS ARTHUR, “CANADA PACKERS PLANT AT EDMONTON, ing an opportunity for students to spend ERIC R. ARTHUR, ARCHITECT.” | JRAIC, AUGUST 1937, VOL. 4, P. 158. a year in an architect’s office as part of the training. Students were also encouraged to travel abroad.55 The emphasis upon practice Architect magazine, a post he held for program at the University of Toronto was a clear legacy of the program’s roots almost thirty years. commented following Arthur’s death in within the School of Practical Science, 1982, “In our terms, in our times, he’s just but the encouragement to seek broader Murray described the goals of the maga- like a mountain.”52 horizons was a new direction. Years later zine in the following terms: “First, the Arthur editorialized on the curriculum as provision of a means of communication University calendars chart two direc- it developed in the decades that followed: for Canadian architecture, by reporting tions in the Toronto program following “We first heard of the change which is com- and publishing its best executed and pro- Arthur’s arrival—the gradual separation ing over the professional schools when we posed achievements; second, the provi- of the study of architecture from its initial were ‘investigated’ as a faculty of engin- sion of a forum for the play of ideas and establishment in 1890 in the School of eering and architecture before [the Second beliefs which constitute the philosophy Practical Science, and the field’s grow- World War]. We were found lamentably and technique of architecture.”50 Of ing connectedness with other humanis- low on the ‘cultural’ side.”56 Arthur’s reaction to this initiative, he said: tic disciplines. Initially, graduates were “For years he [Arthur] edited the Royal awarded a generic B.A.Sc., but in 1922 a To the technical subjects, the university Architectural Institute of Canada Journal B.Arch. was introduced. At the time, the added courses on philosophy, world his- (now defunct) but when I founded the calendar noted tersely: “The instruction tory, economics, and political science.57 By Canadian Architect against the wishes of in this department is arranged to lay a the mid-1930s there was also a week-long the RAIC, the person who supported me broad foundation for the subsequent retreat to a northern camp at Gull Lake was Eric.”51 professional life of its graduates, and during which students sketched the rug- incidentally to prepare its students to ged northern landscape, a practice that That sense of commitment to the larger be immediately useful in an architect’s continued and was extended over the vision of professionalism was just one of office. The curriculum has been arranged years in different venues. At the same time Arthur’s many contributions. As George to meet the aesthetic and scientific needs students tackled such diverse subjects as Baird, a 1962 alumnus of the architecture of the profession . . .”53 life drawing.58

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Another development of the 1930s saw [Students were never] so imbued with a the presence of one woman among the Toronto listing its architecture pro- desire to improve the physical environment fourth-year class.67 The group visited gram as a school rather than a depart- of man in Canada.61 Eliel Saarinen’s Kleinhans Music Hall in ment within the Faculty of Applied Buffalo, Cleveland’s Lakeview Terrace Science and Engineering. The calendar In the 1950 issue of the JRAIC, the stu- Housing project, and a shopping cen- also made a point of its international dents themselves wrote about Toronto’s tre by Ernest Payer, all ground-breaking standing, citing its ranking among program, highlighting the role of the initiatives for the period. The Journal also Commonwealth schools recognized by Architectural Society in supporting a pictured models by the fifth-year class, the Royal Institute of British Architects. staff-student committee, a project that including works by Jerome Markson On application, graduates were admit- attracted Arthur’s keen interest.62 He (fig. 13) and James Strutt (fig. 14), both ted as associate RIBA members without promoted meetings of the latter group of whom later emerged as well-known further examination.59 By the 1948, the as a genuine source of dialogue, not practitioners in their own rights. The school had formally withdrawn from a pro forma exercise such as he had impact of the visiting scholars with whom the Faculty of Engineering. At the same experienced in his years as a student.63 they had contact was reflected in the period, the JRAIC under Arthur’s editor- The society itself served to establish links influences that are said to have informed ship began to publish annual accounts with student organizations in other uni- their work, the former, Finnish architect of the programs in Canadian architec- versities, and hosted prominent speakers Alvar Aalto, the latter, Buckminster Fuller tural schools. Toronto still underlined its from across the profession, including the and Frank Lloyd Wright.68 long-established emphasis upon archi- iconoclastic Buckminster Fuller, architect tectural design and 1900 hours of prac- and furniture designer Marcel Breuer, The 1952 JRAIC detailing architectural tical experience, but by the early 1950s formerly of the Bauhaus, American icon training in the Canadian universities had the description of its program revealed Frank Lloyd Wright, and Dean Joseph returned to a more formal accounting of the growing amplitude of the school’s Hudnut of Harvard University. The soci- Toronto’s history and detailed the key project: “The graduate may . . . look ety also organized field trips to American components of each year of the school’s forward to entering a profession which cities.64 A fifth-year student field trip program. A new course in the funda- offers real opportunity of service to took in the architecture of the Tennessee mentals of design sought to “stimulate society. Progressive thought in planning, Valley Authority and on the return leg the student’s imagination, while at the public housing and social legislation of a wide-ranging tour of contemporary same time beginning to develop his emphasizes the increasing importance projects piloted by James Murray, made grasp of space and materials, and the of the architectural profession in the life a stop at the Cranbrook Academy to means to graphic expression.” English of the nation.”60 meet Eliel Saarinen.65 It was an energetic and the history of architecture were intellectual stimulus that the students equally among the first-year courses. It was this vision that Arthur had fore- described as of “inestimable value” to The design of small buildings began in grounded during his brief before the their future careers.66 the second year, along with planning Massey Commission a year earlier: theory. By their third year, students were The following year, Toronto’s students ready to undertake the measured draw- Along with a new appreciation of man and were pleased to report that their initia- ing project and the following year they his environment affecting both architecture tive to establish a Canadian Architectural participated in a “field sketching camp” and town planning, has come a new inter- Students’ Association with four other in Haliburton. The fourth year was dedi- est (for the architect) in the humanities and Canadian architectural schools was a cated to housing and town planning social sciences. This new and, it is to be reality. The organization’s goals included theory together with technical courses hoped, permanent addition to the curriculum exchanges of information about teach- such as structural issues. A major design varies in the different schools. In thinking ing methods, student representation problem was also assigned to anticipate of the educated professional man of the within the Royal Architectural Institute the completion of two theses in the fifth future, those responsible for the Curricula of Canada, and travelling exhibitions and final year. Finally, the requirement of Schools of Architecture can hardly ignore of student work. The annual field trip of 1900 hours in the office of an archi- the broad general base in the humanities examined the architecture of Buffalo and tect prepared the future graduate for provided by [other professional schools] . . . Cleveland. The notes briefly recorded his own career. While maintaining a

