QUESTION:

The Price of Niger Delta Oil Money

The Niger Delta problem is a task on the shoulders ofall Nigerians and we must together find a lasting Solution to it. With sincerity and God's guidance, we shall reach there. Author

M. O. Ajah Jnr CONTENTS

Dedication iii Inspirational quotes iv Abstract xxv Amnesty proclamation by former President Musa Yar' Adua xxxv Nobel Laureates Proposed Solution to Niger-Delta crisis xxxvi Casualties in the Niger Delta crisis xxxvi Dirge to victims of Niger Delta crisis xxxvii Oil Cities xxxix Refineries Breakdown: Sabotage Theory by Tarn David-West xl End of militancy a new dawn for dev. in N/Delta, by Chief Eze C. Eze xlii Letter to the Governors of Niger Delta, by Cynthia Whyte xliv Acknowledgements xlvi Foreword xlixii Preface xlix Introduction Iii

Section One: History of Oil in Nigeria 1 Oil and Gas in Nigeria 2 Shell Oil Company 16 Oloibiri 18 Nigerian Refineries 19 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) 20 Managing Directors of NNPC 21 Fuel price regimes in Nigeria 21 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 22 Pictures of some oil and gas installations/operational sites 25

Section Two: Nigerian Leaders and Government's Task on Niger Delta 33 Past leaders of Nigeria and government's task on Niger Delta 34 Reflections on Yar'adua/Jonathan stand on Niger Delta 51 Yar'Adua/Jonathan 7-point agenda, security- N/Delta inclusive 54 Pictures of Nigerian leaders 57

Section Three: Niger Delta at a Glance 60 Brief history of Niger Delta region and its states 61 Events in Niger Delta crisis 61 The environment 62 The Ogoniland case (1992-1995) 62

lix Ijaw-Itsekiri conflicts (1997) 63 Ijaw crisis (1998-1999) 64 The creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission (2000) 65 The emergence of armed groups in the Delta region (2003-2004) 65 The Nigerian renewed oil crisis 66 Affirmation of the Niger Delta struggle in democracy 66 Synopsis on the Niger Delta 67 68 72 77 Gross River State 80 84 87 93 97 100 Governors of the Niger Delta states from the return of democracy in 1999 104

Section Four: Ethnic Nationalities in Niger Delta 115 The major ethnic nationalities in the Niger Delta 116 Ijaw 116 Ogoni 118 Itsekiri 119 Uhrobo 119 Igbo 120 Yoruba 125 Ikwerre 127 Efik 127 Bini 128 Annang 131 Esan 135 Etche 137 Ekpeye 138 Ndokwa 139 Kalabari 140 Okrika 140 Oron 140 Ogba 141 Ibibio 144 Anioma 146 Afemai 149

Ix Isoko 151

Section Five: The Struggle and the Strugglers 163 Causes of the Niger Delta crisis 164 Leaders/activists of the Niger Delta struggle 165 Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro 165 Ken Saro-Wiwa 170 Goodluck Jonathan 175 DSP Alamieyeseigha 175 Peter Odili 177 178 Edwin Clark 178 Mujahid Dokubo-Asari 179 Henry Okah 194 Ledum Mitee 196 Cynthia Whyte 200 Jomo Gbomo 210 Militant groups in the Niger Delta 211 Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) in the Niger Delta struggle 212 The National Political Reform Conference 2005/the Niger Delta demand 216 Reaction from South-East, South-South and South-West alliance 217

Section Six: The Consequences of the Oil Money 228 Declaration of the Niger Delta Peoples Republic 229 The Bakassi quagmire 233 Some major facts about Bakassi 233 The International Court of Justice Verdict 234 The Greentree Agreement between Cameroun and Nigeria 237 Demands by Bakassi people 239 The handover ceremony 243 The Obasanjo speech on first handover 246 Reactions from people on Bakassi 248 Host communities/multinationals face-offs 267 Shell/landlord face-offs 267 The Kaiama declaration by Ijaw Youths 269 Touting in capital cities of states of Niger Delta 273 Intermittent fuel scarcity 274 Joblessness 276 Youth restiveness 276 Violence 277 Cultism and gangsterism 277 Prostitution 278 Ixi Hawking 279 Child abuse 279 High cost of living 280 Kidnappings/assassinations 282 Attacks on oil installations 285 General insecurity at the time 287 Bomb of Vice President's house by militants 288 Corruption 289 Call for State of emergency in Rivers State 290 Revelations by Senate Joint Committee on Petroleum (Downstream), Appropriation and Finance 292 Some Facts on the oil business 293

Section Seven: The Niger Delta Development Commission 362 Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) 363 Projects executed by the NDDC 366 Call for probe of the NDDC 415

