PHASE II TESTING AND EVALUATION OF CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE PHASE 1 AREA OF THE TAPESTRY PROJECT, HESPERIA, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA USGS Hesperia, CA 7.5' Quadrangle USGS Silverwood Lake, CA 7.5' Quadrangle Submitted to HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard, Suite 200 La Mesa, CA 91942 Prepared by Applied EarthWorks, Inc. 133 N. San Gabriel Boulevard, Suite 201 Pasadena, CA 91107 September 2014 PHASE II TESTING AND EVALUATION OF CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE PHASE 1 AREA OF THE TAPESTRY PROJECT, HESPERIA, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA USGS Hesperia, CA 7.5' Quadrangle USGS Silverwood Lake, CA 7.5' Quadrangle Prepared for: Andrea Bitterling HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard, Suite 200 La Mesa, CA 91942 Prepared by: James Potter, Tiffany Clark, Dennis McDougall, Josh Smallwood, and Vanessa Mirro Applied EarthWorks, Inc. 133 N. San Gabriel Boulevard, Suite 201 Pasadena, CA 91107 September 2014 National Archaeological Database (NADB) Type of Study: Phase II testing and evaluation Cultural Resources Evaluated: CA-SBR-2297H (P-36-002297), CA-SBR-2298 (P-36-002298), CA-SBR-2397 (P- 36-002397), CA-SBR-5292H (P-36-005292H), CA-SBR-5342 (P-36-005342), CA-SBR-5366H (P-36-005366), CA-SBR-12646H (P-36-013753), CA-SBR-12649H (P-36-013756), CA-SBR-12651(P-36-013762), CA-SBR- 12654H (P-36-013765) through CA-SBR-12656H (P-36-013767), CA-SBR-12658 (P-36-013769), CA-SBR- 12661H (P-36-013772), CA-SBR-12662 (P-36-013773), CA-SBR-17017 (P-36-026999) through CA-SBR-17094H (P-36-027079), CA-SBR-17097H (P-36-027082), CA-SBR-17136 (P-36-027168) through CA-SBR-17139 (P-36- 027171) USGS 7.5’ Quadrangles: Hesperia, CA and Silverwood Lake, CA Level of Investigation: Section 106 of the NHPA Key Words: Hesperia; Mojave Desert; San Bernardino County; Section 106; CEQA; Phase 1 area; Phase II testing and evaluation; 99 cultural resources; prehistoric temporary camp; prehistoric habitation site; small lithic scatter sites; limited activity locus; historical refuse scatter; historical homestead site; historical water storage feature; historical road; multicomponent site CONTENTS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................. vii 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Description...................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Project Elements ..........................................................................................1 1.1.2 Phase 1 Area ................................................................................................4 1.2 Area of Potential Effect ...........................................................................................4 1.3 Regulatory Context ..................................................................................................6 1.3.1 Federal..........................................................................................................6 1.3.2 State..............................................................................................................7 1.3.3 Local ............................................................................................................9 1.3.4 Regulations Pertaining to Human Remains ...............................................12 1.4 Report Organization ...............................................................................................12 2 SETTING ..........................................................................................................................13 2.1 Environment ...........................................................................................................13 2.2 Prehistoric Setting ..................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Terminal Pleistocene (12,000–10,000 B.P.) ..............................................15 2.2.2 Early Holocene (10,000–8500 B.P.) ..........................................................15 2.2.3 Middle Holocene (8500–4000 B.P.) ..........................................................16 2.2.4 Late Holocene (4000 B.P. to Present) ........................................................17 2.2.5 Socio-cultural Interaction and the Prehistory of the Project Area .............20 2.2.6 Prehistory of the Upper Mojave River Drainage .......................................20 2.3 Ethnographic Setting ..............................................................................................25 2.3.1 Settlement, Subsistence, Economy, and Technology ................................27 2.3.2 Social Organization and Trade ...................................................................28 2.3.3 Serrano Settlement of the Mojave River ....................................................28 2.4 Historical Setting ...................................................................................................30 2.4.1 Spanish Exploration and Mission Period: 1771–1821 ...............................30 2.4.2 Mexican (Rancho) Period: 1821–1848 ......................................................31 2.4.3 American Period: 1848–1950s ...................................................................31 3 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ................................................................................................35 3.1 Archaeological Literature and Records Search......................................................35 3.1.1 San Bernardino Archaeological Information Center .................................35 3.2 Native American Coordination ..............................................................................37 3.3 Archaeological Surveys of the Phase 1 Area .........................................................38 4 RESEARCH DESIGN .....................................................................................................51 4.1 Management Objectives.........................................................................................51 4.2 Research Design for Prehistoric Resources ...........................................................51 4.2.1 Chronology ................................................................................................52 4.2.2 Technology ................................................................................................54 4.2.3 Subsistence .................................................................................................58 4.2.4 Land Use and Settlement Patterning ..........................................................62 ii 4.2.5 Exchange and External Relations ..............................................................65 4.2.6 Cultural Landscape ....................................................................................70 4.3 Research Design for Historical Resources .............................................................72 4.3.1 Transportation ............................................................................................72 4.3.2 Mining ........................................................................................................73 4.3.3 Agriculture, Ranching, and Homesteading ................................................74 5 METHODS….. .................................................................................................................77 5.1 Field Methods ........................................................................................................77 5.1.1 Ascertaining the Distribution of Surface Remains ....................................78 5.1.2 Site Mapping ..............................................................................................78 5.1.3 Surface Collecting ......................................................................................78 5.1.4 Defining the Extent of Subsurface Deposits ..............................................78 5.1.5 Photo Documentation.................................................................................80 5.1.6 Backfilling and Site Restoration ................................................................80 5.1.7 Native American Monitoring .....................................................................80 5.2 Laboratory Methods ...............................................................................................80 5.3 Technical Analyses ................................................................................................81 5.3.1 Flaked Stone Artifacts................................................................................81 5.3.2 Ground and Battered Stone Artifacts .........................................................83 5.3.3 Vertebrate Fauna ........................................................................................84 5.3.4 Shell Artifact ..............................................................................................84 5.3.5 Radiocarbon Dating ...................................................................................84 5.3.6 Obsidian X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis ....................................................85 5.4 Archival Research Methods ...................................................................................85 5.5 Evaluation of Historic Properties and Historical Resources ..................................86 5.5.1 NRHP and CRHR Significance Criteria ....................................................86 5.5.2 Contexts for Evaluation