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FIG. 13. DESIGN OF A MUNICIPAL BUILDING [?], 1951, J. MARKSON. | JRAIC, MARCH 1951, VOL. 28, P. 65. FIG. 14. CHAPEL FOR CARLETON COLLEGE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, 1951, JAMES STRUTT. | JRAIC, MARCH 1951, VOL. 28, P. 67.

commitment to humanities courses, the products. Shortly thereafter, Arthur Concerning the history of architecture discussion emphasized that the program himself chose the same Trend House aes- which Arthur taught along with mod- was centred on architectural design “to thetic for his own home on Weybourne ern design, he described its contempor- train the student in independent think- Crescent (fig. 18).71 The sole exception to ary relevance in his brief to the Massey ing, as well as in thinking quickly and the transcendence of modernism among Commission in 1951: presenting sketches in attractive and the Toronto examples was a measured clearly readable form in a short space drawing by third-year student Keith [A] universal spirit of enquiry and an of time.”69 Spratley (fig. 19), which demonstrated acceptance of the machine along with an the continuing pedagogical commitment understanding of its potentialities and lim- Six projects by fifth-year students to the merits of this practical exercise.72 itations, have made the Modern Movement were pictured, among them Alfred in Architecture an irresistible force. [But] Tilbe’s “Low Rental Housing Project” Apart from the applications of the the teaching of the history of architecture (fig. 15) and Ken Tidy’s “Bus Terminal measured drawing assignment, the link- has been revitalized. It has become an for Toronto” (fig. 16), both themes ages between vernacular structures and inspiration [to] study how Greeks, Romans listed among those featured as part of Arthur’s advocacy of modernism is per- and Goths solved the problems of their the Simpson’s exhibition mounted in haps best quantified in Ron Woodall’s era, rather than a catalogue of buildings May 1952 and described at the outset review of the book by Dudley Witney and that could, with no great mental effort, be of this discussion.70 Just as Arthur had Eric Arthur published in 1972, The Barn: cribbed for contemporary purposes.74 underlined in his press interview for A Vanishing Landmark in North America. that exhibition, all the schemes pic- Woodall wrote: This perhaps helps to explain the long- tured in the JRAIC that same month standing commitment to the study of his- were devoutly modern in character, by [Arthur] approaches the subject with a torical forms despite Arthur’s unalloyed that time characteristic of almost all the reverence usually reserved for religious enthusiasm for international modernism. examples from Canadian architectural masterworks . . . Several times the author schools pictured in the Journal’s annual reminds us that this natural rightness one For Arthur, the commitment to modern review of programs. One proposal by feels in most barns is truly a phenomenon architecture did not exclude a respect John Ma for a summer camp pavilion because only a couple of the hundreds of for the past. He was a driving force in (fig.) 17 demonstrated an awareness of barns illustrated enjoyed the services of an the foundation of the Architectural the light wood construction promoted architect. It might seem to suggest that Conservancy of Ontario and personally that year (1952) through the Trend House once, when form absolutely followed func- undertook the purchase of the Barnum program to sell British Columbia wood tion, some good invariably happened.73 House in Grafton to rescue it from slow

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decay. In 1959, while he was piloting the jury for the new city hall competition, he chaired a session at the fifty-second annual meeting of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada that dealt with the architect and the cultural heritage.75 At the end of the discussion, architects Donald Mackenzie Waters of Toronto and Alexander Tilloch Galt Durnford of Montreal moved a motion that the

Canada Council be asked for a grant to FIG. 15. LOW RENTAL HOUSING FIG. 16. BUS TERMINAL FOR TORONTO, 1952, KEN TIDY. | JRAIC, MAY 1952, enable a trained person (preferably an PROJECT, 1952, ALFRED TILBE. | JRAIC, VOL. 29, P. 143. MAY 1952, VOL. 29, P. 142. architect) to:

• ascertain and document the efforts being made in all the provinces in Canada to preserve and record old buildings through the efforts of pri- vate or public bodies and the legisla- tion under which they function, • make an inventory of buildings in Canada that are of outstanding cul- tural merit, • publish an inventory with illustrations and text. FIG. 17. A SUMMER CAMP, 1952, JOHN MA. | JRAIC, MAY 1952, VOL. 29, P. 143.

The motion went on to propose that grants be sought from the Canada Council to have students document old buildings but this seems to have anticipated a historic buildings in other provinces. This by means of measured drawings and more comprehensive commitment. In work appears to have underpinned the photographs.76 1963, J.D. Herbert, Chief of the National establishment of the “Canadian Inventory Parks Branch of the National Historic Sites of Historic Building” administered by William French, columnist for the Globe Division of the Department of Northern Parks Canada from the 1960s on.79 and Mail, remembered in 1979 that Affairs and National Resources, had “[Arthur was] among the first to alert us contacted Thomas Howarth, Director Arthur’s impact upon generations of stu- to the fact that our architectural herit- of the University of Toronto School of dents both as practitioners of modern- age was endangered.”77 The extent of Architecture, to set up an agreement that ism and as conservation experts can be Arthur’s reach over the years is dem- employed Toronto architecture students mapped in the careers of a few former onstrated by the fact that in 1964 he to execute measured drawings of histor- graduates from different decades. Henry chaired yet another RAIC committee ical buildings in Brockville and district. Fliess, of the class of 1946, remembers on the preservation of historic build- The following year this was extended Arthur as a person who influenced his ings in Canada and recommended that to Niagara-on-the-Lake and surround- life. After graduation, Arthur offered him the Historic Sites Division of the federal ing area. Then, a succession of similar a teaching job in the program from which Department of Northern Affairs (now arrangements led to the documentation he had just graduated. Among those in his Department of Environment) be urged of Port Hope as well as Grenville and design classes, Fliess remembers Raymond to create an inventory of historic build- Lanark counties. In the meantime, other Moriyama, Jerome Markson, and Irving ings.78 The federal government had architectural schools across the country Grossman, all of whom went on to suc- already begun collecting information, were engaged by Parks Canada to record cessful careers of their own. Later, Fliess

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FIG. 18. 41 WEYBOURNE CRESCENT, 1954, ERIC ARTHUR. | IMAGE COURTESY OF ERA ARCHITECTS, FIG. 19. MEASURED DRAWING, 1952, KEITH SPRATLEY. | JRAIC, MAY 1952, VOL. 29, P. 141. [HTTP://WWW.ERAARCH.CA/2011/THE-SUBURBS/], ACCESSED JUNE 6, 2017.

