AP Biology Heterotrophic Nutrition and Cellular Respiration Chap 39 and 6 - Reading Guide Chapters 39 and 6 – Heterotrophic Nutrition, Digestion, and Cellular Respiration* *Adapted and modified from Robbyn Tuinstra’s work
CHAPTER 39 – We will focus more on Sections 39.1 – 39.3
1. What is a heterotroph? What do hetertrophs obtain from food?
2. Define basal metabolic rate (BMR).
3. Which animals exhibit a simple gastrovascular cavity? Define gastrovascular cavity.
4. What might be an advantage of a digestive system?
5. What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?
6. Study Table 39.3 for the list of the major digestive enzymes of humans, the substrates they act on, and where they are located within the human digestive system.
Chapter 6 QUESTIONS – Overview of Cell Respiration
1. Explain how adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used to provide energy for the cell.
2. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
3. What happens to the amount of potential energy of electrons as they shift from carbon and hydrogen toward oxygen in cellular respiration?
4. What are the functions of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration?
5. Contrast the following:
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation
6. Define chemiosmosis. Review the principles of chemiosmosis and the concept of the proton motive force.
7. Describe the four phases of cellular respiration and include the location within the cell they occur.
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Pyruvate Electron Transport Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidation Chain Description Description Description Description
Location Location Location Location
Glycolysis Summary
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY YIELDING
IN OUT
8. Why is glycolysis considered anaerobic?
9. What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available?
The Citric Acid Cycle – Acetyl CoA Prep
10. Where does this reaction occur?
11. Write the detailed reaction for the Preparatory Reaction below
ACETYL COA PREP PER PYRUVATE
IN OUT
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ACETYL COA PREP PER GLUCOSE
IN OUT
Citric Acid Cycle
CITRIC ACID CYCLE SUMMARY PER PYRUVATE
IN OUT
CITRIC ACID CYCLE SUMMARY PER GLUCOSE
IN OUT
12. Complete the following chart by providing the number of each molecule produced per glucose molecule.
# PRODUCED PER # PRODUCED PER MOLECULE MOLECULE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE
NADH ATP
CO2 FADH2
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Electron Transport Chain
13. What are the reactants and products of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
14. As electrons are transported through the electron transport chain to oxygen, they lose potential energy. What work is this energy is used for?
Fermentation
INPUTS OUTPUTS
15. Compared to aerobic respiration, how efficient is fermentation?
16. Where does the majority of potential energy of glucose reside after fermentation?
17. Under what condition(s) does fermentation occur?
18. Describe what happens during lactic acid fermentation.
19. Why is replenishing NAD+ crucial to cellular metabolism?
20. Summarize the total energy yield from glucose in human cells in the presence versus the absence of O2.
Metabolic Pool
Define:
CATABOLISM ANABOLISM
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21. Most commonly glucose is represented as the molecule broken down in the respiration equation. Does this mean that glucose is the only source of energy in cellular respiration? Explain.
22. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used fuel for cellular respiration. Trace the path of each of these food groups from the point of digestion in the intestines to where and in what form they enter cellular respiration.
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
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