ISSUE 78 Sustainable Mediterranean MEDITERRANEE DURABLE I BIΩΣIMH MEΣOΓEIOΣ I MEDITERRANEO SOSTENIBLE I Climate Change: The rapidly increasing challenge for the Mediterranean 1 SUSTAINABLE MEDITERRANEAN | ISSUE 78 Guest Editor’s Corner As dawn rose over snow-covered Kyoto, (Japan) degree of risk of overstepping the 1.5°C limit – a 2100 – with the ‘collapse of civilisation as we actions - casting a shadow of doubt on prospects sleep-deprived delegates, observers and my fel- level which would limit the risk of giving certain know it’ foreseen some time before that. for a successful COP 26 outcome. low journalists cheered and clapped as the fi- Earth tipping points an additional push. Needed nal all-night session of the UN Framework Con- emission cuts will not only require a decarboni- The UK-hosted ‘live’ COP 26 in Glasgow this No- If urgent comprehensive global action is essen- vention on Climate Change’s COP3 (December sation revolution - by phasing out fossil energy vember (with doubts persisting whether the UK tial, so by definition are its components - region- 1997) adopted the text of the Kyoto Protocol. The – but at the same time maximising efficiency and health situation and/or vaccination shortfalls in al and national action. world’s then leading emitter, the USA (now over- sufficiency, achieving climate-friendly behaviours developing countries will force postponement) is taken by China), refused to ratify. However it came and diets as well as nature-friendly carbon re- billed as ‘the last chance’ to keep the 1.5°C pos- So thank you, Prof. Scoullos, for this timely pub- into force in 2005 mandating modest greenhouse moval through afforestation and land use change sibility open – if total emission reduction com- lication to mobilise Mediterranean citizens and gas emission cuts by 37 industrialised nations while assuring the safe operation of Earth sys- mitments on the table there suffice to deliver the governments and for honouring me with the priv- between 2008 and 2012, subsequently extended tems. On 27 May, the World Meteorological Or- 45% target...and thus make possible the achieve- ilege of being its guest editor. to additional cuts between 2012 to 2020. ganisation warned that the global temperature ment of the net zero target by 2050, current- could ‘temporarily’ reach +1.5°C during the ly adopted by 131 nations accounting for 70% of Thank you also, Haris Paliogiannis, MIO-ECSDE’s How many, if any, of those present could have next five years. world emissions – though barely 20 have so far Junior Policy Officer for your tirelessly energetic imagined that 23 years later the world would be actually tabled related formal plans. Sufficient fi- support as editorial assistant and skilful drafting on the brink of an irreversible climate catastrophe On May 18, the International Energy Agency is- nance to support developing nations’ mitigation of all the remaining boxes. – as ceaselessly warned by the current Pope and sued a report setting out 400 measures needed and adaptation needs looms as a deal maker, or other religious leaders, the UN Secretary-Gen- to reach net zero in 2050 – which included per- breaker. The UK-hosted G7 Summit (11-13 June) eral, countless scientists, environmental activ- manently ending all further investments in fossil failed to deliver significantly improved financial Vanya Walker-Leigh TSSF ists – now including millions of highly informed, fuels exploration or capacity development during commitments to support developing nations’ es- Εconomist and journalist outraged schoolchildren regularly taking to the this year, 2021. sential climate change mitigation and adaptation world’s streets? Eighty-four revised Nationally Determined Con- While the 2015 Paris Agreement (negotiated at tributions (NDCs) (updating post-2020 commit- COP 21) called for “holding the increase in the ments made in 2015 ahead of the negotiation of global average temperature to well below 2°C the UNFCCC’s 2015 Paris Agreement) so far ta- above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts bled with UN Climate add up to a cut by 2030 to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C” scien- of just 12-14%...and that includes the revised US tists now insist that 1.5 is the maximum ‘safe lev- NDC announced by President Biden at his Lead- el’. Attainable only by cutting global greenhouse ers’ Summit on Climate, following the US return gas emissions by 45% below 2010 levels by 2030. to the Paris Agreement from which President We have already reached +1.22°C. Trump had withdrawn. Even including other an- nouncements made at the summit (but not con- As the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Re- tained in formal submissions to the UN) we cur- This issue of Sustainable Mediterranean has been funded by the EU LIFE Programme (Operating Grant of MIO-ECSDE). The contents only reflect the authors’ views. The Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA) is not responsible for any use that may search recently warned, the world faces a high rently remain on the path to 2.9°C or more by be made of the information it contains. 