THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY: A THEORETICAL – HISTORICAL ANALYSIS A Ph.D. Dissertation by BEHİCE ÖZLEM GÖKAKIN Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara January 2010 To the Memory of Late Professor Stanford Jay Shaw (1930-2006) THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY: A THEORETICAL – HISTORICAL ANALYSIS The Institute of Economics And Social Sciences of Bilkent University By BEHİCE ