Lake and river ice cover Frozen wetlands A.V. Kouraev, E.A. Zakharova, F. Rémy University of Toulouse, France LEGOS, Toulouse France State Oceanography Institute STUDY AREAS Ladoga Lake Onega Lake 30° E Five largest 60° N Baikal Lake Eurasian water 120° E bodies Aral Sea Caspian Sea 45° N Salt / fresh water Seasonal ice cover - forming every year Full / partial ice coverage depending on winter severity Surface, km2 Volume, km3 Max depth, m Mean depth, m Comment Caspian Sea 371000 78200 1025 211 World's largest inland water body Baikal Lake 31500 23600 1637 749 Deepest lake in the world, 2nd largest in Eur Ladoga Lake 18130 908 230 50 4th largest in Eurasia Onega Lake 9891 280 120 28 5th largest in Eurasia Aral Sea 1960 67000 1083 63 16 Aral Sea 2004 16000 100 40 6 20 40 60 100 120 140 160 80 Formation of hydrophysical Formation hydrophysical of fields large 1860 Freeze-up (days since 1 Dec) of indicator Good Winter duration (days) Baikalicephenology and winter duration 1880 Listvyanka station station (since 1868) Listvyanka - scale climate change 1900 1920 1940 1960 Y e a r ( W 1980 i n t e - r s t a r t 2000 ) Break-up (days since 1 Apr) 20 40 60 Ice and snow for people people for snow and Ice animals endemic for conditions Living Influence on spring bloom spring on Influence and primary production and primary and nature of diatoms of Fishermen, Barguzin bay, 2013 Practical aspects - transport on ice, fishing, tourism (Photo by Andrei Suknev) Andrei by (Photo Opening of ice route to Ol’khon island, 11 February, 2004 Tourists on Baikal ice Combination of simultaneous Altimetry method active (altimeter) and passive (radiometer) microwave data a) Caspian and b) Baikal, Ladoga Aral seas and Onega lakes 290 Number of observations Ice / water 270 K 100 discrimination , 250 2 / 50 ) F 7 E 40 methodology: 3 230 F B D 30 T D + E developed, validated 210 20 8 1 10 and tested B 5 T 190 C C for seas and lakes ( B B 2 170 1 0 150 A A Kouraev et al., 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 2003 Polar Research Backscatter, dB Backscatter, dB 2004 JMS 2004 IEEE TGRS Schematic representation of the temporal evolution of T/P 2007 RSE observations in the space of backscatter vs. TB/2. Schema is 2007 L&O overlaid on two-dimensional histograms (total summed 2008 SiG values) for Caspian and Aral seas (a) and Baikal, Ladoga and Onega Lakes (b) Combining benefits of the two Mapping approach platforms Working at 5 days resolution (pentads) Freezing of the Ladoga Lake - a sequence of four pentads during winter 2002/03 SSM/I - wide spatial coverage, high temporal resolution Altimetry - high radiometric and along-track spatial resolution Resulting time series of ice events South-Eastern Aral - blue, Northern Aral - red BAIKAL (Red - SB, Green - MB, Blue - NB) 120 160 200 100 120 140 160 180 200 40 80 0 I C 1978 E E 1980 V E 1982 N 1984 T S 1986 D U 1988 R A 1990 T I 1992 O N 1994 , D 1996 A Y 1998 S 2000 2002 2004 2006 Onega - blue, Ladoga PMW - red, Ladoga Alti - green Northern Caspian: Western - green, Eastern - orange 100 120 140 160 100 120 140 160 60 80 60 80 Baikal Baikal (cold 1993/94) but mostly (cold mostly but 1993/94) Some winters are typical Some winters typical are Aral sea Aral Ladoga and Onega but not everywhere! not everywhere! but similar, recent recent warming similar, Caspian sea Caspian regional character regional Shorter winters winters Shorter but but cooling in the center andsouth center - gradual