Past Paper Questions for B451

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS FOR B451

DEVELOP SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

MAY, 2011

Creativity is a key concept in physical education for pupils who perform, coach or lead. Identify and describe two different examples of creativity in physical activities, either as a performer, coach or leader. Two marks for two from: Identify two examples of creativity

1. Trying out / improvise / different / alternative/ changing / experiment /practising new things /moves / skills / techniques trying out new positions. 2. Trying new tactics/strategies / new ways of communicating with players as an official / changes in coaching activities 3. Using your imagination in movement/skills

Description of these examples two marks for two from: 1. (Trying out / new) eg passing in netball

(trying out) new positions to view play as an official 1. (Trying new tactics) – eg using a new defensive formation in basketball 2. (Imagination) – eg a new floor routine in gymnastics

JUNE 2012

22) Creativity is a key concept in Physical Education. Identify three other concepts in PE, giving an example for each (6)

6 marks from: 1. Competence 2. (Practical example) to be able to do / carry out a physical activity to be able to cope with physical activity / to link skill and tactics and physical/mental fitness to be able to participate. 3. Performance 4. (Practical example) to be effective in physical activity / to be successful / to use physical competence and understanding to be effective. 5. Healthy, active lifestyle / to be healthy/active 6. (Practical example) (to understand the) importance of health and fitness / to try to be healthier / fitter to lead a healthy/active lifestyle / following a balanced diet / exercising regularly

JUNE 2013

23) Identify three key processes in Physical Education (3) 1. Developing skills/techniques 2. Decision making 3. Physical and mental capacity 4. Evaluating/improving 5. Making informed choices (about active/healthy lifestyles).

JUNE 2014 16) Identify three fundamental motor skills and describe how the performance of each might be analysed (3)

1. Running analysed by how far or time or style or method or distance 2. Throwing analysed by how far or by distance or accuracy or style/method 3. Jumping analysed by how far or by distance / height or accuracy or style/method 4. Kicking analysed by how far or by end result / effectiveness or accuracy or style/method/how hard (in kick boxing) 5. Catching - analysed by end result / effectiveness or accuracy or style/method/reflex time 6. Hitting analysed by how far or by distance / accuracy / end result / or style/method or how fast (serve in tennis)/or how hard (in boxing)

17) Identify the four key concepts in Physical Education (4) Four marks for four from: 1. Competence / e.g. in hockey you need to learn how to stop and hit the ball 2. Performance / e.g. if you are in the school netball team then you would probably be able to run fast over a short distance and change direction well 3. Creativity / e.g. you might try different techniques in the long jump 4. Healthy/active lifestyles / e.g. if you participate regularly in a team sport like volleyball you are more likely to be healthy

DECISION MAKING

MAY 2010

23) Give three reasons why it is important for all those involved in a physical activity to abide by rules and codes of behaviour (3)

1 To prevent injury/less dangerous 2 For fair play/so that the activity/game can be played fairly effectively/flowing 3 So all can enjoy the activity 4 Important to establish so that all participants know what is expected of them when playing a particular sport or engaging in exercise and physical activities/following role model behaviour 5 So that behaviour is socially acceptable (in a particular culture) to have good control 6 To show respect to those around you/well mannered/to care about the well-being of others/sportsmanship/good etiquette/respect 7 To not be disqualified/sent off/fined 8 To not let your team mates down/give them a bad name

25) Identify a role as either a referee or an umpire in a physical activity of your choice and describe what is involved in performing one of these roles (6)

1 To move/run around/get exercise 2 Need to concentrate/watch the game (carefully)/ignore distractions 3 To keep the score 4 Communicates well to other officials/participants 5 To gain qualifications/badges/awards 6 Ensure all keep to the rules of the game 7 Let the game run smoothly/keep the flow of the game 8 Good knowledge of rules and regulations/use of rules 9 Ensure fairness for all players/participants/make honest decisions be consistent 10 Make (firm) decisions/decisions under pressure/give punishments 11 Could help to organise a competition or physical activity 12 The referee/umpire etc, with a whistle, takes charge of a match/controls 13 Need to work with other officials, eg in football with the help of two assistant referees 14 Can keep a check on the time/timekeeper

JANUARY, 2011

20) Decision making is an important key process in physical education. Describe two examples of decisions that might be made in each of the following roles (6) – Performer, Coach and Official

(i) Performer Two marks for two from: Max of 2 marks for 2 separate decisions for a performer 1. 1st example of a decision made by a performer, eg to pass the ball in rugby 2. 2nd example of a decision made by a performer, eg to shoot the ball in netball

(ii) Coach or leader Two marks for two from: Max of 2 marks 2 separate decisions for a leader/coach 1. 1st example of a decision made by a coach/leader, eg Deciding to have a time out in basketball 2. 2nd example of a decision made by an coach/leader, eg substituting a player in a hockey match

(iii) Official Two marks for two from: Max of 2 marks for 2 separate decisions for an official 1. 1st example of a decision made by an official, eg indicating that a player is offside in football 2. 2nd example of a decision made by an official, eg indicating the time as a table official in basketball

22) Identify four different fundamental motor skills and describe why each one is important in physical activities (4)

Four marks for four from: (Sub max one for 4 i/d’s only) 1. Running – eg need to run well to throw further in the javelin 2. Throwing – need to throw well to score highly in javelin 3. Jumping – need to jump as a follow through in javelin 4. Kicking – need to kick to pass the ball in football 5. Catching – need to catch as wicket keeper to get batsman out 6. Hitting – need to hit to strike the ball in rounders to score 23) Give three reasons why it is important to show sportsmanship when participating in physical activities. (3)

Three marks for three from: 1. To play fairly/to be fair/to be generous/to show etiquette/good manners/show gratitude/maintain a positive mental attitude/feel good about yourself 2. So that you can stick to the rules 3. To stop/avoid injury or collision or danger/concern for the well-being of your opponent 4. To show respect for your opponent/be friendly 5. To ensure that everyone can play the game/to have a good game/let the game flow/help the referee/prevents anger or aggression 6. To make it more enjoyable as a spectator/to watch 7. To avoid arrogance/showing off/so that others will see you in a good light/to get praise/status/recognised as a fair team/otherwise you may be seen as cheating 8. You may not be selected if not shown/could be banned 9. To be a good role model/encourages other to show good sportsmanship. MAY, 2011

Give three examples of etiquette when participating in physical activities. three marks for three from: (reward specific examples)

1. Shaking hands with opponents/showing respect 2. Thanking officials 3. Never argue/disagree with officials respect officials 4. Never swear/be abusive 5. Do not stretch/bend rules to your advantage 6. Always sticking to the rules 7. Lose gracefully/congratulate opponents who beat you 8. If you hurt someone then showing concern 9. Sharing resources/facilities/equipment 10. Do not over-celebrate when you win/do not show arrogance 11. Replacing weights or equipment after use / wiping your sweat off exercise equipment 12. Any other acceptable and relevant example of etiquette 13. Three cheers at the end of a game

JUNE 2012

20) Describe what is meant by sportsmanship when participating in physical activities (6)

6 marks from: 1. To play fairly / to play by the rules and the spirit of the game / not cheating/ no fouling eg does not handle the ball in football as an outfield player. 2. To show respect/politeness to others / not swearing eg thanking your opponents/shake hands 3. To show appreciation to officials / eg thanking them at the end of the game / shake hands with officials 4. Never argue / disagree with officials /be polite with officials / eg always getting on with the game 5. Do not stretch/bend rules to your advantage / no gamesmanship / not deliberately injuring someone eg playing to the spirit of the game 6. Lose gracefully / eg congratulate opponents who beat you 7. If you hurt someone then showing concern / eg if accidentally hurt someone stopping to help rather than carrying on 8. Do not over-celebrate when you win /do not show arrogance / not to brag if you win 9. Any other acceptable and relevant descriptions and example of sportsmanship or etiquette

JUNE 2013

25) Using practical examples, explain the importance of abidng by the rules and the importance of etiquette when participating in physical activity (6)

