Investigation on feature of Pakistan water tower and its solid water storage—glacier volume Yinsheng Zhang Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Outline Introduction：Upper Indus River Basin 1 (UIB) —Pakistan water Tower 2 Collaborative researches about the water tower 3 Solid status storage of Pakistan water tower — glacier ice volume TPE – Water Tower of the Asia Region Significant concentration of Cryosphere – Third Pole Origination of Larger Rivers – Water Tower Pakistan – Origin of Indus River 3 Upper Indus River Basin（UIB) - Water Tower of Pakistan Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Westerly circulation controlling 5 3.Variation of precipitation isotope and difference of vapor source Spring and Summer Autumn & Winter Spring and Summer Westerly Oceanity Local Spring and summer T P Autumn and winter (Wang et al., 2017) • Precipitation in UIB is mainly influenced by westerly and local water circulation. Extent of Monsoon Currents UIB Precipitation (mm) Khunjerab (4730) Ziarat (3669) Yasin (3353) Zani Pass (3000) Naltar (2810) Gupis (2156) Hunza (2156) Ushkor (3353) Gilgit (1459) Shendur (3719) Bunji (1470) Shigar (2300) Astore (2168) Chillas (1251) Rama (3140) Skardu (2181) Hushey (2995) Rattu (2920) Shangla Deosai (4356) Burzil (4030) (2134) Most of the UIB Precipitation falls in winter and spring seasons mainly due to westerly circulations, whereas summer precipitation constitutes limited proportion UIB Discharge Hunza Gilgit Astore Shigar Kachura Shyok Kharmong Besham Huge amount of Glaciers in Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Confluence of HKH Area (~166,000 km2) 12% glaciers area —Karakoram Anomaly(Hewitt, 2005; Gardelle et al., 2012) ICEsat-SRTM (Kääb et al., 2015) Observation (Yao et al., 2012) Hewitt, 2005 Kaab et al, 2012 Hewitt, 2007 Cogley et al, 2012 Hewitt, 2011 (Farinotti et al. 2015) Gardelle et al, Mayer,2006, Overall Picture of 2012 Mayer,2010 Tien Shan the State of Glaciers in Himalaya (Yao, et al. 2012, NCC) Dobhal et al.,2004 Bali et al.,2011 Bali et al.,2011 Kumar et al.,2008 (Ren et al, 1998) (Nie et al., 2010) Kargel et al., 2011 (Ren et al., 2004)(Qin Dahe, 2000) (Yao et al., 2007) Bajracharyaand Mool, 2010 Melt water source of discharge in UIB Highly generalized diagram showing origin of two distinct types of melt water in UIB • Melt water from high- altitude catchments in UIB, is a mixture of • glacial melts, • melts from seasonal snows that fall in the winter and spring prior to the melting season, • and summer snowfall that takes place concurrently (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014, JH) Seasonal Runoff Variability in Astore Basin 100 0 (mm) 90 2 80 4 Precipitation 70 6 • Seasonal shifting in stream- 60 flow by early snow melt 8 • Runoff is decreased in glacier 50 melting period due to cooling 10 in Summer Temperatures C) O 5) Snow Cover Area (%) Area Cover Snow 5) 40 12 x /s 3 m ( 30 14 Temperature ( Temperature Snow-melt Snow-melt Glacier-melt Discharge 20 21% + 22% 16 Glacier-melt 33% 10 18 Base Flow + Rain (24%) 0 20 Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec Mean Daily Discharge Mean Daily Precipitation Mean Snow Cover Area Mean Temperature Mean Discharge 1990-1994 Mean Discharge 2006-2010 (Farhan S, et al., 2014, Clim Dyn) Contribution per component of discharge in UIB Contribution per component (%) Basin Period Glacier Snow Rain Base Reference melt melt runoff flow Hunza 2002-2004 33 50 17 (Shrestha et al., 2015) Hunza 1966-1010 74 26 (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014a) Hunza 1998-2007 80.6 9.6 1.3 8.5 (Lutz et al., 2014) Upper Indus 1998-2007 40.6 21.8 26.8 10.8 (Lutz et al., 2014) Shigar 1970-2010 35 43 22 (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014b) Kharmong 2000-2010 22 44 (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014a) Gilgit 1980-2010 68 32 (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014a) Gilgit 1998-2007 54.2 26 12.3 7.5 (Lutz et al., 2014) Astore 2000-2010 18 50 (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014a) Astore 22 33 21 24 (Farhan S, et al., 2014) Key points of Pakistan water tower • Atmosphere: westerly dominant • Huge amount of glaciers and their stable status- Karakoram Anomaly • Importance of melting water—from glaciers and snow cover Outline Introduction：Upper Indus River Basin 1 (UIB) —Pakistan water Tower 2 Collaborative researches about the water tower 3 Solid status storage of Pakistan water tower — glacier ice volume CAS Strategic Priority Programme (B) -TIMI Tibet Multiple Sphere Interaction & Their Environment and Resource significance Westerly (Upper indus) Gla mass balance Gla hydo Lake water Pre spatial Transite Basin water balance Gla mass balance Gla hydo Gla-lake dynamic Lake water Pre spatial Basin water balance Mosoon region Gla mass balance Gla hydo Gla-lake dynamic Lake