Olena B. Nekrutenko HISTORY IN ENGLISH Olena B. Nekrutenko HISTORY IN ENGLISH Manual for Studying the Course “English for Specific Purposes” for the First and Second-Year Students of the Specialities «History», «Country Studies», «International relations» Luhansk State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” 2012 1 УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ -923 H-48 Reviewers: Buryan M. S. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of European and Euroatlantic Integration, International Affairs and World History of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Honoured Science and Technology Worker of Ukraine. Dmitrenko V. I. – Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of World Literature of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. Krasnopolsky V. E. – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages of Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University. Nekrutenko O. B. H-48 History in English : Manual for Studying the Course “English for Specific Purposes” for the First and Second-Year Students of the Specialities “History”, “Country Studies”, “International Relations” / О. B. Nekrutenk о; State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University”. – Luhansk : Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Press, 2012. – 243 p. The manual is designed for studying the course “English for Specific Purposes” for the first and second-year students of the specialities “History”, “Country Studies”, “International Relations”. The manual consists of 14 units, includes a wide range of historical texts, which are intended for reading in a class and for independent work of students. Different complication of authentic texts allows using them for reading with understanding, translation, discussion and annotating. Various exercises will help to master historical vocabulary, prepare students for speaking on professional topics and positively influence on forming of students’ motivation to study English. УДК 811.111 (075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ -923 Recommended for print by Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Teaching and Training Council (Official Record No. 9, October 4, 2012 ) © Nekrutenko O. B., 2012 © Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Press, 2012 2 Contents Foreword 6 Part I Module I The Ancient World 7 Unit 1 The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 7 Unit 2 Ancient Egypt 13 Unit 3 Ancient Greece 21 Unit 4 Ancient Rome 30 Module II The Middle Ages 38 Unit 5 The Crusades and Knights 38 Unit 6 The Daily Life in the Middle Ages 45 Unit 7 The Renaissance 52 Module III The Modern History 60 Unit 8 The American War of Independence 60 Unit 9 The French Revolution 66 Unit 10 The Victorian Age 72 Unit 11 The First World War 79 Module IV The New History 87 Unit 12 The Second World War 87 Unit 13 The Cold War 95 Unit 14 Culture, science and inventions of the XX century 104 Part II Section I Additional texts for individual reading and translations 112 Unit 1 The Great Wall of China 112 Machu Picchu 112 Taj Mahal 112 The Egyptian Pyramids 113 The Colosseum of Rome 113 The Lighthouse of Alexandria 114 Unit 2 Ancient Egypt Gods 114 Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics 115 Ancient Egyptian Inventions 118 Unit 3 The Twelve Olympians 118 Greek Clothes, Houses and Food 119 3 Education in Ancient Greece 119 The Greek Theatre 120 Sports and the Ancient Greece Olympics 120 Ancient Greek Government 121 Ancient Greek Warfare 121 Unit 4 Ancient Roman Architecture 121 Ancient Roman Philosophy 122 Ancient Roman Government 123 Unit 5 Knights 123 Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) 124 Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) 125 Unit 6 The Middle Ages Food 126 The Middle Ages Drink 127 William the Conqueror (1027-1087) 128 Unit 7 Six Wives of Henry VIII 129 Inventions 130 Unit 8 Saratoga and Philadelphia Campaigns 132 George Washington (1732-1799) 133 Unit 9 Economic Conditions 134 Louis XVI of France (1754–1793) 135 Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794) 136 Unit 10 Queen Victoria 137 The Victorian Age – Entertainment, Technology and Engineering 138 Unit 11 The Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen (1892 – 1918) 139 Naval Warfare of World War I 140 Weapons of World War I 141 Unit 12 The Battle of Stalingrad 142 Georgy Zhukov 143 The Nazi Connection with Shambhala and Tibet 144 a) The Myths of Thule and Vril 144 b) The Thule Society and the Founding of the Nazi Party 144 c) Haushofer, the Vril Society and Geopolitics 145 d) The Swastika 145 e) Nazi Suppression of Rival Occult Groups 145 f) The Ahnenerbe 146 g) The Nazi Expedition to Tibet 147 4 Unit 13. The Truman Doctrine 147 The Dulles Doctrine 148 The Prague Spring 149 The Nuclear Arms Race 150 Russia Invasion to Afghanistan 151 Unit 14 . Medicine 152 Modern Art 153 Famous People of the XX Century 153 a) Indira Gandhi 153 b) Albert Einstein 153 c) Bill Gates 154 d) John Paul II 154 e) Margaret Thatcher 155 f) Nelson Mandela 155 Section II Grammar Guide 156 1. The Article 156 2. The Noun 159 3. The Pronoun 162 4. The Adjectives and the adverb 165 5. The Numeral 168 6. The Verb. Indefinite Tenses 171 7. The Verb. Continuous Tenses 174 8. The Verb. Perfect Tenses 177 9. The Passive Voice 180 10. The Modal Verbs 183 11. The Reported Speech 186 12. Questions 189 13. Prepositions 192 14. Revision. Test 1. 