1. Know the Eligibility Requirements
Flight Instructor
1. Know the Eligibility Requirements
Flight instructor applicants must be at least 18 years old, be able to read, speak, write and understand English, and hold either a commercial pilot certificate or an airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.
2. Update Your Medical Certificate
Since you must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate to begin flight instructor training, chances are good that you already have a validaviation medical certificate.
You'll need at least a 3rd class medical to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft while instructing, but in fact, a flight instructor is not required to have a current medical certificate if they aren't acting as pilot in command or performing duties of a required crewmember. Most instructors are eager to log PIC flight hours, though, and opt to maintain a valid medical certificate. This will also prevent you from having to turn away beginning students who cannot yet act as pilot in command. Regardless, you'll act as pilot in command during your checkride for the certified flight instructor certificate, so there's no reason to put it off if you don't already have one.
3. Take the FAA Written Exam and FOI
For the CFI certificate, there are two initial exams that you must take: The FOI (Fundamentals of Instruction) Exam, and the FAA Certified Flight Instructor Knowledge Exam. The FOI covers topics related to teaching, such as the learning process, effective teaching elements, training techniques, etc. You probably want to get a study guide for this, such asthis onefrom Gleim, just like the knowledge exam. The knowledge exam covers everything that you have learned up until this point, including all recreational, private and commercial topics, as well as instrument, multi-engine and high-performance topics. Almost any topic you can think of could be included.
4. Prepare Your Lesson Plans
It's best to prepare by using the same plans that you intend to use as an active instructor. Spend the time and energy on this part now and you'll be forever grateful to yourself. Print off drawing, charts, diagrams and anything that will aid in your discussion of a topic.Buy the cool gadgets, such as the miniature airplane or holding computer if you think it will help you explain a topic. Print off relevantadvisory circulars(ACs) and FAA safety briefings for each lesson if you think it will help your future students.
Don't forget to make sure your lesson plans include everything in the FAA Practical Test Standards (PTS) for each lesson. (For example, if the PTS references decision making, make sure you include a plan to evaluate the student's decision making during each flight or each lesson.)
5. Practice Instructing!
Your CFI training will most likely be with a more experienced instructor. If you haven't flown in a while, the beginning part of your training might be review. You'll practice all of the maneuvers up to PTS standards and make sure you're up to date with local area operations and FARs.
Most of your CFI training, however, will be from the right seat. You'll practice instructing your pretend student, demonstrating maneuvers, watching the "student" perform the same maneuvers and then evaluating and coaching the student. On the ground, you'll teach your instructor as you would a student on the different topics, and you'll brief and de-brief the student before and after each flight. You will, essentially, role-play until you're comfortable teaching anything and everything in multiple scenarios! Don't forget to use your lesson plans!
6. Take the Checkride!
Once you've mastered the new role as flight instructor, your instructor will sign you off for the checkride. Since you've taken checkrides before, you know what to expect -- for the most part. Be aware, however, that the CFI checkride is known to be the most grueling of all of them, and many instructors have endured multi-day checkrides (16 + hours!) before passing. There is a lot of material to cover, and some examiners like to cover each detail on the ground to ensure you're prepared. Others will cover a few items and, if satisfied, will move on to the flight. But don't skimp on anything. Be prepared as much as possible.
Remember, the examiner is testing to see what kind of instructor you'll be, so act professional at all times anddress appropriately. Pretend the examiner is a student and over-explain everything. Don't skimp on thesafety briefing, and don't let the examiner/student get away with doing anything illegal. Watch them closely!
Domestic Airlines Flights in India
The boom in aviation industry has led to rapid growth inDomestic Flightsin India. Cheap airfares, low costairline tickets, good connectivity and excellent in-flight service had altogether makeDomestic Airlinein India very popular in the recent time. Air Deccan, Air India, Alliance Air, GoAir, Indian Airlines, IndiGo, Jagson Airlines, JetLite, Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, Paramount Airways, SpiceJet, MDLR Airlines, Kingfisher Red and Jet Konnect are the Domestic Airlines flights operating in India. TheDomestic Airlinesoperate as Full Service Airlines and Low-Cost Carriers (LCC) as well. While Full ServiceAirlinesoperate flight to major cities in India, Low-Cost Carriers (LCC) mainly focus on second tier cities that are not usually covered by Full Service Airlines operating as Domestic Airlines. Introduced a couple of years back as a new concept by Domestic Airlines, Low cost Airlines offers attractivecheap airlines faresas low as the First Class and Second Class fares of Rajdhani Express. Few of theLow cost Airlineslike Kingfisher Red even serves complimentary meals to passengers on board. Get the details of Domestic Flights in India, and also know about flight schedule and fares of Low-Cost Carrier (LCC) as well as Full Service Airlines.
Freight forwarder
Overview of freight forwarding
Freight forwarding is a service industry that involves moving goods around the world on behalf of importers and exporters. Freight forwarders specialise in moving cargo. They also arrange customs clearance of goods, maintain all documentation, oversee cargo packing and will at times deal with the movement of dangerous goods.