water Pre spatial Basin water balance The Hydrological Consequences of Westerly Vapor Transform on water cycle-Process in TPE Region 8 2 1 3 Indus River Source Upper Indus Basin (China) 7 (Pakistan) 6 Lake flux 4 AWS Lake and Discharge 5 Glacier Isotope Network Glacier Name: Selin Co Basin Intensified Basin 1 - Gharko; 2 - Barpu; 3 - Sachen;4 - Kunsha; 5 - Jiagang; Study cross-section 6 - Geladandong; 7 - Qiangtang1#; 8 - Puruogangri May 2009, Delegation of ITPCAS visited SUPARCO Karachi headquarters and Islamabad office，the following intention and contents of cooperation were determined: Glacier and snow change Atmospheric environment Hydrology and water resource Disaster monitoring Remote sensing data receiving and acquisition Construction of environmental comprehensive observation station Scientific joint expedition Paleoclimatic environment research Short term training for Young scientists Education for Master/PhD candidate June 2010, Delegation of ITPCAS visited SUPARCO Karachi headquarters again. Detailed research contents and working plan for future cooperation were discussed under the TPE framework, MoU was signed: 10 aspects of cooperation contents were determined Specified the responsible experts on both sides Have a detailed schedule Identify education programs Detailed field expedition plan January 2017, Delegation of ITPCAS visited SUPARCO Islamabad office. Future cooperation and TPE center establishment were fully discussed: Worked out detailed action plans for 2017 and for the next 5 years (2017-2021) Set the agenda for the establishment of a TPE Centre in Islamabad Expansion of joint observing network Building of a Gilgit Flagship station for glacier, atmospheric, hydrological and ecological Expedition 2015 Route Expedition 2016 Route Expedition 2017 Route ...... Field work in Pakistan 2011-2014 Pakistan Expedition Pakistan Expedition Establish of observation network Pakistan Part Glacier Mass Barpu, Gharko, Balance Sachen Precipitation-5, Water Stable River -4, Lake-5, Isotope Glacier melt stream-3 Discharge sites-4, Hydrological AWS-4 observation Rain Gauge-9 Water Stable Precipitation-1 Isotope River -1 Discharge sites-1 Hydrological AWS-1 observation Rain Gauge-1 China Part-Shiquan River Observation of hydrology and meteorology Runoff observation AWS Sachen (3538m) Gharko (3827m) Precipitation Sachen(3538m) Sachen (4170m) Sachen (4709m) Gharko (2928m) Gharko (3455m) Gharko (4610m) gradient 2. Glacier Mass Balance Observation Location of observed glaciers Sachen Glacier (Astore) (4709m) (3538m) (3448m) (4170m) Discharge measurement AWS Rain gauge Ablation Stakes Snow pit Lake level gauge (2784m) Barpu Glacier (Hunza) (3827m) (2928m) (4610m) (3455m) (3568m) Gharko Glacier (Gilgit) 3. Isotope and POPs observation in Pakistan Sust Gilgit Islamabad Lahore Karachi Westerly Karachi Indian Monsoon 1. Glacier inventory of Pakistan • First national glacier inventory in Pakistan • Characteristic: – Newest data base: Landsat images during 2013 to 2015, 30m resolution – Improved method: parameter of debris covered part: LST, Slope, Band Ratio parameter of clean ice part: NDSI, LWM, NDVI – Names of glacier: 181 names of 263 glaciers which are more than 5 km2 by using topographic map and field survey 2. Astore Basin Glacier changes during 1973-2013 2 15 25 35 Rescaled Graph Glacier Area Change (% year) / (% Change Area Glacier Glacier Size (Km2) Only Small Glacier in Astore basin represented both growing and shrinking during 1973-2013 3. Glacial-hydrological characteristic Weak positive glacier mass Contribution from glacier and snow balance during 2003 to 2008 in melt on discharge is more than 75% Westerly region +rain Precipitation by westerly (mainly in winter and spring) explain the variance of runoff (80%) (Farhan et al., Clim Dyna, 2015) Outline Introduction：Upper Indus River Basin 1 (UIB) —Pakistan water Tower 2 Collaborative researches about the water tower 3 Solid status storage of Pakistan water tower — glacier ice volume Calculate Methods • GlabTop 휏 퐻 = 휌푔푓푠푛(훼) H-Ice thickness (m) τ-Basal shear stress (Pa) ρ-density of the ice (900kg/m3) g-acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) f-shape factor (0.8) α-surface slope (degrees) Δh≤1.6km, 휏 = 0.005 + 1.598훥ℎ − 0.435훥ℎ2 Δh＞1.6km, τ=1.5×105Pa • Zhu 퐻 = 푎훽푏 H-Ice thickness (m) β-surface slope (%), β=tan(α) Calculate Methods GlabTop (Paul et al., 2012) (Frey et al., 2014) Methods-Data acquisition • Glacier outline: Glacier Inventory of Pakistan • Glacier surface elevation : • ICESat (2003-2008), point data, (Kääb et al., 2015) • ASTER DEM (2000-2016), dh/dt, (Brun et al., 2017) • Glacier elevation: SRTM DEM (2000) • Ice thickness: • Field survey: • Gravity meter, BGIG, 1974 • GPR, as in 1974, 2017 • Model calculation: using SRTM DEM data Batura Barpu Gharko Sachen Sachen Barpu Gharko Batura Results-Barpu Results-Sachen