Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80279-6 - God and Reason in the Middle Ages Edward Grant Index More information INDEX Page numbers cited directly after a semicolon following a final text subentry refer to relatively minor mentions in the text of the main entry. Abelard, Peter: application of logic to theology, Questions on Generation and Corruption, 186; 57–9; importance of, 48; opposed reason to Questions on the Physics, 186, 187, 190–1; 153, authority, 357; Sic et Non, 60, 62, 79; 26, 46, 170, 275nn, 276nn 50, 51, 62, 63, 64, 73, 100, 144, 333, 337 Albertus Magnus: and the senses, 160; as accidents: lacking a subject, 252; 183 theologian-natural philosopher, 191; few acoustics, 163 mentions of God, 194–5; on God’s absolute Adalberon of Laon, 47 power, 193; on other worlds, 193; on relations Adelard of Bath: as translator, 69; attitude toward between natural philosophy and theology, authority and reason, 69–72; natural 192–5; Commentary on De caelo, 192, 193, 194; philosophy of, 69–72; opposed reason to Commentary on the Physics, 192, 194; 104, 161, authority, 357; Natural Questions, 69, 84; 73, 74 179, 180, 196, 344 Age of Enlightenment: based on seventeenth- Albigenses, 336 century thought, 284 Albucasis, 109 Age of Faith: rather than Age of Reason, 351; 335 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 86 Age of Reason: and Middle Ages, 15, 16, 285; Alexander of Hales, 207, 254nn arrived at religion based on reason, 289; al-Farghani, see Alfraganus began in Middle Ages, 8–9, 289, 290; could Alfraganus, 341 not have occurred without Middle Ages, 292; Alhazen (ibn al-Haytham), 103 repudiated medieval logic, natural Al-Khwarizmi: Algebra, 86 philosophy, and theology, 293; what it was, Ambrose, Saint, 80 283–5; 4, 30, 68, 103, 345, 351 America, 350 Agricola, Rudolph: fashioned new approach to ampliation (ampliatio), 121, 141, 300 dialectic, 302 Anaxagoras, 92 Alan of Lille, 66–7, 236 Anaximander, 155 Alaric, 348 Andrea, Giovanni: and naming of Middle Ages, Albert of Saxony: and existence of vacuum, 175; 330 and siphon experiment, 165–6; empyrean Andronicus of Rhodes, 88 heaven, 254–5; movement of body in vacuum, angel(s): and natural philosophy, 255–64; 176–8; on motion, 187–8; questions by, 358n; Aquinas rejects instantaneous motion of, 258; thought experiment and moment of rest, 171; how God can create an infinite multitude of, use of word order in physics, 139–40; Brief 244–5; how it is in a place, 261–2; move to Questions on the Ancient Art, 118; Questions on places differently than bodies, 257; questions the Books of the Posterior Analytics, 118; about, 277–8 385 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80279-6 - God and Reason in the Middle Ages Edward Grant Index More information index Anselm of Canterbury, 53–6: and his ontological Meteorology, 149, 152, 163; On Generation and proof, 55–6; compared to Berengar of Tours, Corruption, 91, 152, 163; On Interpretation (De 56; Monologium, 54–5; Proslogium, 54; 38, 61, interpretatione; also known as Peri hermenias), 68, 144 116, 145; On the Heavens, 94, 149, 152, 156n, Anselm of Laon, 62, 63 163, 238, 265, 338–9; On the Soul, 154, 163, antiperistasis, 320 272; Parts of Animals, 91, 95–6; Parva appellation (appellatio), 121, 141, 300 naturalia, 163; Physics, 131, 149, 152, 155, 156, Archimedes, 40, 86 163, 170, 232, 238, 256, 261, 279n, 304; argument from design, 288 Politics, 93, 94, 317; Posterior Analytics, 109, Aristotelianism, 89, 304, 312, 324 117; Prior Analytics, 116, 119, 321; Sophistical Aristotelians: developed siege mentality in Refutations, 92, 116, 119, 120; Topics, 116, 117, seventeenth century, 311; Petrarch on, 295; 119, 143; Rhetoric, 94; Poetics, 94; 11, 12, 14, 16, 305, 341 29, 31, 40, 57, 69, 74, 86, 103, 106, 124, 152, “Aristotelity,” 318 182, 194, 196, 197, 210, 211, 254, 268, 289, 303 Aristotle: actual infinite, 230; admired by arithmetic, 2, 208 Petrarch, 295; and core of new logic, 116–17; arts faculty (faculties): reason was primary, 115; and empiricism, 178; and eternity of the 184, 186 world, 238; and limits on God’s power, 214; Ashtekar, Abhay, 363–4 and modal logic, 143–4; and moment of rest, Ashworth, E. J.: on the use of letters in logic, 227; and perception, 162–3; and role of logic, 301n 96; and Scripture, 183; and sense perception, astrology, 152 180; and use of reason, 91; applauded by astronomy, 96, 115, 152, 153, 163 Galileo, 310; argued for a spherical earth, 341; Augustine, Saint, 35–9; and handmaiden corrupted natural philosophy by logic, 315; concept, 36–7; on interpreting Holy criticized by Hobbes, 318; defended by Scripture, 266–7; on reason and faith, 37–8; Simplicio, 308; deviation from, regarded as praises logic, 49; On the Trinity (De Trinitate), heresy, 329; dominance of, 89; Galileo on, 39; 31, 