FIG. 20. THE YARMON HOUSE, DON MILLS, TORONTO, 1959, HENRY FLIESS. | “HILLSIDE BUNGALOW FIG. 21. RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO, 1963, HOWARD CHAPMAN. | CHAPMAN & HURST, WITH EXTRA LEVEL DOWNSTAIRS,” CANADIAN HOMES AND GARDENS, FEBRUARY 1959, P. 17. ARCHITECTS, TORONTO, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES, FONDS 7, SERIES 56, FILE 131, ITEM 1.

became involved with the development of feel of the type that pioneers like Victor demolition by Bridgeport Health in 2013 the so-called “new town” of Don Mills in Gruen envisaged from the outset.80 (fig. 21). Chapman was also a capable northeast Toronto. He prepared approxi- restoration architect working with mately fifteen house designs from which Howard Chapman, whose amusing Howard V. Walker to renovate the Central hundreds of houses were subsequently account of a northern canoe trip with Reference Library as the University of built (fig. 20). He and James Murray also Arthur is enshrined in Eric Ross Arthur: Toronto Koffler Student Services Centre, a planned a series of row houses for South Conservation in Context, and who gradu- building originally planned by Chapman’s Hills Village, a ground-breaking initia- ated in 1948, was also a devoted prac- father in 1909.82 tive that introduced this type of hous- titioner of modernism.81 Chapman was ing to a middle-class market. Fliess and awarded the Hobbs Glass Prize for hospi- Other exponents of modernism among Murray later worked on the Sherway tal design during his studies and went on Arthur’s students were Dan Dunlop and Gardens Shopping Centre, a concept to execute the Riverdale Hospital of 1963, Peter Hamilton. Dunlop, of the class of that cast aside the pedestrian formulas described by the National Trust of Canada 1950, established his own firm in 1953. of traditional shopping malls in favour as “a large and important example of In 1966, he was awarded a Massey Medal of a meandering figure-of-eight plan mid-century Canadian Modernist archi- for the design of Richview Library in that offered a more intimate village-like tecture,” [emphasis in original] before its Etobicoke (fig. 22). His firm was known

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FIG. 22. RICHVIEW LIBRARY, ETOBICOKE, 1966, DUNLOP, WARDELL, MATSUI, AITKEN, FIG. 23. TORONTO REFERENCE LIBRARY, 1977. RAYMOND MORIYAMA OF MORIYAMA ARCHITECTS. | TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARY, [HTTP://WWW.TORONTOPUBLICLIBRARY.CA/DETAIL.JSP?R=LIB016], & TESHIMA. | CREATIVE COMMONS, [HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/TORONTO_REFERENCE_LIBRARY#/MEDIA/ ACCESSED JUNE 30, 2017. FILE:TORONTO_REFERENCE_LIBRARY,_EXTERIOR.JPG], MICHAEL STEVENS FROM OAK PARK, IL, UPLOADED BY MR. ABSURD, ACCESSED JUNE 30, 2017.

for the design of acute and long-term aspiration embodied in a poem composed architect in 1976. Globe and Mail journal- health care facilities, as well as schools, by his father as a high school graduation ist Dave LeBlanc wrote: churches, and residential works across present: “Into god’s temple, drive a nail of the province.83 In the field of residential gold.”86 His best-known projects include [Bill Greer’s] determination, enthusiasm and architecture, Peter Hamilton, of the class the of 1969, the guiding hand have been responsible for the of 1963, represents a new generation of 1977 Toronto Reference Library (fig. 23), conservation of the Music Building at the what Arthur described as “unabashed and the Canadian War Museum com- CNE, Osgoode Hall, the Arts and Letters modernists.” Hamilton’s own home on pleted in 2005 as a joint venture with the Club, Whitney Block, the Royal Conservatory Hedgewood Road is recognized as a Ottawa firm of Griffiths Rankin Cook.87 of Music, the heritage elements of BCE “celebration of industrial elements,” Place, the former Stock Exchange (now and “a relatively early example of High In the heritage field, Arthur’s influence ) and Spadina House [to Tech design.”84 In 1974, the year of its guided many to approach historical pro- name just a few]. construction, the architect was honoured jects as new avenues of specialization. with a Canadian Housing Design Council The publication of Toronto: No Mean While the success of these initiatives Award.85 City in 1974 (University of Toronto Press) varied, the overall contribution of his was a culmination of Arthur’s long study conservation work earned him accol- Among the Toronto alumni who went on of historical architecture in the city. It ades from former Toronto mayor David to define a new path in the field, there awakened an entire generation to the Crombie and a tribute from Heritage is also Raymond Moriyama of the class fact that “a city without a past is a city Toronto that bestowed its Architectural of 1954. Having suffered internment as without a soul.”88 William Greer, who Conservation and Craftsmanship Award a Japanese-Canadian during the Second graduated from the architecture program upon him and then named the award in World War, he forged a remarkable career in 1948, began by spending a year in the his honour.89 that set a new high-water mark for the company of arch-modernist Buckminster Canadian scene. He worked briefly in Fuller, then worked for twenty-two years Other well-known alumni of the Toronto the firm of Fleury, Arthur & Barclay in the offices of Shore & Moffat. After architectural program who specialized in following graduation, then struck out some time in his own practice, he went on heritage were B. Napier Simpson Jr. and on his own just four years later, and in to join the Toronto Historical Board (later Peter John Stokes. Simpson, who initially 1966 entered into partnership with Ted Heritage Toronto), being appointed chief went to work for Mackenzie Waters after Teshima. Moriyama sought to fulfill an his graduation in 1951, later became

