Solar Refrigerator
MAJOR
PROJECT
ON
SOLAR REFRIGERATOR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that has successfully completed his term work in SM-602 Project Work as per prescribed syllabus.
Submission date: -
H.O.D GUIDED BY:
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
PRINCIPAL
Acknowledgement
Ø We feel in great in presenting the report of our project “SOLAR REFRIGERETOR” which finds application in much modern equipment and system, this project is done in partial fulfillment of D.M.E. (Diploma in mechanical engineering) course at the
Ø We wish to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our guide professor. During our whole project work for his inspiration give to us and guidance showered open us. He was greatly helpful to us by solving all our queries and difficulties. We are also thankful to our head of the department of mechanical engineering
Ø Last but not we are thankful to and all out lecturers who showered upon there help and guidance during the project work and also our friends who always ready to help.
INDEX
SR.NO. / DESCRIPTION / PAGE NO.1 / INTRODUCTION / 1
2 / PROJECT PLANING / 14
3 / MARKET SARVEY / 17
4
5 / DETAILS / 19
6
7
8 / COSTING / 40
9
10
11
12
13
CHAPTER:-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Importance of project
1.2. Characteristics of Project
1.3. Objectives of project
1.1 Importance of project
The process of project work depends on intelligence, skills, creativity, and energy of group of student. Project work has been required studies of number of subject project work will provide an opportunity for coordination and integration of theory and practices a wide of cognitive skill and necessary in a technician.
The purpose of providing project work is to expose to problems and to introduce you to the procedures used to reach e efficient acceptable solution. By doing this you gain confidence in taking decision and taking problems project work will integrate and train the skill required by you in study.
1.2 Characteristics of Project:
The following are the main characteristics of the project:
1. OBJECTIVE :
A project has fixed set of objective have been achieved, the project cease to exit.
2. LIFE SPAN :
A project cannot continue endlessly. It has to come to an end what represents the end would normally be spelt out in the set of objective.
3. SINGLE ENTITY :
A project is one entity and is normally entrusted to one responsibility centre while the participants in the project are many.
4. TEAM WORK :
A project call for a team work the team is constituted of members belonging to different disciplines and organization.
5. LIFE CYCLE :
A project has life cycle, reflected by growth maturing and decay. It definitely has a learning component.
6.UNIQUENEESS:
No two projects are exactly similar, even if they are duplicated. The location, the infrastructure, the organics and the people make the project unique.
7.CHANGE :
A project sees many changes may not have any major impact. The can be some changes which with change the entire character or course of the project.
8.SUCCESSIVE PRINCIPLE :
What is going to happen during the life cycle of project is not fully known at any stage. The detail gets finalized successively with the passage of time.
9.MADE TO ORDER :
A project is always made to the order of its customer. The customer states various requirements and puts constraints within which the project must be executed.
10.UNITY OF DIVERSITY :
A project is a complex set of thousands of verities. The verities are in terms of technology, equipments and materials, machinery and people, work culture and ethics. But they remain inter related and unless this is so, it is not possible to complete the project successfully.
11.Risk AND UNCERTAINITY :
Every project has risk and uncertainty associated with it. The degree of risk and uncertainty depends on how the project is passed through its various life cycle phases. An ill defined project has high degree of risk and uncertainty.
1.3 Objectives of project:
The following are the main objective of project.
Ø Project work enables a student to work as a group. This is a very mush important in engineering fields.
Ø A student can developed his mind towards engineering field and they come to know various manufacturing techniques and processes.
Ø A student can develop good knowledge about various machines and equipments used for manufacturing of various parts.
Ø Each can develop his ability to plan a work and take appropriate decision.
Ø It develops confidence and creativity of thinking.
Ø It helps to arrive at creative solution of problem.
Ø Student can understand his own strength and limitations and try to improve it.
Ø Project is necessary to develop a leadership and work as a member of team.
Ø Maintain level of problem while dealing with engineering situation.
Ø Have a sense of purpose and pride of achievement for the project.
Ø Reliably work independently.
1.4 Aims of project work:
The course listed above can be achieved by designing suitable learning exercises in class room, laboratory, following aims could be achieved.
Ø To develop planning and decision making skills.
Ø To provide student with an opportunity to develop and demonstrative confident and ability to tackle problem and sprit of achievement.
Ø To provide with experience and practices to teaching problems, that they are likely to meet in industry.
Ø To integrate and reinforce skills required the students in separate subject.
Ø To provide interdisciplinary studies of the subject.
Ø To develop higher level skills for solution of project.
Ø To given student an opportunity to learn to keep good records and to presents an engineers and it can only achieved by practices.
Ø To present an excision and demanding of the student.
Ø To develop ability to work in team positively.
Ø To make up student mind not work individually but also to work in team.
Ø To get the knowledge of each student in various subjects which have been studied before
Ø To treat the students to make work project and to decide cost, time and its advantages themselves.
Ø The students can know work difficulties and right way of mending those difficulties.
Ø To develop leadership in students with help of project work.
Ø To develop the estimation of mechanical instruments prevailed in market.
Ø To develop unity in- group project.
CHAPTER:-2
PROJECT PLANNING
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Steps of project planning
PROJECT PLANNING
2.1 Introduction:
Planning of project is very important tasks and should be taken off with great care as the implementation of whole project largely depends on its planning saves the time, money, labor, which after all reduce cost of manufactures parts.