Indicative content– Examples might include: 1. Sportsmanship with examples: 2. Shaking hands with opponents/showing respect 3. Thanking officials 4. Never argue/disagree with officials respect officials 5. Never swear/be abusive 6. Do not stretch/bend rules to your advantage 7. Always sticking to the rules 8. Lose gracefully/congratulate opponents who beat you 9. If you hurt someone then showing concern 10. Sharing resources/facilities/equipment 11. Do not over-celebrate when you win/do not show arrogance 12. Replacing weights or equipment after use/wiping your sweat off exercise equipment 13. Three cheers at the end of a game. Rules and etiquette important because: 14. Fairness or fair play 15. Avoiding the consequences (sending off) of rule breaking 16. Prevents injury 17. Prevents aggression/violence 18. Can be fun/enjoyable/you can appreciate it 19. Encourages respect 20. Game can continue/be flowing/be effective–otherwise will not be a good game/activity 21. Ethical/moral implications. 22. Being a role model/others may copy PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CAPACITY

SPECIMEN PAPER

17) Explain how flexibility can influence a healthy, balanced lifestyle (3)

- Ensures good mobility - Less likely to have an injury - Can enable you to be involved in physical activity / more options

JANUARY, 2010

17) Give a practical example of a warm up activity and explain why a warm up is important before exercise (4) 1 mark for an appropriate warm up

3 marks for 3: Increase temperature To improve performance/technique Prepare body for action Raise Heart Rate Rehearse skills Mentally prepare Delay lactic acid To increase flexibility Reduce risk of injury Improve speed Raise oxygen uptake

MAY 2010

18) Describe a cool down exercise and explain why you should cool down after physical activity (4)

Description: Description of a suitable cool down exercise, eg jogging around the pitch in hockey after a game, followed by some sretching exercises mobilising the main muscle groups.

Explanation: Three marks max. One mark for each correct response. 1 (To speed up) remove/get rid of lactic acid/waste products 2 Decreases risk of injury/pulling muscle 3 Decreases risk of muscle soreness/cramp/stiffness 4 Prevent blood pooling 5 Prevent feeling tired 6 Gradually decrease heart rate/blood pressure 7 Gradually decrease body temperature 8 Gradually decrease breathing rate/to stop feeling dizzy/faint/sick 9 Psychological benefits/makes you calm down

MAY, 2011

Describe an effective warm up in a physical activity of your choice. Five marks for five from:

1. Raise pulse/heart rate/jogging. 2. Increasing body/muscle temperature 3. Stretch for at least 10+ seconds per main muscle group/ per stretch 4. Stretch main muscle groups / those muscles specifically going to be used / use flexibility or stretching exercises. 5. Stretch all main muscle groups/those muscles specifically going to be used (2nd example) 6. Steady breathing/keep control/calm 7. To include exercise movements that emulate the ‘real game ‘ situation 8. Use of skill drills/practising techniques/shots 9. Incremental work rate in warm up/start slow and build up work ready for game/competition 10. Mental preparation

JANUARY, 2012

Give an example of a cool down exercise and explain why it is important to cool down following physical activity. (4)

1. (To speed up) remove or get rid of lactic acid or waste products 2. Decreases / prevents risk of injury or pulling a muscle 3. Decreases risk of muscle soreness or cramp or stiffness/ delays onset of muscle soreness / DOMS 4. Prevent blood pooling 5. Prevent feeling tired or fatigued 6. Gradually decrease/maintain heart rate/ blood pressure 7. Gradually decrease / maintain body temperature 8. Gradually decrease / maintain / regulates breathing rate 9. To stop you feeling dizzy or faint or sick 10. Psychological benefits or makes you calm down/relax or lower anxiety.

JUNE 2012

21) Give an example of a warm up activity and explain why a warm up is important when participating in a physical activity (5)

1 mark for an example of a cool down, eg. (Slow) jogging; stretching etc..

(Explain importance of a cool-down) 4 marks from: 1. (To speed up) remove or get rid of lactic acid or waste products 2. Decreases / prevents risk of injury or pulling a muscle 3. Decreases risk of muscle soreness or cramp or stiffness/ delays onset of muscle soreness / DOMS 4. Prevent blood pooling 5. Prevent feeling tired or fatigued 6. Gradually decrease/maintain heart rate/ blood pressure 7. Gradually decrease / maintain body temperature 8. Gradually decrease / maintain / regulates breathing rate 9. To stop you feeling dizzy or faint or sick 10. Psychological benefits or makes you calm down/relax or lower anxiety.

JANUARY 2013

16) Identify three fundamental motor skills and describe how each is measured (3)

Three marks for three from: 1. Running–measured by time/speed or how far 2. Throwing–measured by distance or accuracy or how far 3. Jumping–measured by distance/height or how far 4. Kicking–measured by end result/effectiveness/accuracy or how far or distance 5. Catching–measured by end result/effectiveness 6. Hitting–measured by distance/accuracy/end result/ how far. JUNE 2014

21) Describe five different examples of decision making that might be made by a performer in a physical activity (5)

Five marks for five relevant practical examples of decision making by a performer:

For example: 1. A hockey player deciding to pass to the winger 2. A basketball player deciding to shoot rather than pass 3. A netball player deciding to mark an opponent closely 4. A member of an exercise class deciding to sit-out during a difficult routine 5. A gym member decides to increase the weights during a weight training session 6. Deciding whether to stop if injured / too tired 7. Deciding on appropriate equipment / clothing / foot wear 8. Deciding type of warm up/immediate preparation EVALUATING AND IMPROVING

SPECIMEN PAPER

22) Explain how you would assess someone’s readiness for cardiovascular exercise and flexibility so that they can participate in physical activities. (6)

- Investigate about health / fitness history and current health - Investigate reasons for programme - Observe the subject - Use a suitable test to establish levels of fitness - Describe CV test - Describe flexibility test - Medical checks / blood pressure - Use of tests to motivate - JANUARY, 2010

16) Other than being aesthetic, identify two other characteristics of skilful movement, giving a practical example for each (4)

- Efficient / effortless - Pre-determined - Consistent - Co-ordinated - Confidant - Fluent / flowing / smooth - Success, technical, more likely to win - Learned

24) One way of assessing the body’s readiness for exercise is through health screening. Identify three other ways of assessing the body’s readiness to perform (3)

- Fitness tests - BMI - CV tests – Cooper run/ MSFT / Harvard Step - Strength test – dynamometer test - Muscular Endurance – sit up test - Speed Test – 30m sprint test - Agility / Balance / Co-ordination test - Flexibility test – sit and reach test - Power test – standing broad jump - Questionnaires - Visual assessment

25) Describe how you would evaluate and help to improve someone’s performance in a physical activity (6)

EVALUATE:

- Observe / watch performance - Time / take measurements of performance - Identify strengths and weaknesses - Assess against previous targets - Use peer assessment - Self assessments - Fitness tests

IMPROVEMENTS:

- Goal setting - Encourage - Punish if failure - Show role models - Set practises / teach skills / techniques - Monitor progress - Educate them - Improve fitness - Improve psychological readiness

MAY 2010

16) Describe three characteristics of a skilful movement (3)

1 Efficiency/economic/effortless – (eg no wasted energy when hitting a ball in tennis) 2 Pre-determined – (eg the gymnast knows her routine well before she starts) 3 Co-ordinated – (eg the footballer can jump and do a ‘bicycle kick’ successfully) 4 Fluent/fluid/smooth– (eg the rugby player picks up the ball and passes in one flowing movement) 5 Aesthetic (eg the netball player shoots the ball using the correct technique that looks good) 6 Being creative (eg a footballer can disguise a pass) 7 Successful/good technique (eg a basketballer shows the correct shooting technique 8 Controlled (eg a volleyball player controls a dig) 9 Perform at speed (eg a netball player passes with speed) 10 Consistent (eg a tennis player serves well every time she serves) 11 Learned (eg a trampolinist learns a new technique of somersault) 12 Confident (eg a cricketer shows confidence when playing a forward defensive shot)

17) Describe, using practical examples, performance and outcome goal setting when trying to improve performance in a physical activity (6)

Performance:

1 Performance relates to techniques/skills/how well you carry out skills 2 Suitable practical example, eg set a goal to improve my forehand in tennis 3 Performance also relates to strategies/making the right decision at the right time 4 Eg set a goal to work on when to use the dummy pass in rugby