gradual warming warming in the north, north, in the warming by warming by - cooling followed - constant constant - very very - 2010 2011 2012 2013 CNES TOSCA, ANR CLASSIQUE, FP7 Monarch-A, CNRS PICS BaLaLaICA dTB (moving average, 5 pentads), °K -30 -20 -10 (Ice2 retracker) (Ice2 and dTB (TB365 retracker) 10 20 Temporal (seasonal) (seasonal) variability backscatter of ENVISAT Temporal 0 average) average) for virtual in stations the Zone1(Salekhard) virtual (2002 virtual stations 0 0.2 A 96 ENVISAT 96 ENVISAT T i m e 0.4 ( f B r a c t i o n o f t h e 0.6 y e a r ) - 0.8 TB238) values (moving TB238) (moving values C - 2011) 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 Sigma0 (Ice2 retracker), 0.01 dB moving average for 5 pentads and break derived (2002 derived Average in situ (2001 Average between Salekhard and Novosibirsk and Salekhard between - up along the main Ob'channel river - 2011) values of ice formation 2011) Ice break-up (Year fraction) 0.28 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.3 break Ice with of polynyas / Beginning ice First ice /Icewithpolynyas / Ice 100% Timing: 6 dates 0 - 2011) and altimeter 2011) Salekhard 500 - up / Open waterup / Gorki 1000 Oktyabr'skoye Belogorye - Sytomino 1500 Surgut D L i o s c t 2000 Aleksandrovskoye a a n t i c o e n f o r o Kargasok f m i n 2500 O s Kolpashevo i t b u ' m Molchanovo s t a o t u i o t h 3000 Kruglikovo n s ( 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 k m 1 ) Ice formation (Year fraction) “Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne, and many more rings - hidden in the dark and thin ice of the Lake Baikal…” (J.R.R. Tolkien, updated) Krestovskiy Cape Baikal Ice Rings Nizhnee Izgolovye Cape 1999 04 18 2003 04 20 2005 04 24 2008 04 22 Radius about 2.3 - 2.9 km Southern Baikal 2009 04 15 NizhneeNizhnee IzgolovyeIzgolovyeIzgolovye Ol'khonskiyeOl'khonskiye VorotaVorota CapeCape StraitStrait 2009 04 24 2009 04 20 SPOT 2009 04 25 ISS TurkaTurka settl.settl. Radius about 2.8 km 15001500 mm KrestovskiyKrestovskiy CapeCape 10001000 mm Turka region 500500 mm KadilniyKadilniy CapeCape 500500 mm AngaraAngara riverriverriver SelengaSelenga riverriver 2009 04 24 10001000 mm Radius about 2.1 km 2008 04 22 Radius about 1.9 km Rings are usually seen in April (no snow). But they could be Formation time/duration formed earlier! By 15 January ice cover was stable By 1 February the ring can already be guessed through snow 19-20 April - central part is broken in two 04 01 2009 08 01 2009 10 01 2009 13 01 2009 15 01 2009 31 01 2009 01 02 2009 02 02 2009 15 02 2009 19 02 2009 01 03 2009 12 03 2009 28 03 2009 04 04 2009 06 04 2009 09 04 2009 20 04 2009 24 04 2009 27 04 2009 29 04 2009 03 05 2009 This ring has been formed between 15 January and 1 February 2009 Real timing of rings formation - ? 04 05 2009 06 05 2009 How much time is needed to form (sustain?) a ring? Nizhnee Izgolovye Cape - Landsat ETM+ Near infrared (Band 40) Thermal infrared (Band 62) 30 March 2009 Center/outside: -5.6 .. -6.8°C Ring: -4.9.. -5.7°C 15 April 2009 Center/outside: -2 .. -2.4°C Ring: +0.74.. --1.35°C Ring is 1°C warmer Ice ring in 2012 CTD casts, 5-7 April 2012 Seal’s breathing hole: above and below Gotcha! MODIS 21 April 2012 Wetlands Western Siberian wetlands Western Siberia: an unique region Ob’ + Yenisey+ PNPT : 1250 km3 /year (greatest input among all other Arctic seas) Flat relief - multitude of natural objects (large 90°90° EE 70°70° EE 90°90° EE