Project planning encourages an efficient output which completely meets the specification project selection along with material selection. In fact project planning is technique in which operation of all parts are analyzed and classified it includes.
ü Actual machining time.
ü Manipulation time.
ü Setting time, loading and unloading.
ü Economy.
2.2 Steps of Project Planning:
1. Selection of project
2. Market survey
3. Production capacity
4. Investment decision
5. Design and drawing
6. Selection of material
7. Selection machines, tools and equipments required.
8. Resource labor, transportations, loss of manufacturing.
9. Including material required process
10. Inventory planning
11. Process planning
12. Preparation of F.P.C & O.P.C
13. Coasting
14. Testing of project
15. Market response of project.
CHAPTER:-3
MARKET SURVEY
Market Survey
You need to check yourself a market prospect of the product selected by you before launch a venture. You should rely merely upon institution or here say to access the market prospect. A comprehension market study is must be specific advantage of such a study are.
ü It enables you to evaluate viability of an enterprise by arcing at a year estimate of seals.
ü It makes it possible for you to estimate scale and utilization of install capacity with reference propose enterprise.
ü You can judge weather proposed capacity is on higher and lower size.
ü It provident a preliminary input for the marketing strategy and process formulation or the enterprise (A market program is a set decision refried in a respect of various market related to issued it influents the market performance of an enterprise.)
Market survey is usually focused on gross market demands present and future. It typically highlights the gaps between expected market demand and supply in respect offer given product. Such a gap could be positive (demand exceed supply) and therefore favorable. The gap could be negative a favorable gap is does not guaranty market success for an enterprise a market success is and between of favorable demand supplies gap as well effective market program.
CHAPTER:-5
DETAILS
1. components used in project:
A. solar penal
B. standard refrigerator
C. heating coil
D. solar collector
Machinery Requirement
A. Machine:
o Hacksaw machine
o Drilling machine
o Welding machine
B. Equipments:
o Lathe machine tools & accessories.
o Drilling tools
o Cutting tool
o Bench wise
o Centre punch
C. Measuring Instruments:
o Vernier caliper
o Steel rule
o Measure tape
SOLAR ENERGY
ü Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaic’s (PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to boil water which is then used to provide power.
ü Solar power has the potential to provide over 1,000 times total world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided only 0.02% of the total that year.
ü Solar power is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all times, we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will and will not be available.
ü Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators have an element of thermal storage, such as molten salts.
ü These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which is made available overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity.
REFRIGERATOR
A typical refrigerator with its door open
Ø A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump—chemical or mechanical means—to transfer heat from it to the external environment, cooling the contents to a temperature below ambient.
Ø Cooling is a popular food storage technique in developed countries and works by decreasing the reproducton rate of bacteria. The device is thus used to reduce the rate of spoilage of foodstuffs.
Ø A device described as a "refrigerator" maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water; a similar device which maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer."
Ø The refrigerator is a relatively modern invention among kitchen appliances. It replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half prior. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an "icebox".
Solar powered refrigerator
Ø Solar-powered refrigerators are most commonly used in the developing world to help mitigate poverty and climate change.
Ø By harnessing solar energy, these refrigerators are able to keep perishable goods such as meat and dairy cool in hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines at their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage.
Ø The portable devices can be constructed with simple components and are perfect for areas of the developing world where electricity is unreliable or non-existent.
Ø Other solar-powered refrigerators were already being employed in areas of Africa which vary in size and technology, as well as their impacts on the environment.
Environmental Impacts of Refrigerators
Ø There is major environmental concern regarding conventional refrigeration technologies including contribution to ozone layer depletion and global warming.
Ø Refrigerators which contain ozone depleting and global warming substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), in their insulation foam or their refrigerant cycle are the most harmful.
Ø After CFC’s were banned in the 1980’s they were replaced with substances such as hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are ozone depleting substances and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs).
Ø Both are environmentally destructive as potential global warming chemicals.
Ø If a refrigerator is inefficient it will also contribute to global warming.
Ø The use of solar energy to power refrigeration strives to minimize the negative impacts refrigerators have on the.
History of Solar Refrigeration
Ø "In developed countries, plug-in refrigerators with backup generators store vaccines safely, but in developing countries, where electricity supplies can be unreliable, alternative refrigeration technologies are required”.
Ø Solar fridges were introduced in the developing world to cut down on the use of kerosene or gas-powered absorption refrigerated coolers which are the most common alternatives.
Ø They are used for both vaccine storage and household applications in areas without reliable electrical supply because they have poor or no grid electricity at all.
Ø They burn a liter of kerosene per day therefore requiring a constant supply of fuel which is costly and smelly, and are responsible for the production of large amounts of carbon dioxide.
Ø They can also be difficult to adjust which can result in the freezing of medicine.
Ø There are two main types of solar fridges that have been and are currently being used, one that uses a battery and more recently, one that does not.
Battery Supplemented Solar Refrigerator
Ø Traditionally solar-powered refrigerators and vaccine coolers use a combination of solar panels and lead batteries to store energy for cloudy days and at night in the absence of sunlight to keep their contents cool.
Ø These fridges are expensive and require heavy lead-acid batteries which tend to deteriorate, especially in hot climates, or are misused for other purposes.