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instrumental in projects that included Press; Armstrong, Christopher, 2015, Civic Adams and Tancred (“Designing Women,” the Thornhill heritage district, Black Creek Symbol: Creating Toronto’s New City Hall, p. 62) describe how Montreal architect Eva 1952-1966, Toronto, University of Toronto Vecsei, who worked on Place Bonaventure, Pioneer Village, Toronto’s , Press. told the Montreal Star in 1965: “Please don’t and Century Village near Peterborough. put me in the category of women who add 5. “Modernists Revealed,” op. cit. Stokes, who finished the Toronto pro- their little pink touches . . . I’m not interested 6. Ibid.; and “Glimpse into the Future at gram two years later, worked initially for in home-building projects that are uniform Simpson’s,” The Toronto Daily Star, May 30, and repetitious . . . Huge massive structures Howard Chapman then became involved 1952, p. 23. that allow for individual expression and with Upper Canada Village, which pre- 7. “Modernists Revealed,” op. cit. require complex solutions to integrated pro- served historic structures threatened by blems excite me.” 8. “Glimpse into the Future,” op. cit. the flooding of the St. Lawrence Seaway. 15. “Modernists Revealed,” op. cit. Stokes then pursued a distinguished 9. File Cards of Graduates, University of Toronto Archives. It is possible that the women were 16. “Glimpse into the Future,” op. cit. career as a consulting restoration archi- connected with the School of Architecture in 17. “Modernists Revealed,” op.t ci .; Arthur, Eric R., tect based first in Ottawa with the Historic some way: “Creative Credo: Lecturer in Design 1951, “Architecture,” in Royal Commission Sites and Monuments Board, then in his Foresees New Tradition Born in Canada,” Studies: A Selection of Essays Prepared for the own practice in Niagara-on-the-Lake.90 Globe and Mail (Toronto), February 19, Royal Commission on National Development in 1953, p. 7, indicates that a William Bagnall the Arts, Letters and Sciences, Ottawa, King’s served as a visiting lecturer in design at the Printer, p. 419-430. The legacy of Arthur’s influence was University of Toronto School of Architecture 18. Rybczynski, Witold, 1993, A Place for Art: clearly profound and wide-ranging. From from September 1952. There was also a The Architecture of the National Gallery of D.J. McConnell (sic) working as a “mechani- the standpoint of contemporary realities, Canada, Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada; cian” in surveying and geodesy at the same Ord, Douglas, 2003, The National Gallery of it is difficult to appreciate what a major period. Information courtesy of Harold Averill, Canada: Ideas, Art, Architecture, Montreal, impact he had, but the tributes of those University of Toronto Archives, June 6, 2017. McGill-Queen’s University Press. who knew Arthur speak for themselves. 10. See Adams, Annmarie and Peta Tancred, 19. Museum of Modern Art, 1932, Modern In 1979, John C. Parkin, a member of the 2000, “Designing Women:” Gender and the Architecture: International Exhibition, New firm that collaborated with Viljo Revell on Architectural Profession, Toronto, University York; Hitchcock, Henry Russell and Philip of Toronto Press, p. 16-18, for pioneering the new City Hall in Toronto, noted: “Only Johnson, [1st ed. 1932] rev. ed. 1997, The inroads by women in the architectural pro- International Style, New York, W.W. Norton Eric Arthur’s stature and prestige could fession. Statistics on women registered in & Company; Albrecht, Donald, Barry Bergdoll, carry through something like the City Hall Ontario, p. 147. Juliet Kinchin, and David A. Hanks, 2015, 91 competition.” Likewise, Toronto alum- 11. Hill, Robert, n.d., “Malhiot, Alice Charlotte,” Partners in Design: Alfred H. Barr Jr. and Philip nus George Baird, now a distinguished Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Johnson, New York, The Monacelli Press. Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofar- professor in his own right, summed up 20. “Modernists Revealed,” op. cit. chitectsincanada.org/node/2364], accessed the arc of Arthur’s career: “He was a really June 8, 2017. 21. Kalman, A History of Canadian Architecture, remarkable figure. As far back as the thir- p. 779-844; Mackie, John, 2015, “Binning 12. Hill, Robert, n.d., “Hill, Esther Marjorie,” ties, insofar as Toronto architecture had a House Sold, To Be Restored,” Vancouver Biographical Dictionary of Architects in 92 Sun, November 5, [www.vancouversun. patron, he was it.” Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofar- com/news/local-news/binning-house-sold- chitectsincanada.org/node/2366], accessed to-be-restored], accessed June 9, 2017; June 8, 2017. NOTES “New Headquarters Building of the Ontario 13. “Our Ladies of 2T7,” Transactions and Year- Association of Architects,” JRAIC, September 1. “Modernists Revealed by Architecture Book of the University of Toronto Engineering 1953, vol. 30, p. 249, and December 1954, Models,” The Globe and Mail (Toronto), Society (Toronto), April 1927, p. 110, P1978- vol. 31, p. 429, 442-454; Docomomo Ontario, May 27, 1952, p. 8. 0722(01) - (06), E3.6, University of Toronto n.d., “50 Park Road,” [www.docomomo-onta- Archives. rio.ca/gallery/50-park-road], accessed June 9, 2. Ibid. For Elizabeth Lalor’s clipping file, see A1973- 2017; Nasmith, Catherine, 2004, “50 years 3. Kalman, Harold, 1995, A History of Canadian 0026/214 (64); and for Elizabeth Muriel Gregor for 50 Park Road,” Canadian Architect, Architecture, Toronto, Oxford University Press, October 1, [https://www.canadianarchitect. MacGill, who became a distinguished aero- p. 779-844. com/features/50-years-for-50-park-road/], nautical engineer, A1973-0026/269 (48) (49), accessed June 9, 2017; Hume, Christopher, 4. Friedland, Martin, 2013, The University of University of Toronto Archives. Toronto: A History, Toronto, University of 2012, “Rosedale’s Hidden Architectural Gem: 14. “Architecture Provides Vast Field for Women: Toronto Press, p. 405; Kapelos, George, 2015, Hume,” Toronto Star, August 6, [https://www. Mere Man Inadequate in Designing Perfect Competing Modernisms: Toronto’s New City thestar.com/entertainment/2012/08/16/rose- Homes for Women,” The Varsity (Toronto), Hall and Square, Halifax, Dalhousie University dales_hidden_architectural_gem_hume. vol. 47A, no. 16 (1927-28), p. 1. By the 1960s, html], accessed June 9, 2017.

