More Thoughts on the Scientific Revolution GH2/Napp
More Thoughts on the Scientific Revolution GH2/Napp
Do Now:
. . . Assumptions
1. There is no one center of all the celestial [heavenly] circles or spheres [planets].
2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere.
3. All the spheres [planets] revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe. . . .
— Nicholas Copernicus, The Commentariolus, (1510)
Source: Edward Rosen, Three Copernican Treatises, Columbia University Press
State one scientific belief of Copernicus that is being described in this passage.
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Provide one fact about Copernicus that is not in this document. This fact that is not in the document is critical outside information and a requirement for writing the Document-Based Essay question:
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Notes:
I. The Great Scientists of the Revolution
A. Copernicus
1. Polish clergyman and astronomer
(1473-1543)
2. Proved heliocentric model with mathematical calculations
a) The sun is the center of the universe
b) The earth moves around the sun
c) Believed this model revealed God’s perfection since it was accurate
B. Galileo
1. Italian scientist (1564-1642)
2. Professor of mathematics
3. Published findings to support Copernicus in 1610
a) Ordered to appear before the Inquisition or Catholic Court (1633)
b) Found guilty, threatened to be burned at stake, recanted
C. Vesalius
1. Belgian-born physician
2. Dissected human bodies
a) Advances in anatomy
D. Isaac Newton
1. Law of universal gravitation
2. Universe obeys consistent laws
Questions:
1- Who was Copernicus?
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2- Define heliocentric.
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3- How did the heliocentric model contradict the Church’s view? ______
4- Who was Galileo? ______
5- What was the Inquisition? ______
6- Why was Galileo ordered to appear before the Inquisition? ______
7- What happened to Galileo at the Inquisition? ______
8- What did Vesalius do? ______
9- What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? ______
Reading [Global History: Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural Diffusion]
“Beginning as early as the age of Copernicus, some Western scientists began to question the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans. They began to observe and experiment and to base their conclusions on their findings. These procedures became known as the scientific method. Many scientists also adopted the inductive approach – working from many specific examples to develop more generalized conclusions. For example, they would examine many different varieties of leaves to come to a conclusion about what a leaf was. Not suprisingly, many scientific developments occurred during the Renaissance when the prevailing outlook favored questioning and progress.
Changes in thinking that occurred during the Scientific Revolution led to changes in other fields. French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes (1596-1650) held the belief that science could have practical application. This is seen in the inventions of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. In addition, changes developed in philosophy. Thinkers sought natural laws that governed the actions of people. Just as England’s Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and others sought the laws that governed nature. Scientific groups such as England’s Royal Scoiety and France’s Academy of Science circulated new ideas and made change and progress easier.”
You are the teacher.
1- What are the critical facts of the reading?
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2- Write seven questions for the reading. Make certain that at least one question is a critical thinking question.
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1. Which of the following posed theories that brought him into direct conflict with the Church?a. Aristotle
b. Galileo
c. Ptolemy
d. Urban II
2. Which of the following published a book supporting the heliocentric theory?
a. Copernicus
b. Ptolemy
c. Descartes
d. Galen / 3. Until the Scientific Revolution, the traditional authorities were
a. The Catholic Church and ancient scholars
b. Navigators and explorers
c. Aquinas and his followers
d. Merchants and Burghers
4. Which new approach allowed scholars to gain new scientific knowledge?
a. Financing by the Church
b. The Scientific Method
c. Universal public education
d. The Inquisition
Critical Thinking Questions:
· The Scientific Revolution was more important than the Neolithic Revolution. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph to defend your point of view.
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· The Scientific Revolution was the worst turning point in world history. It led to pollution, overpopulation, and environmental destruction. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph to defend your point of view.
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