Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 1 01/31/2014 1147675 73 13-4049 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ROSALYN NEWDOW; KENNETH BRONSTEIN; BENJAMIN DREIDEL; NEIL GRAHAM; JULIE WOODWARD; JAN AND PAT DOE; DOE-CHILD1 AND DOE-CHILD2; ALEX AND DREW ROE; ROE-CHILD1, ROE-CHILD2, AND ROE-CHILD3; VAL AND JADE COE; COE-CHILD1 AND COE- CHILD2; NEW YORK CITY ATHEISTS; FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION; Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JACOB J. LEW, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY; RICHARD A. PETERSON, ACTING DIRECTOR, UNITED STATES MINT; LARRY R. FELIX, DIRECTOR, BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING; Defendants-Appellees, On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (District Court Case #13-cv-741) APPELLANTS’ REPLY BRIEF Michael Newdow Edwin M. Reiskind, Jr. Pro hac vice Friend & Reiskind PLLC PO Box 233345 100 William Street, #1220 Sacramento, CA 95823 New York, NY 10038 (916) 273-3798 (212) 587-1960 [email protected] [email protected] Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 2 01/31/2014 1147675 73 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 THE MONETARY ITEMS PRODUCED ARE QUITE TELLING ............. 9 RESPONSES TO DEFENDANTS’ ARGUMENTS ...................................... 11 I. Altering Definitions Still Does Not Excuse Constitutional Violations ...................................................................... 11 II. Justice Breyer’s Van Orden Concurrence Does Not Strongly Support Defendants’ Position........................................ 13 III. “In God We Trust” Violates the Neutrality “Touchstone” ......................................................................................... 21 IV. Ending an Establishment Clause Violation is Not “Hostility” to Religion ........................................................................... 24 V. Defendants’ Free Exercise and RFRA Arguments Are Unavailing ....................................................................................... 25 VI. Plaintiffs Have Not Waived Their Equal Protection Claims .................................................................................. 28 RESPONSE TO AMICI ................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 31 i Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 3 01/31/2014 1147675 73 ADDENDA CURRENT (2014) STATE CONSTITUTIONS PROVISIONS FACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY TOWARDS ATHEISTS ........................................................... ADDENDUM A BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE SUPPORTING APPELLANTS, BROWN V. BD. OF EDUC., 347 U.S. 483 (1954) ................................... ADDENDUM B SAMPLES OF COINS PRODUCED BY DEFENDANT PETERSON’S UNITED STATES MINT .......................................................................................... ADDENDUM C 2014 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 SILVER DOLLAR (PRODUCED BY DEFENDANT PETERSON’S UNITED STATES MINT) ............................. ADDENDUM D UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE’S SHEET OF ROSA PARKS STAMPS ................................................... ADDENDUM E ii Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 4 01/31/2014 1147675 73 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) ................. 15, 24, 27, 30 Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1873) .................................................................. 29 Bronx Household of Faith v. Bd. of Educ. of City of New York, 650 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2011) .................................................................................... 13 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) ................................... 3, 6, 7, 29 Cooper v. United States Postal Service, 577 F.3d 479 (2d Cir. 2009) ............. 23, 30 County of Allegheny v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 492 U.S. 573 (1989) .. 24, 28, 30 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856) .............................................................. 3 Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987) ............................................................ 24 Employment Div. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) ........................................ 24, 25, 26 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962) ................................................................ 15, 24 Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968) .............................................................. 24 Hernandez v. Commissioner, 490 U.S. 680 (1989) ................................................. 28 Jolly v. Coughlin, 76 F.3d 468 (2d Cir. 1996) ......................................................... 27 Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992) .............................................................. 24, 30 Lyes v. City of Riviera Beach, 166 F.3d 1332 (11th Cir. 1999) .............................. 13 McCreary County v. ACLU, 545 U.S. 844 (2005) ........................................... passim Minersville School Dist. v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940) ....................................... 29 iii Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 5 01/31/2014 1147675 73 Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009) .............................................................. 14 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) ....................................................... 3, 7, 29 Santa Fe Indep. School Dist. v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000) ..................................... 24 Skoros v. City of New York, 437 F.3d 1 (2d Cir. 2006) .................................... 23, 25 Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980) ............................................................... 24, 30 United States v. Windsor, No. 12-307 (570 U.S. ___ (June 26, 2013)) .................... 8 Universal Church v. Geltzer, 463 F.3d 218 (2d Cir. 2006) ..................................... 26 Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005) ....................................................... passim Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985) .................................................................... 24 Westside Community Bd. of Educ. v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990) ..................... 12 Williams v. United States, 289 U.S. 553 (1933) ...................................................... 14 Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705 (1977) ............................................................... 26 STATUTES AND RESOLUTIONS 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb through § 2000bb-4 (Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA)) ................................................................. 25, 27 International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-292, codified at 22 U.S.C. § 6401 ................................................................... 8 Pub. L. No. 106-26, 113 Stat. 50 (1999) .................................................................. 10 iv Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 6 01/31/2014 1147675 73 OTHER AUTHORITIES Alonzo T. Jones. Civil Government and Religion, or Christianity and the American Constitution (1889) ............................................... 3 Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae supporting Appellants, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) ..................................... 6, 7, 29 Frank Newport, Americans Today Much More Accepting of a Woman, Black, Catholic, or Jew as President. Gallup polls conducted between 1937 and 1999. ........................................................................ 3 Gallup Poll – A.I.P.O. (July 21, 1965) ...................................................................... 5 Jeffrey M. Jones, Atheists, Muslims See Most Bias as Presidential Candidates. Gallup poll conducted June 7-10, 2012. ............................................. 4 Michael Newdow, Question to Justice Scalia: Does the Establishment Clause Permit the Disregard of Devout Catholics? 38 Cap. U. L. Rev. 409 (2009). ............................................................ 5 Michael W. McConnell, Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part 1: Establishment of Religion, 44 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2105 (2003) ....................................................................... 30 Penny Edgell et al., Atheists as “Other”: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society, 71 Am. Soc. Rev. 211 (2006) ............................................................................................... 1 Will M. Gervais et al., Do You Believe in Atheists? Distrust Is Central to Anti-Atheist Prejudice, 101 J. of Personality & Soc. Psycho I. 1189 (2011) ..................................................................................... 5 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS U.S. Const. amend. I .........................................................................................passim v Case: 13-4049 Document: 59 Page: 7 01/31/2014 1147675 73 WEBSITES www.gallup.com/poll/155285/Atheists-Muslims-Bias- Presidential-Candidates.aspx ................................................................................ 4 www.gallup.com/poll/3979/Americans-Today-Much- More-Accepting-Woman-Black-Catholic.aspx .................................................... 3 www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx ............................ 19 vi Case: 13-4049