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22. Madill, Henry Harrison, 1949, “The University Board of Studies of Architecture and Civic a perspective that can be consulted on line, of Toronto School of Architecture,” JRAIC, Design: “The School of Architecture, Liverpool “Great George Street Congregational Church, May, vol. 26, p. 136. This was written just a University,” The Builder, November 19, 1920, Liverpool: Perspective from the Street, RIBA,” year after Toronto established its School of vol. 119, p. 579-580. The university offered a [https://www.architecture.com/image-library/ Architecture as a separate entity within the five-year program leading either to a diploma RIBApix/image-information/poster/great- Faculty of Applied Science, it having been set or a bachelor of architecture. Along with the george-street-congregational-church-liver- up originally as a program within the School Architectural Association in London, the pool-perspective-from-the-street/posterid/ of Practical Science. Liverpool program was recognized by the RIBA85171.html], accessed June 13, 2017. Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) to 23. Carr, Angela, 1995, Toronto Architect Edmund 35. Arthur, The Architect [and Builder], ibid. qualify graduates for RIBA membership. Burke: Redefining Canadian Architecture, 36. Toronto, Archives of Ontario, Eric Arthur Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 27. Crossman (Architecture in Transition, p. 58-60; Papers, Measured Drawings and Notebooks, p. 99-125; Crossman, Kelly, 1987, Architecture 124-225), notes that unlike Nobbs, the first C57-7-1 and 2 (these include 19 boxes in Transition: From Art to Practice, 1885-1906, appointee at McGill, S. Henbest Capper, had of notebooks); Goulding Architectural Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, been trained in the Beaux-Arts. Survey of Ontario, Measured Drawings and p. 67-84; Colonel H.H. Madill was a Toronto For Reilly, see Sharples, Joseph, Alan Powers Notebooks, 1966-1969, C61; Picture Collection, architect who had taught in the Faculty of and Michael Shippobottom, 1996-1997, Architectural Drawings and Notebooks, D57- Applied Science and Engineering since 1912; Charles Reilly & the Liverpool School of 7-1 and 2. The practice of requiring measured see “John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Architecture, 1904-1933, Liverpool, Walker drawings was continued by successive instruc- Landscape and Design: History,” [https:// Art Gallery and Liverpool University Press, tors, including William Goulding and James www.daniels.utoronto.ca/about/history], October 25 – February 2. Acland. See note 79 below for the “Canadian accessed June 13, 2017. Inventory of Historic Building.” 28. Arthur, Eric R., 1931, “Rome Finalist: Third 24. Lasserre, Fred, 1949, “On Architectural Place,” Prospectus of the Liverpool School of 37. Arthur, Eric R, 1982, “Speech at the University Education,” JRAIC, May, vol. 26, p. 135. For Architecture 1920/21 to 1930/31, Liverpool, of Guelph on the Occasion of the Awarding Lasserre, see “School of Architecture and opp. p. 5; Arthur, Eric R. (Liverpool School of an LLD,” in Guelph Speech file, Eric Ross Landscape Architecture, University of British of Architecture), 1921, “Prix de Rome Arthur Papers, Box 2, Paul Arthur Archive, Columbia: History,” [https://sala.ubc.ca/ Competition in Architecture: Selected Toronto Reference Library. about/history], accessed June 29, 2017. Designs,” in W.G. Newton, “The Prix de Rome 38. Wegman, Jules F., 1928, “Awards to Students, 25. Arthur, Eric R., 1949, “Toronto: Design Competition in Architecture,” The Builder, Department of Architecture, University of Research,” JRAIC, May, vol. 29, p. 137; Nobbs, February 11, vol. 120, p. 187; also The Architect, Toronto,” JRAIC, June, vol. 5, p. 225-230. Percy E., 1928, “Architectural Education in February 18, 1921, vol. 105, p. 120-121; Canada,” JRAIC, March, vol. 5, p. 103, states: “Preliminary Competition for the Rome Prize: 39. Bruegmann, Robert, 1987, “When Worlds “The best interests of architectural educa- A Criticism of Work Submitted,” The Architect, Collided: European and American Entries to tion are not likely to be served by robbing February 22, 1922, vol. 106, p. 298, design by the Chicago Tribune Competition of 1922,” in schools of their individual character . . .”; E.R. Arthur; Arthur, Eric R. (Liverpool School John Zukowsky (ed.), Chicago Architecture, also Traquair, Ramsay, 1928, “Architectural of Architecture), 1922, “Rome Scholarship 1872-1922, Chicago, Art Institute of Chicago, Education,” JRAIC, April, vol. 5, p. 116, notes: in Architecture: Preliminary Competition,” p. 225-230. “There is really little need for standardization in “Rome Scholarship in Architecture,” 40. The first of this generation of buildings was between one university and another.” The Builder, February 24, vol. 122, p. 303; the Trader’s Bank Building of 1905 at the Arthur, Eric R., 1922, “Rome Scholarship in 26. Hill, Robert, n.d., “Arthur, Eric Ross,” corner of King and Yonge Streets. The archi- Architecture: Final Competition,” in “Rome Biographical Dictionary of Architects in tects were Carrère & Hastings of New York Scholarship in Architecture,” The Builder, Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofarchi- in collaboration with Canadian Francis S. July 28, vol. 123, p. 126. tectsincanada.org/node/61], accessed June 6, Baker. See Armstrong, Christopher, 2014, 2017. Arthur was awarded the Lord Kitchener 29. Sharples et al., Charles Reilly & the Liverpool Making Toronto Modern: Architecture and National Memorial Scholarship and the Holt School of Architecture, p. 28. Design 1895-1975, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s Travelling Scholarship. He was honoured University Press, p. 46, 48-49; and McHugh, 30. Id., p. 29. twice with the Lord Leverhulme Prize in Civic Patricia, 1985, Toronto Architecture: A City Design and Architecture and was a finalist 31. Ibid. Guide, Toronto, Mercury Books, p. 87-88. for the British Prix de Rome three years run- 32. Id., p. 27, 10. 41. Toms, Coleen, 2009, “Fabulous Art Deco ning. “Arthur, Eric Ross,” n.d., The Canadian Styling in Distinctive Executive Home,” 33. Reilly, read by Abercrombie, p. 579-580. Encyclopedia, [http://www.thecanadianen- Brantford Expositor, August 28, [www. cyclopedia.ca/en/article/eric-ross-arthur/], 34. Arthur, Eric R., 1919, “Measured Drawing brantfordexpositor.ca/2009/08/28/fabulous- accessed June 13, 2017. of George Street Congregational Church, art-deco-styling-in-distinctive-executive- Liverpool University was founded in 1894 Liverpool,” The Architect [and Builder], home], accessed May 27, 2017. November 28, p. 321, in Newspaper Cuttings and was the first institution in Great Britain For Leonard E. Shore, see: “Who was Album, S 3216, Special Collections and to offer a full-time organized day program L.E. Shore?” [www.bluemountainlibrary. Archives, University of Liverpool Archives, in architecture. See C.H. Reilly, paper read ca/leshore.cfm], accessed May 27, 2017; Sidney Jones Library, Liverpool. The high-style by Patrick Abercrombie and approved by the Simmins, Geoffrey, 1989, Ontario Association character of this monument is evidenced by