Outcome: 5 Outcome relates to the result of an activity 6 Eg goal is to win all the remaining home games in netball 7 Outcome also relates to how others rate your performance/judged 8 Eg to score a high mark for the gymnastic floor routine

Other factors: 1 Both can be motivating 2 Eg setting a goal to improve your personal best in Athletics 3 Make your goals relevant/achievable 4 Eg In Netball scoring 9 out of 10 shots/goals

22) Describe how you would use the body mass index to assess a young person’s readiness for exercise (4)

1 To indicate how fit you are 2 To recognise that they are overweight 3 Indicates how much exercise should be done/need for an exercise programme 4 This is a measurement of your weight (kg)/weigh them 5 Divided by your height (m)/measure their height 6 Compare score to national norms/check against BMI chart/graph 7 Age/body composition is another variable/factor 8 High score then overweight/undesirable/a BMI greater than 25 indicates being overweight 9 A score between 18-25 more desirable 10 Over 40 a serious health risk 11 30 indicates obesity (in adults)/health risk 12 BMI should not be the only measure for readiness to exercise 13 Should not be used to assess those who are pregnant/highly trained athletes

JANUARY, 2011

21) Describe five characteristics of skilful movement. (5)

Five marks for five from: - each must be described rather than named (if named correctly but no description then three marks max) 1. Skilful movement is learned/comes about after practice/training 2. Efficient – they only perform using necessary movements/no waste of energy/ (seemingly) effortless 3. Consistent/(often) successful/good player/effective 4. Pre-determined – they know what they are trying to achieve 5. Co-ordinated/controlled/movements are linked well together/does the right thing at the right time 6. Fluent – one move flows into another/smoothly 7. Aesthetic – the movement looks good 8. Confident – the performer has a positive approach/thinks they will do well 9. Follows correct model/accurate/correct technique

MAY, 2011

Give three practical examples that show different characteristics of skilful movement in physical activities. (Max of one mark if no practical examples) Practical examples showing:

1. Efficiency -serve was efficient in tennis without wasting energy 2. Pre-determined - knowing what you want to do before you pass the ball 3. Co-ordinated /agile/good timing -linking the movements together/co-ordinated for a smooth discuss throw 4. Fluent -movement of trampoline routine shows fluency/flow/smooth movements 5. At speed -the volleyball player gets to the ball quickly 6. Aesthetic - the smash in badminton looked good 7. Good technique/accuracy/successful - the netball shot showed good shooting technique 8. Controlled - the tackle in rugby took the player down within the rules 9. Confidence - the goalkeeper was confident in winning the ball when tackling the player 10. Skilful movement is learned -the required footwork is learned to effectively perform the shot putt 11. Consistent - the tennis serve is nearly always in

Health screening is important in assessing the body’s readiness for exercise. Identify and describe two health screening methods in assessing readiness for exercise. Four marks for four from: two max for i/d (odd numbers) and two max for appropriate (simple) description (even numbers)

1. Body mass index / BMI 2. This is a measure of body composition/weight divided by height squared / measuring height and weight/ indicates under weight/overweight 3. Blood pressure (measure) 4. Use an instrument/sphygmomanometer/ healthy or unhealthy values/levels in a correct range 5. Cholesterol (measure) 6. Test to show how much cholesterol in blood 7. Glucose/sugar levels 8. Test to show the level of glucose in blood 9. (Resting) heart rate 10. Take the pulse/heart rate using stethoscope or by pressing the radial/carotid artery – count how many beats per unit of time - values 11. Hydration 12. Testing the water content of the body 13. Flexibility 14. Testing the flexibility of joints/sit and reach test 15. Questionnaires/medical history/interview 16. Asking about lifestyle/behaviour (for an analysis) 17. Skinfold measurements 18. Measures fat (coverage) 19. Other appropriate health measures 20. With suitable description

JANUARY 2012

Describe four characteristics of skilful movement. (4)

1. Efficient/economic/effortless 2. Pre-determined/knows what is needed/what they are doing/goal directed/knowing how you are going to win/predictable 3. Consistent – being successful repeatedly 4. Co-ordinated/control 5. Confident by knowing what they are doing 6. Fluent/flowing/smooth 7. Aesthetic/looks good/pleasing to the eye 8. Successful / accurate / follows technical model/more likely to beat an opponent / effective 9. Learned by showing improvement

Describe suitable tests for speed and flexibility.

1. (speed) eg 30 metre sprint test or sprint test (any distance) 2. (speed) Description to include marking the distance and timing the run 3. (flexibility) eg the sit and reach test 4. (flexibility) Description to include (keeping the legs straight) and reaching forward as far as possible or using a ‘sit and reach box’ to measure.

JUNE 2012

19) Describe how you would use the Body Mass Index to assess a persons readiness for exercise (4)

4 marks from: 1. To indicate how ‘fit/healthy’ you are 2. To recognise that they are overweight / if they are obese / how much fat/recognise that they are underweight/recognise correct weight 3. Indicates how much exercise should be done/need for an exercise programme / setting goals/ indicates what activities should not be done 4. This is a measurement of your weight (kg)/weigh them 5. Divided by your height (m)/measure their height 6. Compare score to national norms/check against BMI chart/graph 7. Age/body composition/muscle mass is another variable/factor 8. Low score (below 18) indicates underweight or weakness 9. High score then overweight/undesirable/a BMI greater than 25 indicates being overweight 10. A score between 18-25 more desirable 11. Over 40 a serious health risk 12. 30(+) indicates obesity (in adults)/health risk 13. BMI should not be the only measure for readiness to exercise 14. Should not be used to assess those who are pregnant/highly trained athletes

JANUARY 2013

18) Health screening is often used to assess whether someone is ready to exercise. Identify and describe three methods of health screening (6)

1. Body mass index/BMI 2. This is a measure of body composition/weight divided by height (squared) weight/find out if overweight or obese or underweight 3. Blood pressure (measure) 4. Use an instrument/sphygmomanometer or check levels/whether high or low 5. Cholesterol/blood test (if not given in pt 7) 6. Test to show how much or level of cholesterol in blood 7. Glucose /blood test (if not given in pt 5)/urine test 8. Test to show how much or level of glucose in blood or urine 9. (Resting)heart rate 10. Take the pulse/heart rate using stethoscope or by pressing the radial/carotid artery–count how many beats per unit of time 11. Water content/hydration test 12. Colour of urine 13. Flexibility 14. Testing the flexibility of joints/sit and reach test 15. Questionnaires/lifestyle/PARQ/family/medical history 16. Asking about lifestyle/behaviour (for an analysis) or health problems 17. Skinfold measurements 18. Measures fat (coverage).

JUNE 2013

16) Using practical examples, describe three different characteristics of skilful movement (3)

Practical examples showing: 1. (Efficiency) eg serve was efficient in tennis without wasting energy 2. (Pre-determined) eg knowing what you want to do before you pass the ball 3. (Co-ordinated/agile) eg linking the movements together/co-ordinated for a smooth discus throw or eg a bicycle kick in football completed successfully 4. (Fluent) eg movement of trampoline routine shows flow/smooth movements 5. (At speed) eg the volleyball player gets to the ball quickly 6. (Aesthetic) eg the smash in badminton looked good or making a dive look effortless 7. (Good technique) eg the netball shot showed good shooting technique 8. (Controlled) eg the tackle in rugby took the player down within the rules 9. (Confidence) eg the goalkeeper was confident in winning the ball when tackling the player 10. (Skilful movement is learned) eg the required footwork is learned to effectively perform the shot putt 11. (Consistent) eg the tennis serve is nearly always in 12. (Creativity) eg 18) Other than health screening, identify and explain three different ways to test a persons readiness for exercise (6)

19) Explain why it is important to cool down after physical activity (4) 1. (To speed up) remove or get rid of lactic acid or waste products 2. Decreases/ prevent risk of injury or pulling a muscle 3. Decreases/ prevent risk of muscle soreness or cramp or stiffness or relaxes muscles 4. Prevent blood pooling 5. Prevent feeling tired or fatigued/ recover quicker 6. Gradually decrease heart rate/blood pressure/maintain blood pressure 7. Gradually decrease body temperature 8. Gradually decrease breathing rate 9. To stop you feeling dizzy or faint or sick 10. Psychological benefits or makes you calm down or lowers anxiety.