2 3 SUSTAINABLE MEDITERRANEAN | ISSUE 78 Mediterranean nations towards the UfM Ministerial Meeting, biodiversity and climate Contents change COPs CYPRUS Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Prof. Kostas Cadis 35 Prologue: Prof. Michael J. Scoullos, Chairman of MIO-ECSDE 8 JORDAN Some thoughts on the global warming effects in the Mediterranean, Prof. Christos S. Minister of Environment, HE Dr. Nabil Masarweh 38 Zerefos, Secretary General, Academy of Athens; Climate Envoy for Greece 12 GREECE Secretary General for Natural Environment and Water, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Prof. Konstantinos Aravossis 42 Regional organisations and networks ITALY Director General for Sea and Coastal Protection of the Ministry of Ecological Transition, UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME / MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN (UNEP/MAP) Italy, Dr. Carlo Zaghi 44 Interview with Dr. Gaetano Leone, Coordinator 14 Box 1: MAR1 & MedECC: Bridging the gap between research and decision-making 18 The European Union and the Mediterranean LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES Interview with HE Dr. Kamal Hassan Ali, Assistant Secretary-General for Economic 20 Affairs EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) 23 Frans Timmermans’ Statement on Climate Change, Frans Timmermans, Box 2: CLIMATE: The Mediterranean Hotspot by Dr. Grammenos Mastrojeni (UfM) Executive Vice-President 48 UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (UN-ESCWA) 26 EUROPEAN UNION (EU) The Arab Region’s priorities and needs, Dr. Rola Dashti, Executive Secretary Message from the EU Presidency, João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister of Environment and Climate Action, Portugal 52 PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF THE UNION FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN (PA-UfM) Box 3: The new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change 53 Message from Bruno Coimbra, Chair of the Committee on Energy, Environment, 30 and Water Box 4: The EU’s new Agenda for the Mediterranean 54 CIRCLE OF MEDITERRANEAN PARLIAMENTARIANS FOR SUSTAINABLE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK (EIB) DEVELOPMENT (COMPSUD) 32 Financing regional Climate Change action, Ricardo Mourinho Felix, Vice-President 56 Message from Prof. Moh Rejdali, Chairman 4 5 SUSTAINABLE MEDITERRANEAN | ISSUE 78 Energy, water, agriculture, forests, cities, Biosphere Reserves Biosphere Reserves: open laboratories for climate impacts biosphere reserves UNESCO REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN EUROPE, Ana Luiza Massot Thompson-Flores 82 Energy Future: Fossil or Renewable based? Cities The Mediterranean’s renewable energy future Cities and Climate Change: The battle against the climate crisis is being played INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA), Rabia Ferroukhi out in the cities & Diala Hawila 60 MedCities, Josep Canals Molina 84 Mediterranean energy prospects OBSERVATOIRE MEDITERRANEEN DE L’ENERGIE (OME), Dr. Houda Alaal 64 Water and Irrigation The voice of civil society Our Water Future: Are we intelligent enough to adapt? GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP-MEDITERRANEAN (GWP-Med), Vangelis Egypt’s civil society Climate Change advocacy Constantianos 66 ARAB NETWORK FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (RAED), Dr. Emad Adly 86 Irrigation and Climate Change EURO-MEDITERRANEAN IRRIGATORS COMMUNITY (EIC), NATIONAL Croatia’s uneven progress towards greener energy FEDERATION OF IRRIGATION COMMUNITIES OF SPAIN (FENACORE), EKO-KVARNER, Vjeran Pirsic 90 Andrés del Campo 70 Morocco’s Climate Change commitments Agriculture and Food CLUB MAROCAIN POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET LE DEVELOPPEMENT Towards more sustainable Mediterranean food systems (CMED), Prof. Mohamed Ftouhi (CMED) 94 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCED MEDITERRANEAN AGRONOMIC STUDIES (CIHEAM) / BARI INSTITUTE, Dr. Nicola Lamaddalena 72 Spain’s Nationally Determined Contribution falls short of needed policies FRIENDS OF THE EARTH SPAIN, Cristina Alonso Saavedra 98 The challenges of Mediterranean food systems in the decade of action GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK-MENA Program, Dr. Alessandro Galli 75 Mediterranean youth in Climate Action MEDITERRANEAN YOUTH CLIMATE NETWORK (MYCN), Hajar Khamlichi & Forests Anna Rizzo 100 Forests and Climate Change Box 5: CAN Europe and CAN Arab World NGOs appeal to UfM Energy Ministers 104 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO), Silva Mediterranea, Dr. 78 Gianbattista de Dato & Dr. Giovanni di Matteo Epilogue: Prof. Michael J. Scoullos, Chairman of MIO-ECSDE 106 6 7 SUSTAINABLE MEDITERRANEAN | ISSUE 78 Addressing effectively this situation, necessitates respect and shared responsibilities. Deepening urgent deeper,