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Islamitisch Financieren: Een Duurzaam Alternatief? (2013)

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Islamitisch Financieren: Een Duurzaam Alternatief? (2013) Islamitisch financieren: een duurzaam alternatief? [ASN Geld doet] Kenniscentrum Religie en Ontwikkeling Anne Marieke Schwencke augustus 2013 AMS: basisdocument versie 30 augustus 2013 1 Voorwoord Het Kenniscentrum Religie en Ontwikkeling (KCRO) richt zich op de rol van religie bij maatschappelijke veranderingen. Een aantal non-gouvernementele ontwikkelingsorganisaties1 meent dat kennis over die – soms ambivalente – rol onontbeerlijk is om hun missie te kunnen uitvoeren. Jaarlijks kiest het KCRO één of enkele thema’s om zijn kennis te verbreden, te verdiepen en te verspreiden. De wisselwerking tussen praktijk en ervaring enerzijds en wetenschap anderzijds is daarbij van grote waarde. Het thema ‘islamitisch financieren’ is al in 2011 genoemd. De directe aanleiding was de financiële en de economische crisis. De vraag was of de onderscheiden religieuze tradities antwoorden hebben op die crises. We dachten daarbij ten eerste aan religieus geïnspireerde kritiek op de ‘financiële en economische orde’, inclusief mensbeeld en waarden. Maar deze kritiek zou ook in aanleg gestalte moeten krijgen in praktijken. Daarom dachten we ook aan religieus geïnspireerde alternatieven. Beide kwamen min of meer samen in het thema ‘islamitisch financieren’. Voorbeelden uit andere religieuze tradities belichtten vooral de kritische functie, beperkten zich tot de directe leefwereld van de individuele gelovigen of waren te zeer deel van de bestaande orde. Op 9 februari 2012 organiseerde KCRO samen met het Institute of Social Studies (ISS) en Islamic Relief Nederland een conferentie over Islamic Development Finance , Hierin werd de betekenis van islamitisch financieren vanuit het perspectief van armoede en ontwikkeling benaderd. Op deze conferentie werd duidelijk dat islamitisch financieren en duurzame ontwikkeling, zeker de sociale dimensie, meer met elkaar gemeen hebben dan vermoed. Tijdens deze conferentie werd het boek Religion and Development. Ways of Transforming the World van prof. dr. Gerrie ter Haar gepresenteerd. De conferentie was de directe aanleiding om deze verkenning naar islamitisch financieren uit te (laten) voeren. Deze verkenning sluit ook aan bij de activiteiten van het programma Werken aan de Wereld van Stichting Oikos. Oikos organiseerde op 24 november 2012 de conferentie De Toekomst Die Wij Willen begint NU2. Hierin stond de maatschappelijke transitie naar een eerlijke en duurzame toekomst centraal. In een van de improvisatiestudio’s was aandacht voor de rol van de financiële sector en ook expliciet het islamitische perspectief. Rachida Talal-Azimi, PhD onderzoekster aan de Universiteit Nijmegen op gebied van islamitisch financieren en tevens financieel researcher bij de Rabobank, verzorgde een korte presentatie over islamitisch financieren. Om een echt duurzame samenleving te verwezenlijken, is een fundamentele verandering nodig van onze economie en maatschappij. Maar de toekomst is niet zo makkelijk te sturen. Het vraagt om gezamenlijk experimenteren door burgers, organisaties, bedrijven en overheden op alle niveaus. Gebruik maken van de energie in de samenleving. Prikkelen met inspirerende vergezichten. Aansluiten op bestaande verlangens en zorgen. En onderling afstemmen zonder krampachtige eenstemmigheid. Kortom: maatschappelijke improvisatie. Anne Marieke Schwencke heeft deze verkenning uitgevoerd. Zij heeft een achtergrond in de wereld van duurzaamheid. Momenteel houdt zij zich onder andere bezig met energievraagstukken en de rol die burgers in de energietransitie spelen. Daarnaast is ze betrokken bij alternatieve financieringssystemen, onder andere als medeorganisator van TEDxLeiden. In 2008 heeft ze een studie religiewetenschappen met specialisatie Islam afgerond. Daarna heeft zij zich aan de universiteit Leiden gericht op de internationale islamitische milieubeweging. Haar onderzoek Globalized EcoIslam 2012 werd gefinancierd door het Leids Universitair Fonds en is online gepubliceerd. Tijdens dat onderzoek ontdekte zij dat er interessante raakvlakken bestaan tussen de islamitische financiële wereld en duurzame ontwikkeling. We zijn haar bijzonder erkentelijk dat ze 1 Het Kenniscentrum Religie en Ontwikkeling is een samenwerkingsverband van Cordaid , Dutch Consortium of Migrant Organisations, Edukans, ICCO Kerk in Actie, Islamic Relief NL, Mensen met een Missie, Seva Network Foundation en Stichting Oikos. 