22) Using practical examples, describe why speed and strength are important components of fitness in physical activity (4) (speed) 1. Have good reactions/be able to respond quickly or to be able to run/move fast to catch someone or to chase after something or to be able to get jobs done quickly/efficiently 2.Eg To run quickly and win a sprint race.

(strength) 3. To be able to lift or carry effectively or to be able to overpower an opponent or to be able to support your body weight well 4. Eg To lift the heaviest weight in a power-lifting competition.

24) Explain why activities like pilates and yoga can be effective exercise techniques for a healthy lifestyle (4)

1. Good for (overall/holistic) fitness/keeps you active 2. Good for muscular endurance 3. Suitable for all ages/abilities/both sexes 4. Is (usually) a safe way of exercising 5. Can be done at own pace/is non-competitive 6. Can be done at home/no need for expensive/complex equipment 7. Can be good for core/strength/power 8. Good for agility or co-ordination or balance 9. Keeps you supple or flexible/ stretches muscles 10. Prevents injury 11. Good for the mind/mental health/(yoga) has spiritual dimension/keeps you positive or happy or enjoyable/relaxed/less stressed 12. Can be sociable/can make friends.

JUNE 2014 18) Using practical example, describe how three characteristics of skilful movement can be used to judge the quality of performance (6)

Six marks for six from: 1. e.g. no wasted energy when hitting a ball in cricket 2. - shows level of efficiency/economic/effortless 3. e.g. the trampolinist knows her routine well before she starts 4. – shows that movement is pre-determined 5. e.g. the volleyball player can jump and ‘spike’ successfully 6. – shows movement is coordinated/good timing 7. e.g. the rugby player picks up the ball and passes in one flowing movement 8. – shows that movement is fluent/fluid/smooth 9. e.g. the basketball player shoots the ball using the correct technique that looks good 10. – shows how aesthetic the movement is 11. e.g. a rugby player can disguise a pass 12. – shows being creative 13. e.g. a netball player shows the correct shooting technique 14. – shows how successful/accurate/good technique the skill is 15. e.g. a tennis player controls a smash that goes in 16. – shows how controlled the skill is 17. e.g. a lacrosse player passes with speed 18. – shows whether the skill can be performed at speed 19. e.g. a squash player serves well every time she serves 20. – shows how consistent the skill is 21. e.g. a gymnast learns a new technique of somersault 22. – shows how well learned the skill is 23. e.g. a hockey player shows confidence when shooting at goal 24. – shows how confident the player is

22) Flexibility is a component of fitness. Identify four other components of fitness (4)

Four marks for four from: 1. Cardiovascular endurance/cardiovascular fitness or stamina 2. Muscular endurance 3. Speed 4. Strength 5. Agility 6. Power

ACTIVE, HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

SPECIMEN PAPER

16) Identify four reasons why it is important to follow an active, healthy lifestyle (4)

- To exercise for long periods of time - Positive physiological adaptations - To be able to recover quicker - To live longer / to be healthy / avoid illness - To make friends / socialise - To feel better / emotional benefits / enjoyment

18) Describe four possible measures or indicators of a person’s health and well-being (4)

- Satisfaction with life - Frequency of positive and negative feelings - Frequency of feelings - Access to green space - Level of participation in other activities - Positive mental health

19) What are the negative effects on health of illegal blood doping (3)

- Injection site / risk of AIDS - Increase in blood pressure - Heart problems - Kidney problems

21) Discuss why old age might affect participation in physical activity (6)

- Health reasons / injury / disability - Lack of ability / Lack of confidence - Discrimination - Loss of self esteem - Other pressures from other interests - Lack of role models - Lack of appropriate facilities - Inadequate provision - Poor transport

23) Giving an example, explain why carbohydrates are so important for those who participate in an active, healthy lifestyle (3)

- Provides energy release - Used as a fuel for cell respiration - Carbo loading

24) Analyse reasons why teenagers often give up on participating in physical activity and following an active, healthy lifestyle (6) - Health reasons / injury - Disability - Discrimation - Peer pressure - Cultural / religious factors - Other pressures - Lack of confidence - Lack of parental support - Lack of opportunity - JANUARY, 2010

21) Describe circuit training (5)

- Series of exercises / different exercises - Each exercise has its own repetitions - A whole circuit can be repeated - There may be a time limit - Body weight is the main resistance - Different muscles groups can be used - Can use skills - Time / score can be recorded - Periods of rest between stations

22) One of the measures or indicators of health and well being is access to green space – in other words open spaces for exercise. Identify three other measures or indicators of health and well being (3)

- Satisfaction with life - Frequency of positive feelings - How active you are - How well you look after yourself - Self pride / self esteem - Friendships - Heath screening aspects - Confidence - Fitness tests - Good sleep patterns - Questionnaires - Not being poor 23) Explain how vitamins and minerals contribute to our health (4)

VITAMINS:

- Prevent infections / illness - Help to produce energy - Helps with metabolism

MINERALS:

- Needed for strong / healthy bones - Essential for blood / helps carry oxygen - Essential for effective growth

MAY 2010

19) Explain the effects of under eating on performance and participation in physical activity (4)

1 Causes muscle weakness/harder to do things 2 Performance/speed/stamina/participation decreases or example of this decrease 3 Loss/lack of energy available/tiredness/low blood sugar/dizziness/nausea/faint 4 Causes weight loss that may decrease strength/mobility/power 5 May feel embarrassed/low self esteem 6 More illness/disease 7 Not having a healthy diet/loss of vitamins/minerals 8 Slows growth and development/weaker bones/more prone to injury 9 Slows recovery after exercise/after illness 10 Loss of motivation/lethargy/not alert/slow reactions

21) Describe the main benefits of a healthy, active lifestyle (5)

1 Physical health/not getting ill/less prone heart disease/other diseases 2 Less prone to injury 3 Live longer 4 Components of physical fitness improving/keep fit 5 Mental health/feel good/happy/positive feelings 6 Image/self esteem/confident/feel good about yourself 7 Enjoyment/as a hobby 8 Social/friendship 9 Sense of achievement 10 Can be active/get involved/keep doing physical activities / be good at an activity/can cope with demands of everyday life 11 Not getting tired easily/offsets fatigue 12 Avoids obesity/being overweight 13 Avoids being underweight anorexic

JANUARY, 2011 19) Performance enhancing drugs are used by some performers to try and gain an advantage over their opponents. Describe the effects of performance enhancing drugs on the performer. (4)

Four marks for four from: (Positive effects) 1. Can increase levels of performance/play better 2. More strength/builds muscle 3. Have more energy/can last longer/recover faster/more stamina/train at greater intensity/be fitter 4. Mask injury/can endure injury/pain better 5. Increased speed/power 6. Increase in red blood cells/increase in O2 availability 7. Reduce weight 8. Control anxiety/calms/relaxes 9. Lowers heart rate 10. Speeds reactions/more alert/better concentration 11. Increases confidence

(Negative effects) 1. Withdrawal symptoms if you stop 2. High blood pressure 3. Skin problems/acne 4. More aggression/rage 5. Addiction/you can’t help but take them/a habit 6. Anxiety/depression/lower self-esteem 7. Can lead to being banned/fined/disqualified 8. Labelled as a cheat by others/others have low opinion of you 9. Can affect gender characteristics/males get female characteristics/females get male characteristics 10. Heart disease/blood clots/kidney/internal organ damage/poor health/die 11. Infections/AIDS 12. Infertility 13. Dehydration 14. leads to more injury 15. Lack of concentration/slower reactions

24) Speed is an important component of fitness. Explain, using four different practical examples, how speed can help in the performance of physical activities.(4)

Four marks for four from: must use practical examples (max of two marks if no examples) 1. To beat your opponent in a race, eg in a sprint race 2. Get away from your opponent eg a striker running away from a defender in football 3. To get to the ball or location before your opponent, eg winning the ball in a hockey match 4. To be able to put skills into operation quickly/make skills quick/effective, eg quickly perform the smash in tennis 5. Can hit or strike with more force/makes things/projectiles go faster, eg the quicker the run-up and arm action the quicker the ball will travel when bowling in cricket 6. You can receive the ball more effectively/you can prepare to receive/respond, eg you can get in position to