This guide gives you information on the business of freight forwarding and identifies the key issues surrounding the moving of goods.
Customs and frontier controls
Organisations such as HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Rural Payments Agency have an interest in UK frontier or border controls. Many products crossing the UK frontier will be subject to some types of licensing and control - some products may be prohibited from entering at all.
One of a freight forwarder’s main functions is to arrange customs clearance of goods crossing the frontier. Freight forwarders can do this themselves, or subcontract it to a company that specialises in customs broking.
In order to provide customs services, the freight forwarder needs to have sufficient funds available to handle the bonds and guarantees required for duty and taxes payments. He or she also needs specific software that can communicate with theHMRCcentral computer. Nearly all theHMRCfunctions are now electronic, and special software for reporting and payments is necessary.
The UK Trade Tariff
The ‘Integrated Tariff of the United Kingdom’ sets out the duties and measures affecting the import, export, and transit of goods to and from the UK and consolidates UK-specific data with the European UnionTARICdata.
Find commodity codes and other measures applying to imports and exports by accessing our onlineUK Trade Tariff tool.
International trade documentation for freight forwarders
Documentation is a requirement in international trade and for moving goods. Well-ordered and accurate documents are essential for a freight forwarder and are required for a successful export order and receipt of payment for delivery. Freight forwarders need to know exactly what document is required and when.
When preparing to move goods, the freight forwarder must first receive clear instructions from the importer or exporter - ideally well in advance of the goods being moved. These should be in writing and can be done via email or fax. However, the shipper will often hand the paperwork over to the driver collecting the goods, which is standard practice for air freight. If any instructions are taken over the telephone, they should then be confirmed to the customer in writing to avoid any later problems.
Other documents that are provided by the importer or exporter include invoices, packing lists and licences. Responsibility for hazardous goods declarations also lies with the shipper.
Each mode of transport will have its own document of carriage, such as the:
· air waybill - for air freight
· bill of lading - for sea freight
· CMR consignment note - for road freight
The issuer of these documents may differ, but freight forwarders need to be familiar with them and their individual procedures.
Freight forwarders should also understand documents that relate to customs clearance at import and export.
Packing goods for export and deciding on packing materials to be used
Packing goods for export requires specialist knowledge and is a service that a freight forwarder can offer.
When deciding on packing for a piece of cargo, the freight forwarder needs to ensure that the goods are received in the same condition as when they left the consigner, warehouse or factory. They must also bear in mind the ease of handling, risks in transit and delivery and protection from unauthorised access and the environment. Customers should be advised - as early as possible - to consider the fragility of the goods and plan the packing for any specific risks in transit. Over-packing can add unnecessary costs that might incur extra costs on the product.
Wood used for packing is subject to international legislation. Many countries require phytosanitary - plant health - certifications to show that the wood has been fumigated. Countries such as China, New Zealand and Australia have very strict controls over the use of packing materials. Waste wood used in containers for securing cargo is also subject to the same regulations. Not being aware of this could prove costly if the container has to be returned to the port of origin for re-packing.
Freight forwarders also need to be aware of legislation over the safe disposal of the materials used for packing goods.
Freight forwarders’ regulations for moving dangerous goods
Transporting dangerous goods is covered by national and international legislation. A freight forwarder might not come into direct contact with the goods, even though they will be passing on the documents and instructions to those who are. The documents must be prepared accordingly and the goods must be packed appropriately.
Even if you decide not to handle consignments of dangerous goods, you need to recognise them if they are presented for carriage. There are many products that have a danger classification and it’s not always possible to know this from the name of the product. For more information see the guide onhazardous substances and the environment - the basics.
The manufacturer or shipper has the prime responsibility for correctly classifying, packing and documenting dangerous goods. However, if the freight forwarder is loading these items into containers or onto pallets, they should be aware of dangerous goods and each aspect surrounding their movement. The British International Freight Association (BIFA) runs specialist training courses on dangerous goods.View a list ofBIFAcourseson dangerous goods on theBIFAwebsite.
Each mode of transport has its own compliance requirements regulations. As multimodal transport specialists, forwarders are required to have a professional understanding that the carriage of dangerous goods is subject to compliance with national and international regulations including:
· Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations 2009 (CDG2009) which apply to the carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and internalEUwaterways
· European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road known asADRand incorporated intoCDG2009
· International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
· International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
Freight forwarders and cargo agents, packers and others involved in the preparation and shipping of dangerous goods must undergo recurrent training to ensure that their consignments are in compliance and will be quickly and easily accepted by airlines. You canread frequently asked questions on dangerous goodson the International Air Transport Association website.
In addition, those involved in international shipping need to be aware of safety and security requirements that now apply. In order to benefit from faster processing of your consignments, you should see the guide Economic Operator RegistrationEconomic Operator Registration and Identification (EORI) Scheme.