APW: Unit III: Early Modern World (1450 CE – 1750 CE) Chapter 23: TRANSOCEANIC ENCOUNTERS & GLOBAL CONNECTIONS 1. Survey 2. Read chapter and do “New to you” vocab (5-15 words you are unfamiliar with that are not strictly “historical” terms). 3. Take notes on the chapter that thoroughly answer the study guide questions. Be organized and make them “studyable”. 4. As you are taking your notes, complete your ID terms in the given format on index cards.

DUE: 2/4

Before 1500, there was considerable cross-cultural interaction between Europe and Asia and, to a lesser extent, with sub- Saharan Africa. With the voyages of discovery of the fifteenth century, these contacts accelerated and became global in reach. Russian adventurers built an empire that stretched across Eurasia, and they began to explore in the Pacific Ocean basin. Meanwhile, the Chinese and the Ottomans ventured into and explored the Indian Ocean basin. The impact of European contact on the previously isolated societies of the Americas and the Pacific Islands was profound and devastating and will be discussed in detail in Chapter 25. This chapter considers the motives and methods of European trade and exploration between the fifteenth and the eighteenth centuries. Some common themes of this era include: • Mixed motives. European explorers acted from a complex mix of greed, daring, and missionary zeal. Christian princes, such as Prince Henry of Portugal, and Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain, underwrote voyages to expand Christianity. Equally compelling were the profits to be made in the spice trade, especially if Arab intermediaries could be eliminated. • New technologies used in navigation. From Arab traders, the Portuguese borrowed the astrolabe and the cross staff and used these tools to determine their north/south position. Other new technologies included the magnetic compass, more flexible combinations of sails, improved shipbuilding, cannons, and more accurate navigational charts. • Adventure. Curiosity and a sense of adventure also drew Europeans out into the world. Between 1500 and 1800, European mariners charted the oceans, seas, and coasts of the entire globe. Important geographic questions were resolved: the circumference of the earth, the quest for a northwest passage across North America, and the patterns of winds and currents. • The Columbian Exchange. Contact with European diseases was a demographic catastrophe for the populations of the Americas and the Pacific Islands, who usually suffered 80 percent to 90 percent mortality within the first generation. The cross-cultural exchange was more beneficial for Europeans, who gained significant new food crops.

Historical Terms and Concepts to know Who, What, Where, When, Why, and So What?

1. Prince Henry 6. Afonso d’Alboquerque 11. Columbian Exchange 2. Vasco da Gama 7. Reconquista 12. Joint Stock Companies 3. Christopher Columbus 8. Cross staff 13. British East India 4. Ferdinand Magellan 9. Volta do mar Company 5. James Cook 10. Seven Years’ War 14. vaccination and small pox

Study Guide Questions

1. What specific motives prompted European overseas voyages? Of all these motives, which do you think took precedence? 2. What new knowledge and technologies enabled fifteenth-century mariners to make long overseas voyages? Where did much of this new technology originate? 3. What was Columbus’s goal in setting forth across the Atlantic in 1492? Was his voyage successful? 4. What was the significance of Magellan’s voyage of 1519-1522? What were some of the challenges for explorers of the Pacific Ocean? 5. What factors contributed to the dramatic economic growth and the ensuing population growth of Russia in the 28th Century? 6. What were some of the striking aspects of the battle for Hormuz, as recounted by Afonso d’Alboquerque (page 551)? What was the strategic importance of Hormuz? 7. How were the English and Dutch trading companies organized administered? How were these companies able to establish themselves in Asia? 8. Compare the Spanish conquest of the Philippines with the Dutch conquest of Indonesia. What kind of colony emerged in each case? 9. What factors led to the Seven Year’s War in the 18th century? What was the outcome, globally, of that conflict? 10. What were some of the positive aspects of the Columbian Exchange? What were some of the destructive aspects of this exchange? Give some specific examples. 11. Overall, what was the demographic impact (demography concerns the health and size of populations) of European contact with the New World?