25*) Describe the main characteristics of a balanced, healthy lifestyle. (6) Indicative content – (Describe the main characteristics of a balanced, healthy lifestyle) 1. Active/regular exercise (better candidates will give values and best according to age/abilities)/able to do everyday tasks/fitness/feel energised 2. Healthy/lack of illness/balanced diet (better candidates will give components/positive-negative energy balance) 3. Hydration/regular water intake (better candidates will state how much and when according to the task/s) 4. Limited/non-use of alcohol (better candidates will give details about units per day) 5. No smoking 6. No (illegal)drug taking 7. Feeling good about yourself/high self-esteem 8. Being optimistic/cheerful/good outlook on life/satisfied with life/enjoyment/happiness 9. Lack of stress/minimises stress/anxiety/work – life balance 10. Helping others/having good or positive relationships/having friends/a balanced social life 11. Working hard/having a purpose/a focus in life 12. (Regular) access to green space/good/healthy environment 13. Get enough/right amount of sleep 14. Having appropriate BMI/weight

MAY, 2011

Describe the characteristics of a balanced diet. six marks for six from:

1. Eating the right amount (for energy expended) / the right amount of calories /eating according to how much you work/exercise. 2. Have an appropriate portion size/not too much or too little food 3. Eat breakfast 4. Sufficient water 5. Limit or non-use of alcohol 6. (Approx 50%) carbohydrates / carbs 7. Not too much sugar 8. Not too much salt 9. (About 30-35%) fats/not too many (saturated) fats 10. (About 15-20%) protein (needed for repair) 11. Fibre / roughage intake sufficient 12. Sufficient minerals 13. Sufficient vitamins 14. Plenty of fruit/vegetables/at least 5 a day / variety of foods / different food groups/Eat well plate/healthy eating plate.

Over-eating and under-eating can both affect the performance of physical activities. Explain how over-eating and under-eating can have negative effects when performing physical activities. Six marks for six from: max of three marks for over-eating:

1. Not fit enough/carrying too much weight to be involved in physical activities / excess fat / obesity / strain on heart/shortness of breath 2. Tiredness/lethargy/lack of motivation / feel sick or ill / cramps 3. Lack of mobility/speed 4. Related health issues such as diabetes / CHD etc may limit participation 5. Feeling of embarrassment/low self-esteem 6. The negative views of others 7. Increase likelihood of injury

Max of three marks for under-eating: 1. Lack of physical fitness / not enough weight to participate / fainting / lack of endurance 2. Illness / not receiving the right nutrients/vitamins / related health issues such as muscle wastage 3. Not enough energy/too tired/lethargic / will not be able to function properly /de-motivated/give up/lack of concentration / body works slower 4. Lack of strength/power / too weak 5. Easily injured/too delicate / fragile for many activities / weak bones 6. Feeling embarrassed / low self esteem 7. The negative views of others

Describe how flexibility can help you lead a healthy lifestyle. four marks for four from: 1. (General) To stop danger of straining yourself / safer (eg lifting) 2. (Specific joint/ muscular) To prevent joint injuries/muscular injuries/healthy joints/better posture 3. To be able to reach for things easier/greater range of movement 4. To be able to perform activities that demand flexibility such as gymnastics / enables you to want to do more exercise / enables activity in old age 5. To be able to move faster/ quicker reactions/more agile 6. To be more effective in movement technique 7. To go about everyday activities more easily/ do jobs better

JANUARY, 2012

Identify and describe three measures or indicators of health and well-being. (6)

1. (i/d) Levels of satisfaction/positive mental health - 2. (desc) You can be with life/your job/contentment 3. (i/d) Frequency of positive feelings 4. (desc) feeling good/positive /happy/positive mental health or lack of negative feelings. 5. (i/d) The frequency of activities - how active you are 6. (desc) You get involved in sport/exercise 7. (i/d) How well you look after yourself 8. (desc) avoiding drugs/alcohol/smoking /having a good diet/following a balanced, healthy lifestyle 9. (i/d) Self pride/how good you feel about yourself 10. (desc) you value yourself/self esteem/have a place in society 11. (i/d) Quality of friendships/number of friends you have 12. desc) How lonely you are/having support of others/socially healthy 13. (i/d) Health screening aspects 14. (desc) levels of blood pressure/cholesterol/BMI etc 15. (i/d) Levels of Confidence - levels stress/anxiety 16. (desc) If you feel able to do tasks effectively you will feel better about yourself 17. (i/d) Fitness tests 18. (desc) any desc of fitness tests/indicators eg cardiovascular test for fitness 19. (i/d) Good sleep 20. (desc) patterns - getting enough sleep or rest 21. (i/d) Questionnaires/PARQ / medical history 22. (desc) to find out your level of fitness or well-being 23. (i/d) Not being poor/in poverty 24. (desc) having enough money to look after yourself or to afford to go to the gym/participate in a sports club. 25. (i/d) Environment/access to green space 26. (desc) Where you live/your surroundings are conducive to health and well-being.

Explain how over-eating can limit participation in physical activities (4)

1. Not fit enough to participate - carrying too much weight to be involved in physical activities 2. Tiredness - lethargy/lack of motivation / laziness to participate 3. Lack of mobility/speed - cannot move efficiently 4. Related health issues - such as diabetes etc may limit participation 5. Feeling of embarrassment - low self-esteem/not wanting to participate because of feeling hopeless/don’t feel you’re any good / lack of confidence 6. The negative views of others /discrimination - others may mock/bully/don’t think that you are any good. 7. Increased risk of injury therefore limits participation / increase pressure on joints can lead to conditions such as arthritis. 8. Short term effects of overeating such as sickness and feeling bloated

Explain why older people may not participate in physical activities as much as other age groups. (6)

1. Health reasons may stop them / illness / bones become weaker / mental illness 2. Injury/disability/lack of mobility may prevent effective movement 3. Lack of fitness so unable to be active / lack of energy 4. Lack of ability/skill so cannot do the activity 5. Lack of confidence/low self-esteem so give up easily 6. Other pressures from other interests/hobbies/ work so unlikely to participate / family responsibilities 7. Lack of older role models to stimulate participation 8. Lack of appropriate facilities/equipment so cannot get Involved 9.Lack of transport so unable to get to the facilities 10. Lack of money/low income/pension so cannot pay for facilities or classes 12. Lack of opportunities/teams to join or participate / age restrictions.

More females are getting involved in sport but males are still more likely to participate in sport than females. Give three reasons why some females are less likely than males to participate in sport. (3)

1. (Some think that) sport is unfeminine/females not suite for sport/sport is too masculine / some sports are traditionally male 2. (Some think that) sport involves physical strength/demands that females cannot cope with/females not strong enough / fear of getting hurt 3. Prejudice/sexism by men/women against participation/pressure from others not to be involved or lack of family/friends support 4. Not enough time/child rearing responsibilities make it difficult to find time 5. Not enough child care or crèche facilities 6. Not enough sports / clubs / teams for female participation 7. Media representation of sport is male dominated/lack of coverage of female sports 8. Too much emphasis on body image of female participants - can lead to females feeling they cannot match these images/may be embarrassed 9. Not enough female role models 10. Lack of privacy/appropriate facilities for some women/women whose culture / religion expects/demands privacy do not have appropriate facilities. 12. Pregnancy restricts activities

A well-balanced diet includes water and fibre. Explain why water and fibre are important components of a balanced diet. (4)

1. (Water) Can carry nutrients 2. (Water) helps to remove waste products 3. (Water) helps to regulate body temperature/prevent heat exhaustion 4. (Water) to replace lost fluid due to sweat/urine/to rehydrate 5. (Water) to help blood flow/reduce viscosity 6. (Water) to maintain efficient brain function / concentration / prevents dizziness 7. (Fibre) essential for healthy bowel function/helps with removing waste products 8. (Fibre) helps the digestive process 9. (Fibre) reduces bowel problems/constipation etc.