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of Architects: A Centennial History, Toronto, Arthur Papers, Paul Arthur Archive, Toronto tag/james-a-murray/], accessed June 15, Ontario Association of Architects, p. 263. Reference Library. For Pratt [1911-1996], see 2017; LeBlanc, Dave, 2009, “The Unheralded Archindont Index, Toronto Reference Library, Liscombe, Rhodri Windsor, 1997, The New Passing of an Architectural Force,” Globe lists projects by the firm which continues Spirit: Architecture in Vancouver, 1938-1963, and Mail (Toronto), May 28, [https://www. as Perkins + Will. For further information: Vancouver, Douglas & McIntyre; Kalman, theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/the-unhe- Toronto Staff Report, September 9, 2004, Harold, 2012, Exploring Vancouver: The ralded-passing-of-an-architectural-force/ [http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/2004/agen- Architectural Guide, Vancouver Douglas & article4275192/?service=print], accessed das/committees/tw/tw041012/it013.pdf], McIntyre; Bellerby, Greg (ed.), 2014, The June 16, 2017. accessed June 12, 2017; Moffatt, Robert, n.d., West Coast Modern House: Vancouver 50. For goals of the magazine: Lam, Elsa, 2015, “Toronto Modern: Documenting Modernist Residential Architecture, Vancouver, Figure 1 “Celebrating 60 Years,” The Canadian Architecture in Toronto, Canada,” [https:// Publishing; Hill, Robert, n.d., “Thompson, Architect, August 6, vol. 60. robertmoffatt115.wordpress.com/tag/shore- Charles Joseph,” Biographical Dictionary of moffat/], accessed June 13, 2017; Bradburn, Architects in Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dic- 51. Freeman, “In our terms, our times,” p. E11. Jamie, “The Historicist: The Collapse of the tionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/2312], 52. Ibid.; for George Baird [b. 1939], see “George Union Carbide Building,” [http://torontoist. accessed June 15, 2017; “B.C. Momo: Modern Baird,” n.d., The Canadian Encyclopedia, Movement Architecture in British Columbia,” com/2011/02/historicist_the_collapse_of_the_ [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ union_carbide_building/], accessed June 12, [http://docomomo.ca/bc-2000/type/houses/ en/article/george-baird/], accessed June 15, 2017. binning/index.html], accessed June 13, 2017; 2017. Weder, Adele, 2012, “Homecoming for an 42. Hill, Robert, n.d., “Fleury, William E.,” Architect’s Son,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), 53. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Biographical Dictionary of Architects in June 22, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/ Applied Science and Engineering, University Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofar- life/home-and-garden/architecture/homeco- of Toronto, Academic Calendar (1922-1923), chitectsincanada.org/node/2023], accessed ming-for-an-architects-son/article4364064/], p. 446-448. May 29, 2017. accessed June 13, 2017; and Ouno, n.d., “Ned 54. Department of Architecture, Faculty of 43. “An Exhibition Building at the CNE,” Student Pratt, Vancouver Architect,” [http://ounode- Applied Science and Engineering, University Architectural Drawings: Series III, MC (26A), sign.com/2010/11/30/ned-pratt/], accessed of Toronto Academic Calendar (1924-1925), University of Toronto, School of Architecture June 13, 2017. p. 482-484. Papers, A1979-0044, University of Toronto 47. “A Packing Plant at Edmonton, Alberta: Archives. 55. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Eric R. Arthur, Architect, Robert J. McLaren, Applied Science and Engineering, University 44. Ibid. Wilson A. Salter practised architecture Associate Architect,” Architectural Record, of Toronto Academic Calendar (1928-1929), in St. Catharines, Ontario. See: Hill, Robert, February 1937, vol. 8, p. bt21-bt23; “Plans for p. 56-57; “The Course in Architecture,” n.d., “MacBeth, Robert Ian,” Biographical Canada Packers Plant at Edmonton, Alberta, Bulletin of the Department of Architecture, Dictionary of Architects in Canada, 1800- Eric R. Arthur, Architect,” JRAIC, August 1937, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering 1950, [http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada. vol. 14, p. 158-160; “Awards in Sixth Annual of University of Toronto, June 1928, n.p. org/node/1455], accessed June 15, 2017; Exhibition of the Royal Architectural Institute Simmins, Ontario Association of Architects, of Canada,” JRAIC, March 1937, vol. 14, p. 43; 56. “Editorial,” JRAIC, May 1949, vol. 26, p. 132. p. 207. Salter, Wilson A., 1972, “Report of Arthur, Eric R., 1920, “Abattoir à Edmonton,” 57. Ibid. the Executive Vice-President,” Architecture L’architecture d’aujourd’hui, vol. 11, nos. 3-4, 58. For Gull Lake sketches and life drawing Canada, May 8, vol. 49, p. 3-4, documents p. 38. Salter’s service as vice-president of the Royal examples: School of Architecture, Faculty of 48. Murray quotation from Adele Freeman, 1982, Architectural Institute of Canada that year. Applied Science and Engineering, University “In our terms, our times, he’s like a mountain,” of Toronto Calendar (1936-1937), p. 36; For Milles, see “Carl Milles, Swedish [1875-1955],” Globe and Mail (Toronto), November 6, p. E11. Photographs of Student Work, 1935-1936, [http://rogallery.com/Milles_Carl/milles-bio- Murray related a similar anecdote in an inter- B1997-0021/001P(33), University of Toronto graphy.html], accessed June 16, 2017. In view with the author of this article on July 28, Archives. 1931, Milles became a visiting scholar at the 1998. Cranbrook Academy in Michigan; he was well 59. School of Architecture, Faculty of Applied 49. For additional details on James A. Murray known for his work by 1936. Science and Engineering, University of [1919-2008], see: “British Medal Won by U of Toronto Calendar (1936-1937), p. 36. 45. Ryan, David, n.d., “Scandinavian Moderne: T Student, The Star (Toronto), May 12, 1942; 60. School of Architecture, University of Toronto 1900-1960,” [http://archive.artsmia.org/ “Murray, James Albert,” Applied Science Calendar (1952-1953), p. 11. modernism/e_SM.html], accessed June 16, Files A1973-0026/343 (81), Department of 2017. Eliel Saarinen only immigrated to the Graduate Records, University of Toronto 61. Arthur, “Architecture,” p. 425. United States in 1923 and became the director Archives; Hill, Robert, n.d., “Murray, James 62. “Undergrad Activities at the Varsity,” JRAIC, of the Cranbrook Academy in 1932. His son Arthur,” Biographical Dictionary of Architects April 1950, vol. 27, p. 129-130. Eero returned from his European studies the in Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofar- same year. chitectsincanada.org/node/1896], accessed 63. Arthur, Eric R., 1950-1951, “Staff-Student Meetings,” Cross-Section ’51, p. 6, A24.06.02, 46. Speech by C.E. (Ned) Pratt on the presen- June 15, 2017; Moffatt, Robert, n.d., “Toronto Modern: Posts Tagged ‘James A. Murray,’” University of Toronto Archives, reproduced in tation of the Royal Architectural Institute [https://robertmoffatt115.wordpress.com/ Keefer, Alec, 2001, “Eric Arthur’s Career: An of Canada Gold Medal in 1970, Eric Ross

