А.Ш. Хуранов 4 курс, Высшая школа политического управления и инновационного менеджмента науч. рук. доц. Л.И. Миляева The Development of the Arctic: the Great Russian Explorers and Navigators The North Pole has long attracted the attention of travelers and explorers, who, overcoming incredible difficulties, penetrated farther and farther north, discovered the cold Arctic islands and archipelagos and put them on the map. They were representatives of different peoples of the world. Among them are our compatriots: Fedor Litke, Semyon Chelyuskin, the brothers Laptev, Georgy Sedov, Vladimir Rusanov. Russian pomors and explorers already in the middle of the XVI century, using tributaries of Siberian rivers, sailed to the Arctic Ocean and along its shores. In the years 1686-1688 the trade expedition of Ivan Tolstoukhov by passed the Taimyr peninsula by sea from the west to the east on three coves. In 1712 the explorers Mercury Vagin and Yakov Permyakov first visited the Big Lyakhovsky Island, initiating the discovery and exploration of the entire group of the Novosibirsk Islands. Russian explorers Ferdinand Vrangel and Fedor Mateushkin (lyceum friend of Alexander Pushkin) made a significant contribution to the study of the eastern section of the Northern Sea Route. In the years 1820-1824, they inspected and plotted the mainland from the mouth of the Kolyma to the Kolyuchin Bay and carried out four unparalleled trekking in the region along the drifting ice. Fedor Litke went down in history as a major explorer of the Arctic. In the years 1821-1824, Litke described the shores of Novaya Zemlya, made many geographic definitions of places along the White Sea coast, and explored the depths of the fairway and the dangerous shallows of this sea. Described this expedition in the book “A four-time trip to the Arctic Ocean in 1821-1824.” A completely new stage in the exploration and transport development of the Arctic Ocean is connected with the name of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Stepan Makarov. According to his idea in 1899, the first powerful icebreaker Ermak was built in England, which was supposed to be used for regular communication with the Ob and the Yenisei through the Kara Sea and for ocean scientific research to the highest latitudes. Despite a number of expeditions in the early twentieth century, many of which made major geographical discoveries, the Arctic Ocean remained poorly understood. 70 Since 1923, for only ten years on the coast and the islands of the Arctic Ocean, 19 polar radio-meteorological stations have been built. Soon, Russia became a leader in the exploration and exploitation of the North Pole. More than a dozen international expeditions are now operating in the Arctic with the participation of Russia. More and more countries are showing interest in participating in the active development of the Arctic zone. This is due to a change in the global climate, opening up new opportunities for establishing regular shipping in the Arctic Ocean, as well as greater access to the minerals of this vast region. Библиографический список 1. История Арктики. URL: http://www.arctic-info.ru/encyclopedia/arctic-history/ (дата обращения: 15.03.2017). 2. История исследований Арктики. URL: http://www.edu.severodvinsk.ru/ after_school/obl_www/2012/work/ivanov_m/history.htm (дата обращения: 16.03.2017). 3. История освоения Арктики. Справка. URL: https://ria.ru/arctic_sprav- ka/20100415/220156203.html (дата обращения: 16.03.2017). К.А. Цатурян 2 курс, Высшая школа политического управления и инновационного менеджмента науч. рук. доц. Н.С. Сибирко The Role of the Competitive Element in the Development of the Entrepreneurial Activity The entrepreneurship is the most important element of the market economy and the success in this area depends on many factors among which one of the main is the competitive element. It’s safe to say that the entrepreneurship and the competition are two sides of the same coin. At this time most people are engaged in business. For their work they choose different directions and their affairs also lead in different ways, in accordance with their own concepts of how to properly build their business. But regardless of the fact that they have a difference in views, it is unlikely that anyone will argue with the fact that every entrepreneur on the thorny path to success has always been waiting for, is waiting and will wait for annoying competitors. Moreover, the competition is as inevitable as the need to promote one’s business using the creative approach and originality. Each businessman perceives differently his competitors, someone competitors lead to fury, violence and frenzy, while others, on the contrary, meet their competitors as 71.