44, 80, 81, 209, 270, 298 305; guided natural philosophers, 181; his Aureoli, Peter: on future contingency problem: notion of God, 90; his science as model for 144–5; rejects potential infinite, 230–1; 144, theology, 209; his Sophistical Refutations 275nn played major role in medieval logic, 117; his authority: Adelard’s attitude toward, 70, 72 thought dominated medieval universities, Averroës (ibn Rushd) (Commentator): and 97–8; his works regarded as apotheosis of single intellect, 187; commentary form, 104–5; reason, 150; identifies basic entities, 116; on habitable earth, 340; 12, 89, 103, 106, 109, knowledge from senses, 163; Locke criticizes 152, 156, 188, 216, 260, 272–74, followers of, 321–2; metaphysics (theology), Averroism, 216 94–5; on first and last instants of change, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 86, 89, 103, 150, 152 131–2; on habitable earth, 340; on indivisible axioms, 43–4, 67 magnitudes, 261; on natural phenomena, 95–6; on reason, 90; on shape and position of Bacon, Francis, 315–17; attacks Aristotle’s logic, the earth, 338–9; on the infinite, 232; physics 315–16; learning of schoolmen is barbarous, (natural philosophy), 94; potential infinite, 316–17; Advancement of Learning, 316; New 229, 230; question about, 272–4; theoretical Organon, 315; 284, 290, 304, 324 knowledge derived from, 10; theory of Bacon, Roger: attacked Sentences, 210; on projectile motion, 166; theory of syllogism, experience, 160–1; 104, 105, 161, 179, 180, 196, 116–17; threefold division of knowledge, 94–5; 239, 275n, 276n, 333, 344 translations of logic works, 41; treated Baconthorpe, John, 234 problems as puzzles, 92–3; Voltaire on, 324; Barnes, Jonathan, 41, 88 works of, 87–9; wrote first history of Barry, Dave: on Renaissance and Dark Ages, 347 philosophy, 87; wrote first history of science, Basil of Caesarea, 34 87; works: Categories, 116, 119; Ethics, 94, 317; Bassolis, Johannes (John): on God and actual Metaphysics, 91, 92–3, 109, 156, 238, 317; infinite, 229; question by, 359n; possible kinds 386 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80279-6 - God and Reason in the Middle Ages Edward Grant Index More information index of actual infinites, 234; 224, 233 sentences in medieval logic, 124; on Becker, Carl: on reason and Middle Ages, 13–14; obligations, 143 7 Brown, Charles Paul, 5 Becket, Thomas, 49 Budé, Guillaume, 299 Benedictus Hesse, 275n Burckhardt, Jacob: denigrated the Middle Ages, Berengar of Tours: compared to Anselm, 56; 333–5; The Civilization of the Renaissance in 51–2, 53, 61 Italy, 333–4 Berkeley, George, 284 Buridan, John: and “hypothetical” experiment, Berman, Harold: and legal science in medieval 168; and impetus theory, 166–8; and universities, 113–14; on corporations, 98; 25, induction, 165; and insolubles, 129; and 76 mountain formation, 149; and other worlds, Bernard of Clairvaux: and attack on Abelard, 159n; and siphon experiment, 166; and 63–4; 65, 73, 82 vacuum experiment, 169; explained natural Bible: as textbook, 210; interpretations of by causes and effects, 197–9; God cannot make natural philosophy, 267; used against actually infinite magnitude, 233; on Aristotle Columbus, 342; Ecclesiasticus, 51; Exodus, 33; and the faith, 188; on induction, 161; on 1 Samuel, 33; Genesis, 238, 265, 266; Psalm maxima and minima, 134–5; propositions 14.1, 55, 56; Psalm 103, 266; Psalms 92:1, 201; from, 125–6; questions by, 358n; sophisms by, 62, 63, 74 127–9; thought experiment and moment of Biel, Gabriel: attacked by Luther, 303; number rest, 171; Brief Questions on the Ancient Art, of questions, 218; on God’s power and 118; Questions on the Heavens (De caelo), 159n, contradiction, 221; printed version of 186, 200, 254–5; Questions on the Book of the commentary, 219; question by, 359n; 278 Topics, 118; Questions on the Physics, 170; Blasius of Parma: On the Contact of Hard Bodies, Questions on the Prior Analytics, 118; 132–4 Sophismata, 121; 123, 146, 164, 179, 180, 235, Boccaccio, Giovanni, 353 275n, 276n bodies: falling toward earth’s center, 319–20 Burley, Walter: on first and last instants, 132; 105 Boehner, Philotheus, 121–2 Burtt, E. A.: view of reason in medieval period, Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 40–5; and 328 old logic, 116; and theological tractates, 42–3; Byzantine Empire, 3, 9, 25, 65 and translations of Aristotle, 28; as translator, 40–1; elementary texts of, 27; influence on Caesar, 22 early Middle Ages, 44–5; mathematics and Calixtus II, pope, 23 theology, 42–3; De hebdomadibus (Quomodo Campanus of Novara: and Euclid’s axioms, 43 substantiae), 43, 66, 67; The Consolation of Cantor, Georg: and nondenumerable infinite Philosophy, 40, 44; 31, 46, 47, 83, 236 sets, 249; Theory of Transfinite Numbers, 247 Bolgar, R. R., 26 Cantor, Norman: how attitudes toward