Section Eight: Federal Government and Niger Delta Governors' efforts 423 Executive efforts 423 Legislative efforts 423 Judiciary efforts 423 Training misguided or repentant cultists 425 Sports revival 425 First ladies' pet projects 426 Sponsorship of large number of pilgrims to Jerusalem and Mecca 426 Free/compulsory education 427 Building of recreational centers 427 Infrastructural development 427 Community development programmes by oil companies 427 Gov. Amaechi's speech 432 Gov. Uduaghan's speech 435 Gov. Akpabio's speech 439 Gov. Imoke's speech 441 Gov. Oshiomhole's speech 450 Gov. Seriake Dickson's speech 457 Gov. Theodore Oiji's speech 461 Rivers Truth and Reconciliation Commission (RTC): 464 Submissions and Testimonies 466

Section Nine: Position« on Niger Delta Matter 484 Genesis of JTF, militants clash 485

fxii Communique at the end of Niger Delta leaders' meeting 487 Communique of S/South legislative retreat on constitutional review 489 The Challenges of Resource Control, by Rt. Hon. Chibuike Amaechi 491 N-Delta Crises & the Challenges of Leadership, by Chief 493 Coping without Oil in the Niger Delta, by Dr. Emmanuel Uduaghan 503 Community Relations: Panacea for Peace in N-Delta, by Prof. Steve Azaiki 516 Letter to Chief of Army Staff, by Chief Edwin Clark 514 Appeal by Chief Tony Anenih 519 Excerpt from 2006 report of Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group 520 The Truth about Niger Delta is yet to be Unraveled, by Billy Harry 524 The Niger Delta crisis: Beyond the Price of Crude Oil, by Prof. Pat Utomi 527 Whose Amnesty!The Nation, July 1,2009 530 More Niger Delta cities, Vanguard, June 18,2009 531 Fuelling the Niger Delta crisis,'Africa Report N°118, September 28, 2006 532 Militants, Pipelines and Refineries, The Nation; Handball, June 26,2009 536 Towards Reconciliation in Ogoniland, Daily Independent, June 30, 2009 538 The Ijaw and the Niger Delta in Nigerian history, by: Prof. E.J. Alagoa 539 Beyond Oil, by Chairman/Editor in-Chief, Leadership, Sam Nda Isaiah 545 Release by Ijaw Youth Council (IYC) Worldwide 547 FG, Oil firms and new deadline, The Tide, March 13, 2006 549 The Report on Niger Delta, The Punch, March 31,1999 550 Communique by Conference of Ethnic Nationalities of the Niger Delta 551 Address by Engr. Funso Kupolokun, Former GMD, NNPC 552 The NDDC Act 2000, by Senator (Dr.) Fred A. Brume 555 Communique by the NDDC and NBA Law and Development Project 560 The future of gas, by Mr. Jackson Gius-Obaseki, Former GMD, NNPC 563 Search for Equity & Social Justice in S/South, by Senator David C. Brigidi 567 PENGASSAN Communique on increase in prices of petroleum products 574 Nigeria's Budget 1997 - 2012 575 States' windfall allocation 576 Federal allocation to states, May 1999 to May 2004 577 Oil revenue at benchmark price vs. actual 2005-2008 578 Monthly allocations to states from January-December 2007 578 Federal account: January 2008 580 State budget proposals 2009 and 2012 582 Analysis of 2012 Federal Capital Budget, according to House of Representatives Northern Caucus, Daily Trust: March 5, 2012 583 Niger-Delta Money Watch: Money Accruing to Niger-Delta States 585 The new price of petrol: Thisday editorial, February 6, 2009 586 Statement from Chairman, SPDC, Ron van den Berg 587 Message of Country Chair, Shell Nigeria/MD, SPDC, Chief Basil Omiyi 587 Ixiii Statement of MD/CEO Elf Pet. Nig. Ltd, Jacques Marraud Des Grottes 589 Message of Chevron Chairman of the Board/CEO 590 Lessens from the Yenagoa Declaration, by Maxwell James 591 Brief on the Petroleum Equalization Fund (PEF) 693 Deprivation & Derivation Principles: Why North is poor, by Alabo-George 695 Memo to the National Assembly by Social Action 601 Resolutions at the inaugural South-South economic development 603 South-South leaders want appointments into oil and gas sector re-visited 604 Matters arising on amnesty deal, Daily Sun, November 2, 2009 605 Developing the Niger Delta, Nigerian Tribüne, November 23, 2009 607 Niger Delta: Between amnesty and amnesia, by Wole Soyinka 608 The only Solution to the N/Delta crisis and corruption in Nigeria, Nigerian Times, October 21, 2007 616 Is 13% to Niger Delta cause of North underdevelopment? by Anthony Mudiaga 615 Letter of Niger Delta coalition in the Diaspora to US Secretary of State 689 Communique issued at the end of South/South Governors Forum 623

Section Ten: 625 Terminologies Common with the Niger Delta struggle 626

Section Eleven: 691 Quotes from the people on the Niger Delta crisis 692

Section Twelve: Key Players in the Oil Industry 1035 Oil and gas companies in Nigeria 1036 The Journalist in the Niger Delta struggle 1040 Way forward and the future 1044 Conclusion 1046 Bibliography 1057

Ixiv