Explain, using practical examples, the benefits of an active and healthy lifestyle. (6)

(Benefits of being active) 1. Less prone to injury eg when you exercise less likely to strain a muscle 2. Components of physical fitness improving/keep fit eg increase your stamina 3. Not getting tired easily/offsets fatigue (could be health)eg can ‘keep going’ all day without getting too tired 4. Mental health/feel good/happy/positive feelings (could be health) eg when you exercise you often feel happier 5. Image/self esteem/confident/feel good about yourself (could be health) eg if I eat well I will feel better 6. Enjoyment/as a hobby eg I go walking and this gives me something to do away from work 7. Social/friendship eg I make friends at the gym 8. Sense of achievement eg I have learned basic skills in badminton.

(Benefits of being healthy) 9. Physical health/not getting ill/less prone to heart disease/other diseases eg I suffer less from high blood pressure 10. Live longer 11. Can be active/get involved/keep doing physical activities/be good at an activity/can cope with demands of everyday life (could be active) eg am able to join a keep fit class in the evening 12. Avoids obesity/being overweight (could be active) 13. Avoids being underweight/anorexic (could be active).

JUNE 2012

17) Give an example of a protein rich food and explain why it is important as part of a healthy lifestyle (3) 3 marks from: 1 mark sub max for eg of protein 1. Example of a protein-rich food eg meat, fish, poultry

2 marks sub max for importance of protein 1. Building blocks for body tissue/muscle / helps with growth/strength 2. Essential for repair of body tissue 3. Helps with production of haemoglobin / enzymes / hormones 4. Potential source of energy/(can) provide energy 5. As brain food/important for brain function

18) Describe the negative effects of illegal blood doping used for enhancing performance (4)

4 marks from: 1. Infections from injection site / blood infection/contamination/allergic reaction/blood illness / risk of AIDS 2. Increase in blood pressure/increase in blood viscosity 3. Strokes /blood clotting 4. Heart problems / heart attacks 5. Kidney failure / problems 6. Being banned from the sport / fined / punishment 7. Risk or ruin your reputation 8. Brings your activity into disrepute / lets other people down / it’s unfair/poor role model/encourages cheating by others 9. Psychological problems / guilt 10. Addiction to cheating / can’t stop

23) Cardiovascular endurance or stamina is one component of fitness. Identify four other components of fitness (4)

4 marks from: 1. Muscular endurance 2. Speed 3. Strength 4. Flexibility

Also accept: 1. Agility 2. Power

JANUARY 2013

19) The following are essential components of a healthy diet. Give a food example of each and explain why each is important in following a healthy active lifestyle: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and Vitamins (4)

1. Carbohydrates–cereal/pasta etc–important for energy 2. Proteins–meat/fish etc–important for growth/repair/energy 3. Fats–meat/dairy etc–important for energy or insulation or protecting organs 4. Vitamins–Fruit/veg etc–important to combat disease or keeps you healthy.

22) Describe circuit training as a method of fitness training (4)

1. A series of different exercises or stations 2. Repetition of actions (at each station) or sets or repetition of circuit 3. Timing involved (of activities or circuit) 4. Use of resistance/body weight or weights or examples of activities such as dips/press-ups/star jumps etc 5. Working different muscle groups/parts of body to avoid fatigue/injury 6. Can be skill based or examples of skills that can be incorporated eg footballers dribbling skills followed by passing etc 7. Rest intervals between stations/circuits 8. Circuit training can work on specific muscle groups/activities/skills 9. Scores at the end can be related to time or duration and/or number of reps or intensity/tracking progress over period of time 10. Has aerobic and anaerobic benefits or all-round fitness 11. Can be good for muscular endurance.

23) Identify three reasons why access to green space is important for your physical and mental well being (3)

1. Have a sense of space/you are not feeling pent-up or claustrophobic or overcrowded/stress relief /to escape/feel calmer or more reflective/feel happy 2. So that you have room to do physical activities or sports 3. Can go for walks/ running easily/exercise more easily 4. Good to look at/it is aesthetic 5. Gives a varied experience/varied landscape or environment 6. More likely to be less polluted/more fresh air. 7. (Often) free to use.

JUNE 2013

17) Describe four effects of over eating on performance (4)

1. Carrying too much weight or excess fat or obesity to be involved in physical activities / lack of mobility / more likely to get injured/ strain on joints 2. (short term feelings) Tiredness/lethargy/ lack of energy/feel sick or ill/cramps/ stitch/ bloated that stops you performing 3. (longer term fitness effects) Not fit enough/ tire easily/lack of stamina or endurance 4. Lack of agility/speed/co-ordination/flexibility that makes moving quickly/effectively difficult 5. Lack of motivation to get involved or to perform well 6. Related health issues (such as diabetes) may limit performance/strain on the heart/ heart problems 7. Feeling of embarrassment/low self-esteem that stops you getting involved 8. The negative views of others/discrimination impedes your performance.

20) Describe three effects of using illegal steroids and three different effects of using blood doping on performance in physical activities (6)

1. Keeps you healthy 2. This helps to keep appropriate BMI/maintain body weight/ live longer/combats disease 3. Fitness (physiological/ any components) 4. This helps to keep CV fitness/strength/keep going/live longer/reduces risk of injury 5. Mental 6. Positive (self) image/self-esteem/(mental) well– being/confidence 7. Stress relief 8. Gives you something else to think about/is an escape from stressors/makes you happier 9. Enjoyment/fun/make friends/social benefits 10. makes you happy/optimistic/new friends/become part of a team 11. As a hobby 12. an interest/as a contrast to work 13. As a job/profession 14. to gain money/materialistic benefits or example of job eg Football pro/PE teacher 15. To act as a role model for others 16. to influence others to become fit/healthy.

21) Describe five reasons for a young person to follow an active lifestyle (5)

1. Physical health/not getting ill/less prone to heart disease/other diseases 2. Less prone to injury 3. Live longer (because more healthy/less likely to be ill) 4. Components of physical fitness improving/keep fit 5. Mental health/feel happy/positive feelings/less stress/anxiety 6. Good self-image/self-esteem/confident/feel good about what you look like 7. For enjoyment/as a hobby 8. Social life increased/more likely to make friends 9. Peer pressure/ pressure from parents 10. Sense of achievement after participation 11. Be good at an activity/ learn new skills/ get into team 12. Not getting tired easily/offsets fatigue/can cope with demands of everyday life 13. Avoids obesity/being overweight 14. To copy a role model/ become a role model / someone who you look up to 15. As a profession/ job or to get money/a wage/ rewards/ qualifications.

JUNE 2014

20) Using practical examples, describe three indicators of health and wellbeing (6)

Six marks for six from: 1. Satisfaction with life 2. (e.g.) being contented with your exercise regime 3. (Frequency of) positive feelings/mental health 4. (e.g.) feeling good/positive/looking on the bright side/happy/positive mental health about where you live 5. The frequency of activities/how active you are 6. (e.g.) get involved in sport / exercise classes 7. How well you look after yourself /diet 8. (e.g.) avoiding drugs /alcohol/smoking/poor diet or following a balanced, healthy lifestyle 9. Self-pride or self-esteem/confidence or have a place in society/body image 10. (e.g.) Feeling good about yourself when exercising or value yourself in a sports team 11. How lonely you are/friendships/social life 12. (e.g.) amount/quality of friendships in sport /having support of others in an exercise class/socially healthy 13. Health screening aspects or named example eg blood pressure 14. (e.g.) levels of blood pressure/ high or low cholesterol / BMI measurement 15. Body weight 16. (e.g) overweight or underweight or description of BMI 17. Stress/ Balance between work & leisure 18. (e.g.) levels stress/anxiety in life or when participating 19. Fitness tests or fitness levels or example of fitness component eg strength 20. (e.g.) results of tests such as the Coopers 12min run or flexibility tests etc. 21. Sleep patterns 22. (e.g.) getting enough quality of sleep for your age or going to bed not too late 23. Questionnaires 24. (e.g.) PARQ or e.g. of another questionnaires or interviews etc. 25. Not being poor / in poverty 26. (e.g.) having enough to pay for healthy food or having money to be involved in physical activities 27. Access to green space 28. (e.g.) being able to enjoy open space/fresh air/having a local park

25) Explain how you might encourage a young person to participate in physical activities (6)

