AEMI JOURNAL • VOLUME AEMI JOURNAL • AEMIJOURNAL Volume 1/1 • 2016 14/15 • 2016 www.aemi.eu Association of European Migration Institutions AEMI JOURNAL Volume 13 • 2015 Special Issue on ‘Migrants and Refugees − Ten and Now’ Editor Hans Storhaug Association of European Migration Institutions www.aemi.eu Cover picture: The Freedom Monument (Latvian: Brīvības piemineklis) is a memorial located in Riga, Latvia, honouring soldiers killed during the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920). It is considered an important sym- bol of the freedom, independence, and sovereignty of Latvia. Unveiled in 1935, the 42-metre (138 ft) high monument of granite, travertine, and copper often serves as the focal point of public gatherings and offcial ceremonies in Riga. Source: Wikipedia. AEMI Journal Editor: Hans Storhaug Editorial board: Brian Lambkin, Mellon Centre for Migration Studies at Ulster- American Folk Park, Omagh, Northern Ireland Maddalena Tirabassi, Centro Altreitalie, Turin, Italy Hans Storhaug, Norwegian Emigration Center, Stavanger, Norway Te Association of European Migration Institutions - AEMI, founded in 1991, is a network of organisations in Europe concerned with the documentation, research and presentation of European migration. AEMI board 2014 - 2016: Hans Storhaug, Chairman Maddelena Tirabassi, Vice-chair Sarah Clement, Secretary Eva Meyer, Treasurer Marianna Auliciema (2014-15) Emilia García López (2015-16) Manuscripts and editorial correspondence regarding AEMI Journal should be sent by e-mail to [email protected]. Statements of facts or opinion in AEMI Journal are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher. Published in September 2016 © AEMI ISSN 1729-3561 AEMI Secretariat, Génériques, 34 rue de Cîteaux, 75012 Paris, France www.aemi.eu Printed in Norway by Omega Trykk, Stavanger Contents 6 From the Editor 10 Protocol of the AEMI 2014 meeting in Riga, Latvia 17 Chairman´s Report 2013 - 2014 20 Janja Žitnik Serafin: Some Terminological Dilemmas in Migration Studies 30 Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade: Portugal - Refuge and Refugees: Movements and Personalities 47 Susana Sabin Fernandez: Forbidden Haven to Little Basque Refugees 70 Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell: In Search of Teir Invisibles: the Personal and Household Servants 97 Paul-Heinz Pauseback: Dreams, Returning Emigrants and Millions of Dollar - What we get back from Overseas 112 Nonja Peters: Migration and the Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) since 1450: the Impact of In-migration in Sustaining the European Economy and Generating Cultural Heritage in Both Regions 133 Sarah Marijnen and Jeroen Doomernik: Baby Migration 153 Protocol of the AEMI 2015 meeting in Turin, Italy 159 Chairman´s Report 2014 - 2015 161 Solange Maslowski: Expulsion of Economically Inactive European Union Citizens 174 Daniele Valisena: From Migrations to New Mobilities in the European Union: Italians in Berlin Between Anomie and Multi-situated Identity 182 Federica Moretti: Broken Dreams of a Dream Country:Italy Between Wishes and Disenchantment 193 Susana Cascao: Portuguese Language Media in Luxembourg: Te Newspaper Contacto, a Step towards Integration 200 Elisa Gosso: Crossing Boundaries: Negotiating Transnational Heritage and Belonging in the German Waldensian Diaspora From the Editor I am pleased to finally present to you this double issue of the AEMI Journal, based on a selection of papers presented at the Annual AEMI Meeting and International Conference in Riga in 2014 and Turin in 2015. Te Riga conference was dedicated to the theme of Migration and Refugees – Ten and Now, while the theme of the Turin conference focused on Migrations in Europe in the Tird Millenium. In the opening article Some Terminological Dilemmas in Migration Studies Janja Zitnik Serafin discusses the problematic use of the terms ‘autochthonous’, ‘host society/host country’, and ‘tolerance’ and argues that is necessary to constantly revise the terminology used in migration studies. Te purpose of her article is to show how words create perception, and how our understanding of certain estab- lished terms can depend on our personal experience, local circumstances and cul- tural background. We should therefore develop a high level of sensitivity to the different meanings of a particular term and also develop our intercultural awareness to get a deeper understanding of our own culture and a greater openness to the pro- duction of foreign cultures. Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade´s article Portugal - Refuge and Refugees: Movements and Personalities reveals the mobility of the Portuguese people from the early 1800s till the present, and how Portugal has served as a space of shelter and a bridge of pas- sage for thousands of people from all walks of life and various nationalities: nobility, famous writers, intellectuals as well as people fleeing war. In Forbidden Heaven to Basque Refugee Children, Susana Sabín-Fernández paints a grim picture of the Spanish Civil War and the dramatic evacuation of 32,000 children after the bombing of the Basque towns of Durango and Guernica. She thoroughly examines the key persons involved in the evacuation, and explains why many countries hosted the Basque children, while the USA decided not to do so. Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell has taken on the huge task trying to indentify each one of the entire non-Russian north European labour-force, recruited from 1798 to 1867 to fill the Russian American Company’s needs at Novo Archangelsk/ Sitka, on Bar- anof Island, and around the North Pacific Rim: e.g. governors, naval officers, office employees, and sea captains with their ship crews down to cabin boys. In her article 1798-1867: Russian America and its Latvians. In Search of Teir Invisibles: the Per- sonal and Household Servants she particularly focuses on the personal and household servants, also referred to as the invisibles. 7 Paul-Heinz Pauseback´s article Dreams, Returning Emigrants and Millions of Dollars – What We Get Back from Oversea focus on the consequences of return migration and the stream of material and immaterial goods that was brought back from for- eign countries – mainly the US - to his North Frisia and Husum where almost every native family were affected: personal wealth, investments, innovations but above all: the idea of personal freedom – and the absence of autocratic authorities and oppressing bureaucracy. In ‘Migration and the Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) since 1450: the Impact of In-migration in Sustaining the European Economy and Generating Cultural Heritage in Both Regions’, Nonja Peters demonstrates the role European expansion during the age of discovery played in interconnecting the Earth´ s peoples, cultures, economies and polities, how the world become ‘global’ and the vital role states and nations from Antiquity, the Ottoman Empire, the Middle East and Indian Ocean Rim and Americas played in this history. She also makes a point of the fact that the Council of Europe has recognised cultural heritage - tangible, intangible or digital - as a unique and non-renewable resource and a major asset for Europe and for the entire European project. She therefore stresses the fact that most of this cultural heritage – at least the artifacts displayed in the British Museum in London and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam - are not from Europe, but were ‘acquired’ by maritime explorers during the ‘Age of Exploration’ from nations and states the British and Dutch had conquered, and that they in fact commemorate colonialism and imperialism. In the article Baby Migration, Sarah Marijnen and Jeroen Doomernik introduces the reader to what they describe as a ‘peculiar and often unnoted form of international migration’, starting immediately after the Second World War when orphans from war-torn European countries were adopted by American families. Tis Intercountry Adoption (ICA) has since the mid-1970s until the present been shaped by an in- creasing gap between rich and poor countries, and created an growing demand for children in developed countries. Tis has resulted in a billion-dollar unregulated in- dustry, raising the questions on the role of the adoption organisations and agencies, and ultimately paved way to international normative frameworks e.g.: the United Nations Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children (1986), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000). In Expulsion of Economically Inactive European Union Citizens, Solange Maslowski argues that a growing number of inactive Union citizens, e.g. persons who are self-sufficient and in possession of sickness insurance coverage, pensioners, first- time job seekers and job-seekers who no longer retain the status of workers, have been expelled from their host Member state and that this phenomenon seems to continue. She describes the process of expulsion of economically inactive Union cit- izens by quoting the main legal grounds for expulsion such as threat to public policy, public security and public health, abuse of rights or fraud and unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the host Member States. Morawski argues that economically inactive Union citizens are not protected enough against expulsion, despite the existing safeguards. Since no conviction is required, the mere suspicion of a breach of the order is sufficient to constitute a threat to public policy. Te recent refugee crisis and some events surrounding the Brexit, such as the requirements of the United Kingdom to condition