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Overview by Alec Keefer,” in Alec Keefer (ed.), 71. Dave LeBlanc notes that the Vancouver firm of 79. “Canadian Inventory of Historic Building,” Eric Ross Arthur: Conservation in Context, Sharp & Thompson Berwick Pratt provided the Archivaria, p. 157-160, [www.archivaria. Toronto, Toronto Region Architectural design of the first Trend house. See LeBlanc, ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view- Conservancy, p. 83-85. Dave, 2004, “Trend Towards Modernity,” Globe File/10741/11627], accessed June 12, 2017. For and Mail (Toronto) January 16, [https://www. 64. “Undergrad Activities at the Varsity,” p. 130. theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/trending- letters, see D.S. Claringbold to J.D. Herbert, Keefer (id., p. 56) lists Pietro Belluschi, Serge toward-modernity/article18257823/], accessed August 23, 1963, May 20, 1964, and May 10, Chermayeff, Wells Coates, Sigfried Giedion, June 29, 2017. See also: LeBlanc, Dave, 2005, Walter Gropius, Philip Johnson, Sibyl Moholy- 1965; P.H. Schonenbach to M.J. Smith, “Fate Binds Trend House and Architect,” Globe Nagy, Paul Rudolph, and Eero Saarinen among January 4, 1967; John H. Rick to William and Mail, April 15, cited in “The Trend House the other guest lecturers. Goulding, April 17, 1968; J.D. Herbert to Chronicles: Documenting a piece of Canadian 65. “Ten Days to Tennessee: Fifth Year Field Trip,” Architectural History,” [www.calgarymcm. John Russell, April 12, 1965; John A. Russell JRAIC, April 1950, vol. 27, p. 132. com/toronto-trend-house-article-apr-2005/], to J.D. Herbert, June 11, 1956; R.T. Flanagan 66. “Undergrad Activities at the Varsity”, p. 130. accessed June 29, 2017. Furthermore, Robert to John A. Russell, July 5, 1965. These can Moffatt’s article, n.d., “Toronto’s Timeless be found at Library and Archives Canada / 67. The School of Architecture Year-Book, Cross- Trend House, Eric Arthur: Toronto Modern,” Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, Department Section ’52, A24.06.02, University of Toronto [https://robertmoffatt115.wordpress.com/tag/ Archives, indicates at page 38 that there were eric-arthur/], accessed June 29, 2017, describes of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources six women registered in the program in 1951. how Eric Arthur, then in partnership as Fleury, Papers, RG 84, A-2-a, Parks, vol. 1469, HS 321-1, One unnamed professor greeted a woman Arthur & Calvert, designed the Trend house at p. 1538-1539, 1526-1527, 1525-1526, 1518-1519, registrant with the words: “Good Heavens, 41 Weybourne Crescent in Toronto. 1496-1497, 1470-1473, 1466-1469, 1463-1464, not another one.” Another spoke of women 72. “Toronto,” JRAIC, May 1952, vol. 29, p. 141. architects as “a desirable calamity.” Reel T-14291.

