ISSN 2768-0193 DOI: 10.51708/apptrans.v14n1.1033 REGULAR ISSUE ARTICLE Translation strategies in English to Persian D. L. Mikoladze1 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 9 November 2019 One implication of the results is for translators in the sense that they become aware of the Revised: 27 December 2019 translation strategies used in the Persian translation of the English novel 'Whatever after, Accepted: 18 January 2020 Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski'. To be more particular, they become informed of the efficiency of the used strategies and therefore, can decide to use these strategies in their translations or try the other strategies. The other implication is that translation students become familiar with Klingberg‟s model and the strategies proposed in the model KEYWORDS and how this model is applied in the Persian translation of the novel 'Whatever after, English novel, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski'. To be more specific, since Klingberg‟s model genre, is a popular and detailed model in the area of translation of children‟s literature, this literature, awareness can help them as future translators in translating children‟s literature. The other translating, implication of the results is that those involved in the industry of children literature take translation strategies, new insights about the strategies used in translation of a popular work of this genre. translators. Copyright © 2020 by The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Correspondence: Mikoladze, D.L. Kakutsa Cholokashvili Avenue 3/5 Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia [email protected] 8 Applied Translation 9 1 INTRODUCTION strategy, many translators intentionally delete them or use deletion strategy. This can lead to generation of translations Children has some characteristics such as proportionality, which do not completely and correctly convey the meaning of mental proportionality, educational proportionality, artistic the source text (ST) [6]. embodiment, etc. found by literary, psychological and educational studies. These characteristics have led to the This research sought to identify the translation strategies inevitable use of translation strategies by translators when adopted by the translator in Persian translation of 'whatever translating children‟s literature. Different classifications of after’. To achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative translation strategies have been proposed for translation of content analysis design was selected for it. The corpus of the children literature among strategies, Davies‟ strategies. This study consisted of 60 pages of the novel 'whatever after, Fairest study is concerned with the classification proposed [1][2]. of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' and its Persian translation. This work was representative of children's literature. The pages As implied in the previous paragraph, a prominent figure in the were randomly selected as the corpus of the study. For data translation of children's literature is often referred to as the collection purposes, after the selection of the English novel and father of Swedish research into children's literature. The model, its Persian translation, the researcher and an expert in similar to other models in the realm of translation of children‟s translation qualitatively analyzed the English texts and literature, enumerated the following strategies for translation: translations to identify the strategies used in the Persian added explanation, rewording, explanatory translation, and translations of the selected pages. They did this by comparing explanation outside the text, substitution of an equivalent in the the English and Persian texts. Finally, they identified the most culture of the target language, substitution of a rough frequent translation strategy used in the English to Persian equivalent in the culture of the target language, simplification, translation of the novel by calculating the frequency and deletion and localization [3]. These strategies will be explained percentages of the identified translation strategies. Having in the section on the theoretical framework of the study. analyzed the data, the researcher found that the following strategies were used in the Persian translation of “Whatever A genre translation of which is of high importance is children's after, Fairest of all” written added explanation, deletion, literature. Research on translation of children's literature dates localization, and substitution. Moreover, it was found that the back to the1970s. Regarding the third symposium of the most frequent strategy used in the Persian translation of International Research Society for Children's Literature 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' was (IRSCL), which was devoted to the translation of children's substitution [7][8]. The main implication of the study is that books, as a starting point for the research in this area. translators use different strategies when translating children's Generally, children‟s literature is characterized by some literature, as an attempt to convey the correct meaning of the elements that make it different from adult literature [4]. source text through adapting source culture with target culture. Abundance of children's literature has turned them into an Furthermore, reviewing the existing literature, it is revealed important element in different languages. However, translating that while some studies have addressed the English translation for adults or for children, is a challenging task. What makes the of children‟s literature based on some models, missing in the situation more difficult is that a clear boundary cannot be literature is a study on translation strategies in English to determined between the problems associated with children's Persian translation of 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by literature and adults' literature [5]. Generally, to solve the 'Sarah Mlynowski', as a popular children's work, based on problems associated with translating children's literature, Klingberg‟s model. 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by translators should resort to different translation strategies so 'Sarah Mlynowski' is considered as popular since it is one of that the limitation of children‟s knowledge can be compensated the bestsellers as admitted by different publications. These for. This limitation of knowledge is due to the fact that children stimulated the researcher to address the translation strategies are not aware of other cultures, languages and geographies. used in the Persian translation of children's literature based on Klingberg's model. This is the gap this study aimed to fill. To As mentioned, a way to cope with the problems and difficulties fulfill the purpose of the present study, the following research of translation, translators use different strategies when questions were addressed: What translation strategies have translating. However, inappropriate use of translation strategies been adopted by the translator in the Persian translation of has led to the low quality translations with many errors in the 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' market. What complicates the matters more is that equivalents based on Klingberg‟s model? What translation strategies have of most of the items, particularly culture-specific items, cannot been adopted by the translator with the highest frequency in the be found in bilingual dictionaries; therefore, as a common Mikoladze, D. L. (2020). Translation strategies in English to Persian. Applied Translation, 14(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.51708/apptrans.v14n1.1033 10 Persian translation of 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written by • Globalization: Davies uses the term 'globalization' in the 'Sarah Mlynowski' based on Klingberg‟s model? sense it is used in the software localization and globalization industry. Thus it means 'replacing culture- specific references with ones which are more neutral or 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK general, in the sense that they are accessible to audiences from a wider range of cultural background. Model focuses on cultural items and their treatment in • Localization: In contrast to globalization, the translator may translation. He has proposed the following strategies for 'try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target translation of children‟s literature: audience' rather than 'aiming for culture free descriptions'. • Transformation: Transformation covers cases where the • Orthographic adaptation: that is transcription and CSI is totally changed in a way that could be considered transliteration of the cultural reference when the target distorting to the original. • Creation: This is the case where language uses a different alphabet from the source. a new CSI not present in the original is introduced in the • Linguistic (non-cultural) translation: the reference is given translation. a denotatively close translation to the original, but it can still be recognized as belonging to the source culture. A strong supporter of the literal translation approach, he • Extra textual gloss: one of the above mentioned procedures distinguishes nine different strategies for translation of is used. However, some extra explanation is provided children‟s literature: Added Explanation: The cultural