1. Health-related  less likely to be ill 2. Physical reasons  Emphasise fitness or weight control 3. Have more energy  Relate to other everyday activities that may benefit  Will be able to do your sport more effectively 4. Well-being  mental reasons/stress relief 5. Image  Promote to develop confidence 6. Enjoyment / Intrinsic motivation  A relief from everyday life or just to have a fun time 7. Social/friendship/  meeting friends can make you feel better or give you more security or happiness 8. As a hobby  something to do/keep active 9. To experience competition  Enjoy trying to win or competing in a team or feeling the benefit of the team winning 10. To develop skills  to get better at the activity (practical example)  to perform everyday tasks better 11. To show role models/significant others/parents/friends  To inspire participation or to be more like role models 12. As a vocation/profession/as a job  for money / tangible rewards  for security 13. Use of SMART goal setting  Give goals/targets for achievement and encouragement  Some use of the SMART principle 14 Use of praise / extrinsic motivation  Rewards  Positive reinforcement 15 Educate  Information about benefits 16 Accessibility  Transport provision  Facilities and equipment  Concessions

OPPORTUNITIES, PATHWAYS AND PARTICIPATION IN PE

SPECIMEN PAPER

20) How do schools promote an active, healthy lifestyle (6)

- National curriculum - Examination courses - Teachers as role models - Coaching courses - Extra curricular activities - Sports teams - Links with clubs - Promotions and leaflets - Healthy eating days

25) Volunteering is one way young people follow a pathway of participation in physical activities. Describe four other different pathways for involvement in physical activity as a performer, coach or official (4)

- Regular involvement - Taking part in school sport - Taking part in community sport - Taking a qualification to be a coach or an official - Train to get a high level - Making the involvement a career / job / paid - JANUARY, 2010

18) Describe the possible pathways of involvement in physical activities (6)

19) Identify two positive and two negative effects of the family on participation in physical activities (4)

POSITIVE:

- Personal support - Advice - Attendance at events - Transport - Participate themselves - Financial support

NEGATIVE:

- Little support - Do not attend events - Poor role models - Little financial support - Obstruct participation - No transport - Push child too hard

20) Describe how schools influence young people to get involved in physical activity as part of a healthy, active lifestyle (6)

- National curriculum - Examination courses - Teachers as role models - Coaching courses - Extra curricular - Sports teams - Links with clubs - Promotions and leaflets - Healthy eating days - Outside coaches - Sports trips and visits - Sports days - Teach motor skills - Enjoyable - Equipment and facilities - Positive feedback

MAY 2010

20) Choose three activities and give two reasons why each has either a high, moderate or low percentage participation (6)

Two marks sub max for each activity (x3):

- Suitable explanation for the level of participation, eg high participation in swimming because of availability/access of swimming pools/easy for all ages/cheapness of cycling/little equipment needed for football etc

- Second explanation for level of participation for same activity: swimming - eg the importance of being able to swim for safety/survival/cycling easily learned/football has huge media interest/role models etc

Possible answers for medium: Badminton indoor hall needed but fairly easy to get a game going/lots of tennis courts in parks and recreational grounds but some clubs are very exclusive etc

Possible answers for low: Cricket needs a decent ground to play on/not many girls play cricket/skiing not suited for our climate etc

JANUARY, 2011

16) Give three reasons why a performer might participate in physical activities. (3)

Three marks for three from: 1. Health-related/less likely to be ill 2. Physical reasons/fitness/weight control/more energy 3. Well-being/mental reasons/stress relief/self esteem/self confidence 4. Image/to look good 5. Enjoyment 6. Social/friendship/meeting friends 7. As a hobby/something to do/keep active/to achieve your goals 8. To experience competition/to experience winning 9. To develop skills/to get better at the activity/to perform everyday tasks better 10. To copy role models/significant others/parents/friends/to please others 11. As a vocation/profession/as a job/for money/tangible rewards/cups/trophies/medals 12. Availability of/good facilities 13. It is compulsory in school/NC requirements

17) Regularly being involved in school and community sport is a pathway for involvement in physical activities. Describe and give practical examples of two other pathways for involvement in physical activities. (4)

Four marks for four from: Marks for two pathways max with a description for each for four marks Max of 2 marks per pathway 1. Becoming a leader/coach/teacher 2. Example – a tennis coach 3. Becoming an official/referee/umpire 4. Example – must give more than just referee/umpire etc for eg mark 5. – a referee in football/becoming an umpire in hockey 6. Being challenged more/being involved in increasingly complex/challenging tasks 7. Example – Training to improve in your track event 8. Reaching the highest possible standard of involvement/get better/professional 9. Example – Trying to get into the national team/county team 10. Volunteering/helping 11. Example – running activities for the local youth club

18) Describe why young people may give up participating in physical activities when they leave school. (6) Six marks for six from: 1. Poor health/injury/medical reasons 2. Disability 3. Do not enjoy physical activities/had negative experiences at school with physical activities/(perceived) lack of ability/can’t be bothered/lazy 4. Other competing interests/social life/involved with social drugs/alcohol/other hobbies/computer games/(part time) work too time-consuming/no time 5. Discrimination by others 6. Pressure from peers not to participate/no friends to participate with 7. Cultural/religious reasons/frowned upon by others 8. Lack of confidence/self esteem/feel embarrassed 9. Lack of role model/parental support/encouragement 10. Few opportunities/age limitations/lack of teams/facilities/lack of green space/access (for disabled) lack of transport 11. Lack of money/equipment 12. Not compulsory (after 16)

MAY, 2011

Give four ways that disability might affect participation in physical activities. four marks for four from:

1. May have physical/health difficulties that limit performance/ lacks strength/power/co-ordination /lacks fitness/prone to illness 2. May have mental/cognitive difficulties that limit performance 3. No/lack of suitable activities on offer / not many teams/ players available / lack of opportunity 4. No/lack of specialist coaches/teachers/lack of support 5. Lack of role models/media coverage 6. Limited access to facilities/no wheelchair access/no ramps 7. Difficulties in transport/getting to use facilities 8. Limited specialist equipment/resources/facilities for disability participation 9. Others may discriminate against participation /getting picked on 10. Feeling of helplessness/lack of confidence/low self-esteem/embarrassment 11. Lack of money

Many people participate in physical activities but there are still those that do very little exercise. Explain the reasons why some people do not participate in physical activities. Levels marked question

Level 1 (1-2 marks) Candidates make only one or two valid points about non-participation and describes only very superficially. No attempt at explanation. There is little or no use of technical vocabulary and sentences have limited coherence and structure. There is much irrelevant material. Errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling may be noticeable and intrusive. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Candidates make some valid points about non-participation with good knowledge and understanding. Some attempt at explanation. There is some use of technical vocabulary and sentences for the most part are relevant and are coherent. There are occasional errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Candidates make many developed points about the non-participation. Candidate demonstrates excellent knowledge and understanding of the factors involved. Explanation clearly given. Indicative content – (Explain the reasons that some people do not participate in physical activities). 1. Health reasons – physical/mental / overweight / unfit 2. Age 3. Disability 4. Injury 5. Negative past experiences 6. Discrimination/prejudice/gender expectations / bullying 7. Peer pressure 8. Cultural barriers/expectations / religious beliefs 9. The pressure of other interests/work/study/responsibilities at home/caring responsibilities 10. Technology makes life easy / lack of motivation/‘couch potato syndrome’/sport on TV rather watched than played / can’t be bothered 11. Lack of confidence/self esteem / poor body image/ (perceived) lack of ability 12. Don’t see the point / don’t believe in the value of participation / waste of time / lack of knowledge 13. Don’t have to do it / PE not compulsory post 16 14. Lack of a role model/parental support 15. Lack of opportunity 16. Lack of money/unemployment 17. Lack of facilities/equipment 18. Lack of transport 19. Environmental influences/lack of green space

JANUARY, 2012

Identify three different pathways for involvement in physical activities. (3)

1. Participating (regularly) in activity 2. In PE lessons/NC/classes by participating/coaching/officiating in PE 3. Extra-curricular activities/clubs/school teams 4. Member of external (outside school) sports teams/exercise or gym clubs 5. Coaching or leading or teaching / organising an event 6. Officiating/judging in a physical activity 7. Starting off at basic level of activities/starting or learning a new activity or starting/learning to coach/officiate 8. Refinement of skills/getting help and advice/being coached/practising / getting better at skills 9. Getting to the next tier/level/representing county/moving up the performance pyramid 10. Developing physical health/fitness/following a healthy lifestyle 11. Volunteering to help or get involved 12. As a career/professional or example of a professional 13. Getting qualifications/scholarship.