68. Jerome Markson graduated in 1953 and is 73. Woodall, Ron, 1972, “Review of The Barn: 80. Duff, Nancy, 2003, “Place” Making: Henry A Vanishing Landmark in North America,” known for works such as the Wilfred Posluns Fliess and the Development of Humane December, vol. 49, p. 2. House on The Bridle Path in Toronto. See Architecture Canada, Housing and Urban Design in Canada after Moffatt, Robert, n.d., “Toronto Modern: 74. Arthur, 1951, “Architecture,” p. 425. the Second World War, Master’s thesis, Jerome Markson, Echoes of Aalto on The 75. Arthur, Eric R., 1959, “The Architect and the Bridle Path,” [https://www.robertmoffatt115. Carleton University, Ottawa; LeBlanc, Dave, Cultural Heritage,” JRAIC, July, vol. 36, p. 235. wordpress.com/tag/jerome-markson/], 2006, “Finding Henry Fliess and the True accessed June 27, 2017. 76. For a report on eight group discussions at Heart of Don Mills,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), the annual RAIC meeting: Murray, James A., James Strutt [1924-2008] practised architec- August 25, [https://www.theglobeandmail. Wolfgang Gerson, Howard L. Bouey, ture in Ottawa. His house in Gatineau has com/real-estate/finding-henry-fliess-and- V.J. Kostka, Ian Maclennan, W.G. Raymore, recently been refurbished and is open to John Russell, G. Everett Wilson, and Eric the-true-heart-of-don-mills/article4109992/], the public. See: “Architect Jim Strutt Dies Ross Arthur, 1959, “The Profession at the accessed June 16, 2017; Moffatt, Robert, n.d., at 84,” Ottawa Citizen, November 10, 2008, Crossroads,” JRAIC, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 229-235. [https://carleton.ca/economics/news/archi- “Toronto Modern: Henry Fliess,” [https:// tect-jim-strutt-dies-at-84/], accessed June 27, For biographies of Waters and Durnford: Hill, robertmoffatt115.wordpress.com/tag/henry- 2017; LeBlanc, Dave, 2017, “The Architourist: Robert, n.d., “Waters, Donald Mackenzie,” fliess/], accessed June 16, 2017; Boyd, Angela, Landmark Home in Gatineau about to Strutt and “Durnford, Alexander Tilloch Galt,” 2016, “Man with a Plan,” Toronto Star, July 24, its Stuff,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 14, Biographical Dictionary of Architects in [https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/real- Canada, 1800-1950, [http://dictionaryofarchi- estate/toronto/public-gets-a-peek-into-gati- tectsincanada.org/node/316], and [http://dic- toronto-star/20160724/282286729624615], neau-home-of-famed-architect-jamesstrutt/ tionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1716], accessed June 16, 2017. See also Waldron, article35306960/], accessed June 27, 2017; accessed June 5, 2017. Andrew, 1998, Irving Grossman, 1954- Saxberg, Lynn, 2017, “Gatineau Hill’s Iconic 77. French, William, 1979, “Queen’s Park Worth 1964; a Young Architect’s Response Within Strutt House Opens for Guided Tours,” Ottawa Modernism, Master’s thesis, Carleton Citizen, April 27, [www.ottawacitizen.com/ the Solid Scrutiny,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), news/local-news/gatineau-hills-iconic-strutt- April 26, p. 17. University, Ottawa. house-opens-for-guided-tours], accessed 81. City of Toronto Archives, “A Work in Progress: June 27, 2017. Strutt’s professional archive is 78. For RAIC committee on the Preservation of Howard Chapman,” [http://www1.toronto. preserved at Library and Archives Canada and Historic Buildings in Canada and its recom- the restoration of his house administered by mendation to the Historic Sites Division of the ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=163f7 a foundation in his name. Department of Northern Affairs to create an 57ae6b31410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD], 69. “Toronto,” JRAIC, May 1952, vol. 29, inventory of such buildings, see: Arthur, Eric accessed June 30, 2017; Keefer, Eric Ross p. 140-143. Ross, 1964, “Travelling Exhibition of Historic Arthur, chap. 4. 70. “Modernists Revealed,” op. cit. Alfred Tilbe Architecture: Excerpt from Address.” JRAIC, 82. “Obituary: Howard Dennison Chapman (1917- went on to join the partnership of Shore & July, vol. 41, p. 17. 2014),” Toronto Star, March 13, 2014, [http:// Moffat.

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June 9, 2017; Dunlop, Dan, 1989, “On 89. LeBlanc, Dave, 2007, “A Heritage Soldier Fights Being an Architect during the Centennial,” the Good Fight,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 1, [www.oaa. November 2, [https://www.theglobeandmail. on.ca/images/docs/1327595894_Perspectives_ com/real-estate/a-heritage-soldier-fights-the- good-fight/article696842/?service=print], Volume3_Number2_July1989.pdf], accessed accessed June 30, 2017. June 27, 2017. 90. B. Napier Simpson Jr. fonds, F4395, Archives of 84. Moffatt, Robert, n.d., “Peter Hamilton’s House Ontario, [https://www.archeion.ca/b-napier- of Steel: Toronto Modern,” [https://robert- simpson-jr-fonds], accessed June 30, 2017; moffatt115.wordpress.com/2010/04/27/peter- Fazari, Lori, 2013, “Obituary: Architect Peter hamilton%E2%80%99s-house-of-steel/], John Stokes Brought Heritage to Life,” Globe accessed June 29, 2017. and Mail (Toronto), November 8, [https://www. 85. Ibid. theglobeandmail.com/arts/art-and-architec- ture/architect-peter-john-stokes-brought- 86. Rochon, Lisa, 2010, “Devoted to Driving ‘a Nail heritage-to-life/article15363043/?page=all], of Gold,’” Globe and Mail (Toronto), April 17, accessed June 30, 2017. p. R7. See also Lee, Betty, 1958, “Moriyama: He’s a Go-go Architect,” The Globe Magazine 91. Ward, Olivia, 1979, “He’s Bought Himself a (Toronto), July 15, p. 5-9. Both references Coffin: But Eric Arthur Isn’t Ready to Use It from Press Clippings: Individuals, University Yet—His Life Is Too Full for That,” Sunday Star of Toronto Archives. (Toronto), April 15, p. D5.

92. Freeman, “In our terms, our times,” p. E11.

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