Yenisey and small rivers and streams, extensive M i d d l e SalekhardSalekhard floodplains, lakes, mires, etc). Nadym Pur Ob' Poluy TazTaz S i b e r i a n Poluy, Nadym, Pur and Taz 75° E 85° E UralUral MountainsMountains Siberian Ridge 70° N KARAKARA SEASEA Dudinka estuaryestuaryestuary estuaryestuaryestuary YeniseyYeniseyYenisey estuaryestuaryestuary YeniseyYeniseyYenisey (PNPT) estuaryestuaryestuary TazTaz Ob' Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk Ob'Ob'Ob' Taz Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk Salekhard MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS Salekhard MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS Salekhard MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS Pur Samburg Nizhnyaya H i g h l a Sidorovsk Poluy Nadym Tunguska 60°60° NN Poluy 60°60° NN Nadym URALURALURAL Nadym Urengoy URALURALURAL Nadym Urengoy TuruhanskTuruhansk Homogeneous URALURALURAL Urengoy TuruhanskTuruhansk Ob' 65° N Ob' Ob' YeniseyYeniseyYenisey Berezovo YeniseyYeniseyYenisey IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh Vasyugan conditions, good Berezovo PodkamennayaPodkamennaya TunguskaTunguska climate indicator SIBIRSKIYE UVALY HILLS Ob' URALURALURAL MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS URALURALURAL MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS Khanty-Mansiysk Ob' TomskTomsk IrtyshIrtysh KuznetskKuznetskKuznetsk Ala-TauAla-TauAla-Tau TobolTobol Vasyugan bog 150150 kmkm World's largest IshimIshimIshim Permafrost type Continuous permafrost peatland (6.78 million ha). Altay Mountains Discontinuous permafrost 50°50° NN Zone of constant seasonal soil freezing Appeared 10 000 years ago IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh Ob' w atershed Kazakh Melkosopochnik and constantly growing. 75% Ob' inner w atershed of the actual surface Great Vasyugan Bog appeared during the last 500 years. Influence of permafrost. Active layer depth in tundra 20-25 cm N to 80-90 cm S, taiga - Permafrost conditions up to 2m. Carbon cycle Permafrost types of Russian Federation (after K.A.Kondratyev and V.A.Kudryavtsev classification) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 YeniseyYenisey 10 11 12 14 ZapolyarniyZapolyarniy NoviyNoviy UrengoyUrengoy PangodyPangody Ob' Nadym TazTaz PurPur Difficult to measure with satellites Ob' Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk Field trip 2010 Type Percent of Average temperature, deg Depth of permafrost, m coverage , Celcius IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh VasyuganVasyugan % Continuous permafrost 3 100 less than -13 M >800 m Ob' Ob' 4 100 -11 to -13 M 500-700 m TomskTomsk 5 100 -9 to -11 M 400-600 m, in mountain ridges 1000 m or more 6 100 -7 to -9 M 300-500 m, in mountain ridges up to 500_900 m 7 100 -5 to -7 M 200-400 m, in mountain ridges 300-500 8 100 -3 to -5 M 200-400 m, 9 100 -1 to -3 M 100-300 m Discontinuous permafrost 10 70-80 0 to -2, thaw soils - +1 to 0 M up to 100 m, rarely 200-300 m 11 40-60 0 to -1, thaw soils - +2 to 0 M 50-70 m, rarely 100-200 m 12 5-10 0 to -0.5, thaw soils +2 to 0 M 15-20 m, rarely up to 50 m Zones of constant seasonal freezing of soils 14 up to 5% 0 to -0.5 M up to 10-20 m Note the depth: several hundreds of meters ! What do we see from backscatter in Siberia? Wet zones: one- and two-humped came Using ENVISAT data we estimate the extent (%) Flood_type 1 of wet zones within 21 mid-size watershed of the 77 1,1 Ob’ river system.