Advanced Forest Protection, Inc. 11/14/2011 i Advanced Forest Protection, Inc. 11/14/2011 Guide to Potential Insects, Diseases, and Other Damaging Agents of Eucalyptus in the Southeastern United States Prepared by: Advanced Forest Protection, Inc. Other Contributors: Editor: Dr. Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service Guide for public use and educational purposes only. Not for sale. Cover photos: Upper right: Eucalyptus longhorned borers, photo by J. K. Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program. Left: Eucalyptus stand in south Florida, photo by Ed Barnard (Florida DACS, retired); Bugwood.org. ii Advanced Forest Protection, Inc. 11/14/2011 Table of Contents Preface....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review and Selection of Damaging Agents................................................. 4 Organization and Content ............................................................................................. 5 Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 5 Signs and symptoms ..................................................................................................... 6 Classification of fungi ................................................................................................... 7 Insect Pests .............................................................................................................................. 10 Sap-sucking insects ..................................................................................................... 10 Blue gum psyllid (Ctenarytaina eucalypti ).................................................... 10 Red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspis brimblecombei) .......................................... 11 Other psyllids .................................................................................................. 11 Winter bronzing bug (Thaumastocoris peregrinus ) ...................................... 12 Gall-forming insects.................................................................................................... 13 Blue gum chalcid (Leptocybe invasa) ............................................................. 13 Other gall wasps .............................................................................................. 15 Leaf and shoot feeding insects - defoliators ............................................................... 16 Eucalyptus tortoise beetles .............................................................................. 16 Australian gum tree weevil (Gonipterus scutellatus) ..................................... 17 Purple moth (Sarsina violascens) ................................................................... 18 Texas leaf-cutting ant (Atta texana) ................................................................ 20 Phloem and wood-boring insects ................................................................................ 23 Eucalypt longhorned borers (Phoracantha semipunctata and P. recurva) ..... 23 Diseases................................................................................................................................... 23 Propagation diseases ................................................................................................... 23 Cylindrocladium disease ................................................................................. 23 Botrytis cinerea ............................................................................................... 23 Pithium spp. .................................................................................................... 23 Rhizoctonia solani ........................................................................................... 23 Foliage and shoot diseases .......................................................................................... 24 Cylindrocladium leaf spot and blight .............................................................. 24 Mycosphaerella leaf diseases .......................................................................... 24 Phaeophleospora leaf disease ......................................................................... 24 Other leaf diseases: Alternaria, Aulographina, Cryptosporiopsis, Fairmaniella, Harknessia, Microsphaeropsis ................................................ 24 Eucalyptus rust (Puccinia psidii) .................................................................... 24 Canker and dieback diseases ....................................................................................... 24 Botryosphaeria dothidea-ribis complex ......................................................... 25 Ceratocystis wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata) ...................................................... 25 Coniothyrium canker ....................................................................................... 25 Eucalyptus canker (Chrysoporthe cubensis) ................................................... 25 Pink disease (Erythricium salmonicolor)........................................................ 25 Bacterial wilt ................................................................................................... 25 Stem and root rots ....................................................................................................... 26 Armillaria, Ganoderma, Phellinus stem and root rot ..................................... 26 iii Advanced Forest Protection, Inc. 11/14/2011 Phytophthora root rot ...................................................................................... 26 Decline - Diseases of complex origin ......................................................................... 26 Non-infectious Disorders (Abiotic Agents) ............................................................................ 26 Rooting problems ........................................................................................................ 27 Weather ....................................................................................................................... 27 Excess soil moisture .................................................................................................... 27 Fire .............................................................................................................................. 27 Chemical injury ........................................................................................................... 27 Nutrient deficiencies ................................................................................................... 28 Survey and Diagnosis of Tree Health Problems ..................................................................... 43 Survey, Monitoring, Detection, and Evaluation ......................................................... 43 Diagnosis of Plant Health Problems ........................................................................... 44 Preparation, equipment and supplies .............................................................. 44 Fieldwork – How to review the site and examine the plants for clues ........... 45 Diagnostic Questionnaire (Data Form) ........................................................... 46 Where to find help and send samples ............................................................. 46 Collecting, handling, and shipping samples for laboratory diagnosis ............ 47 Guidelines for taking digital images ............................................................... 48 Chemical analysis of nutrient concentrations in plant tissues ........................ 51 Eucalyptus Insect and Disease Management Strategies ......................................................... 53 Avoidance of New Pest Introductions ........................................................................ 53 Risk Management ....................................................................................................... 53 Insect- and Disease-Resistant Planting Stock ............................................................. 54 Managing Tree Health and Avoiding Stress ............................................................... 55 Matching species, provenance, and variety to the planting site ...................... 55 Silvicultural treatments ................................................................................... 56 Biological Control ....................................................................................................... 56 Pesticide Use ............................................................................................................... 57 Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................... 58 References ............................................................................................................................... 67 Additional Resources .............................................................................................................. 82 Eucalyptus Experts by Specialty ................................................................................. 82 Forest pathology.............................................................................................. 82 Forest entomology .........................................................................................