2 http://www.stichtingoikos.nl/onzetoekomst. De betreffende workshop was een samenwerking met het platform Sociale en Duurzame Economie. AMS: basisdocument versie 30 augustus 2013 2 deze uitdaging is aangegaan. Ze heeft meer tijd en denkkracht in deze verkenning gestoken dan waartoe ze contractueel verplicht was. Deze verkenning begeeft zich in de ruimte tussen drie verschillende werelden: de financiële wereld, de wereld van een sociale en duurzame transitie en een veelzijdige islamitische wereld. Elke wereld heeft een eigen taalveld, eigen begrippen en ook eigen netwerken. De verkenning is gebaseerd op interviews met mensen uit deze werelden en op (mede door hen) aangereikte literatuur. Ze heeft niet het karakter van een afgeronde studie, maar brengt wel raakvlakken in beeld, signaleert kansen en risico’s en misschien ook wel dilemma’s. We zijn benieuwd naar de reacties op deze verkenning. We zullen deze in conceptvorm eerst voorleggen aan een kleine kring van deskundigen, vooral mensen die in een eerdere fase een inbreng hebben gehad. Aannemende dat de hoofdlijn van het betoog stand houdt (zie de samenvatting), zullen het Kenniscentrum Religie en Ontwikkeling en het Platform DSE daarna bezien hoe deze verkenning kan worden ingebracht in de diverse gremia, zoals Economy Transformers, het Sustainable Finance Lab en Islamic Finance International. Utrecht, augustus 2013 David L. Renkema Coördinator Kenniscentrum Religie en Ontwikkeling AMS: basisdocument versie 30 augustus 2013 3 Inhoud 1 Inleiding: Islamitisch financieren als duurzaam alternatief? ........................................................... 6 1.1 Let’s Bank the Muslim Way? .................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Nederland: interesse en expertise ............................................................................................ 8 1.3 Relevantie: Islamitisch financieren als serieus alternatief? ..................................................... 9 1.4 Inhoud: doel, aanpak, doelgroep ........................................................................................... 10 1.5 Leeswijzer ............................................................................................................................. 11 2 In vogelvlucht: islamitisch financieren ......................................................................................... 14 2.1 Theorie: de kernprincipes ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Opkomst van de commerciële islamitische financiële sector ................................................ 15 2.3 Professionaliseringsslag ........................................................................................................ 17 2.4 Het ideaal en de (tegenvallende) praktijk .............................................................................. 17 2.5 Verwant terrein: religieuze gelden (zakat, sadaqa en waqf) .................................................. 18 3 Sociaal (verantwoord en ethisch) financieren .............................................................................. 20 3.1 Duurzaam, sociaal verantwoord of ethisch financieren ......................................................... 20 3.2 Sharia compliant én ethisch financieren: een vergelijking .................................................... 21 3.3 Toenadering: sociaal verantwoord islamitisch investeren (SRI-I) ........................................ 23 3.4 De praktijk: SRI en IF crossover, sociaal, weinig ecologisch ............................................... 24 3.5 De praktijk: tussen hulp en handel, religieuze gelden, microfinanciering ............................ 26 3.6 De praktijk: Green sukuk en oliedollars voor duurzame technologie.................................... 27 3.7 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................... 30 4 De financiële crisis en stabiliteit.................................................................................................... 32 4.1 De driefasen crisis: out in de derde ronde ............................................................................. 33 4.2 Empirische analyses .............................................................................................................. 34 4.3 Theoretische analyses ............................................................................................................ 34 4.4 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................... 39 5 Rente en het Geldstelsel ................................................................................................................ 40 5.1 Islamitische visies op rente (riba) ......................................................................................... 40 5.2 Visies op rente van ‘geldhervormers’(Positive Money) ........................................................ 41 5.3 Verwantschap in denken? .....................................................................................................
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