197 Test 2. 196 Section III Modules 1-4 197 Section IV Wordlist 210 Section V Answers 219 Section VI Recommended literature 240 5 FOREWORD The manual “History in English” is designed for studying the course “English for Specific Purposes” for the first/second-year students of the specialities “History”, “Country Studies”, “International Relations” of higher educational establishments. The aim of this manual consists of the following: acquaintance with a vocabulary on a historical subject; broadening students’ general outlook; development of reading, translation and understanding skills of texts devoted to the various periods of the world history; improvement of the spoken language skills in situations which are closely connected with their future professional activity; forming creative thought and skills for the decision of problem situations. Part I is organized into four Modules: the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the Modern History and the New History. Each Module contains three or four units which have the similar structure: Pre-reading, Reading, Language Development, Speaker’s Corner, Writing and Project. Reading activities include a wide range of historical texts, which are intended for reading in a class and for independent work of students. Different complication of texts allows using them for reading with understanding, translation, discussion and annotating. The authentic texts of the manual conform to cognitive and professional interests of students. Each unit of the manual contains a variety of exercises that present and practice new language and develop speaking, reading and writing skills. The lexical items are introduced through techniques which include multiple choice, matching, gap-filling, true-false, word-formation, etc. The first two techniques measure students’ passive vocabulary and should provide practice in recognition. The latter lend themselves better to checking and broadening their knowledge of active vocabulary and should provide practice in production. There are exercises based on problem- solving, grouping words, pictures, sentence-building, opposites, synonyms, errors, etc. They test students’ knowledge of how an item is used, where it is used, what its limitations are, how it behaves in certain situations, what other words are likely to occur with it. Various Language Development exercises will help to master the historical vocabulary, prepare students for speaking on professional topics and increase their motivation to become actively involved in learning about history. Speaker’s Corner is connected with the improving of English speaking skills. It will help students to communicate more easily and effectively using the information from the internet or historical books/encyclopedias. Writing deals with compositions focuses on specific topics. Students have to produce their own compositions using 150-200 words. Some units have Project activity which deals with a short presentation, continuing the story, reading and discussion, etc. This kind of work requires knowledge of Project PowerPoint Presentation. Part II is organized into six Sections. Section I - Additional texts for individual reading and translation focuses on authentic texts which logically supplement the units. Section II – Grammar guide consists of the theoretical section with explanations and examples, grammar exercises and a test. Explanations and examples are written for the student to use individually but they may be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The exercises can be used for in-class reference or at-home study. Section III – Modules reinforces students’ knowledge of the vocabulary and topics. Most of the new vocabulary is presented in Section IV - Wordlist which is designed in the alphabetic order. The words and phrases are not translated into the students’ mother tongue, so they can check the meaning of new words in their dictionaries. Each new word or phrase is printed in boldface type in the unit when it appears for the first time in the text. Section V – Answers will help students to find answers for the most difficult exercises. The answers also contain additional information on different topics. Section VI - Recommended literature covers the authentic books, sites from the internet. This section is useful for those students who want to broaden their knowledge in history. 6 PART I MODULE I. THE ANCIENT WORLD Unit 1. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Lead-in Exercise 1. Look at the pictures and guess wonders of the ancient world. Exercise 2. Choose the names of wonders from the list to label the pictures. 1. The Colossus of Rhodes, 2. The Pyramids in Egypt, 3.