JUNE 2012

16) Identify three positive effects which the family can have on a person participating in physical activities (3)

3 marks from: 1. Encouragement/push you/motivating/wanting to please/setting targets/reward/give confidence/ give personal support 2. Give advice/educate you (about health and fitness)/provide healthy diet/food/learn skills from parents 3. Attend/watch events/ going to support them 4. Provide transport/lifts to venue 5. Get involved/participate themselves / show an interest in physical activities/ they are positive role models 6. Give financial support/provide/buy equipment

24) Explain why it is important to follow an active, healthy lifestyle (4)

4 marks from: 1. To enjoy yourself / be more positive / sense of achievement 2. To get fit / to be able to exercise/everyday tasks for longer periods of time / to keep going / not to get tired 3. More physically effective / stronger / faster/ perform better 4. Prevents/ reduces risk of injury 5. Improve fitness of internal organs / stronger heart / lungs etc 6. To be able to recover quicker / to need shorter rest intervals / to be more active 7. To live longer 8. To be more resistant to disease / prevent illness/ keep healthy/avoid high blood pressure etc 9. To make friends / for socialising 10. To feel better / have better self esteem / feel good about yourself / good well- being / less stress/mental health 11. To maintain a healthy weight/toned/body image 12. To grow / develop well / properly 13. To gain better sleep patterns

25) Discuss why some young people do not participate in physical activities (6)

Indicative content 1. Poor health / fitness 2. Injury 3 Lack of money / poverty / unemployment 4 Rather watch than play or participate / sedentary lifestyle. 5 Disability makes it more difficult and therefore more likely to not participate 6 Do not enjoy physical activities / had negative experiences at school with physical activities/PE / don’t have to do PE anymore / not compulsory 7 Other competing interests / social life/other hobbies/computer games 8 Not enough time / work too time-consuming / child care responsibilities 9 Discrimination by others/gender issues 10 Pressure from peers not to participate 11 Cultural reasons / frowned upon by others 12 Lack of confidence / self esteem 13 Lack of role models / parental support/encouragement 14 Few opportunities / facilities / equipment / access (for disabled) 15 Lack of awareness of opportunities / facilities 16 Lack of transport

JANUARY 2013

17) Using practical examples, describe four effects of age when performing physical activities (4)

(Negative) 1. (Old age or very young) Can slow you down/lack of speed 2. (Old age or very young) Can be less flexible/mobile more stiff or have stiffer joints (if older) 3. (Old age or very young) Can be mentally less sharp/unable to make (quick) decisions or could be badly co-ordinated 4. Can be disabled because of old age or have arthritis or poor vision/hearing 5. (Old age or very young) Can have less stamina/energy/(cardiovascular) endurance or won’t run as far 6. (Old age or very young) Can be weaker/have weaker muscles or bones 7. (Old age or very young) More prone to injury 8. Poor health 9. (Old age or very young) Can lack motivation 10. (Old age or very young) Less self esteem/feel embarrassed or uncomfortable or lack of confidence (if related to performing) 12. Can be discriminated against/peer pressure.

(Positive) 12. (at a certain age/level of maturity) You can understand things better/more experience 13. Can be more determined 14. (After childhood) could be stronger or fitter or energetic or recover quicker.

20) Identify and explain three reasons why it is good to participate in physical activities (6)

21) Volunteering is one way of getting involved in physical activities. Describe five other ways of getting involved in physical activities (5)

1. Participating in dance/sport (not school or community based) 2. School participation /participating in PE 3. Community sport example or dance etc 4. Taking exams/gaining qualifications/doing a course related to physical activity– with suitable description 5. As a leader or coach–with suitable description 6. As an official/referee–with suitable description 7. As an administrator–with suitable description 8. Trying to get better/improving in your performance– with suitable description 9. As a professional/as a job–with suitable description eg professional footballer. 10. Extra-curricular club/school team 11. Starting at a basic level 12. Developing health and fitness.

24) Explain how the family can have a negative influence on a whether a healthy lifestyle is followed

1. They are your role models/they are significant to you so more likely to copy them (for unhealthy habits) 2. They can discourage you from a healthy lifestyle or not provide information/education /they do not support you or do not encourage you 3. If they are less active/unhealthy you are more likely to be/they do not exercise 4. They may not provide transport for you 5. They may not fund participation or a healthy lifestyle or they cannot afford to pay for activities/equipment or healthy food 6. Genetic pre-disposition for being unhealthy 7. Poor diet.

26) Explain how a school curriculum might promote an active, healthy lifestyle (6)

Indicative content– 1. Teaching motor skills–examples – relating skills to participate in a number of activities 2. teaching decision-making skills–examples 3. giving opportunities to participate in physical activities/pe lessons 4. link curriculum with extracurricular/ clubs/teams/sports days/trips 5. Wider aspects that enrich pupils’ experiences eg school canteen/food 6. give leadership/coaching opportunities 7. give officiating opportunities 8. gives qualifications/exams in pe 9. show/celebrate progress/gives health validity/high status 10. improves skills/leads to high levels of performance 11. encourages self-evaluation which can motivate 12. gives enjoyment/fun that promotes health 13. teaching about health and well-being/pshe lessons 14. role model teachers/other pupils which can inspire or enthuse 15. use of external coaches/expertise 16. has a variety of activities to maintain interest and to motivate–examples.

JUNE 2014 19) Explain how the environment and the climate can affect participation in physical activities (4)

Four marks for four from: Three marks max (Environment) 1. May have good /poor/bad outdoor facilities near you to help/hinder participation/or more facilities in urban areas/less in rural 2. You have access to green space / playing fields to help/hinder participation 3. You may live in a flat or without a garden and not be able to play / participate in the garden 4. You may live near/far away from mountains/hills/moors/sea/coast/lakes etc. that may/may not enable you to participate in adventurous activities. 5. Playing surface may be too hard / too soft for participation/waterlogged/frozen 6. Unsafe areas/objects eg litter/needles/pollution Three marks max for (Climate) 7. May be (too) hot or (too) cold to participate/heat wave 8. Humidity might be too high 9. Altitude might affect participation by helping or hindering 10. Enables you to be involved in activities like skiing or stops such involvement / snow allows you to ski etc 11. Wind/rainy season might disrupt participation or too windy/rainy/raining.

23) The Paralympics in London 2012 showed many athletes with disabilities competing. Describe three ways in which having a disability may be a positive effect on participation (3)

Three marks for three from: 1. May make you more determined/motivated/encouraged (to overcome your physical mobility difficulties). 2. May give you more confidence / self-belief 3. May give you opportunities or play at a higher level/access for new sports / activities or raise awareness of activities/opportunities or concessionary rates 4. May be directed to participate by doctors or friends or family or would be good for your health/well-being 5. May be inspired by others who are disabled and participate / inspired by Paralympic role models or it shows you that you too could do it or you can inspire or you can become a role model 6. Give purpose for life / a focus for life or finding a new talent 7. Provides an opportunity to meet others in a similar situation / provides social opportunities

24) Describe four different pathways that are outside the school curriculum which lead to involvement in physical activities (4)

Four marks for four from: 1. Participating or performing in a physical activity 2. Extra-curricular activities/clubs/school teams/sports days 3. Member of external sports teams / exercise clubs 4. Coaching / teaching / leading new skills (if outside PE lessons) 5. Officiating / judging in a physical activity 6. Starting off at basic level of activities/other roles 7. Refinement of skills/getting help and advice/ being coached/practising (if outside PE lessons) 8. Getting to the next tier/level/representing county/moving up the performance pyramid or being involved in more complex tasks 9. Developing physical health/fitness / following a healthy lifestyle 10. Volunteering to help or get involved or working with a charity/community projects 11. As a career/professional 12. Getting qualifications / scholarship (if outside curriculum)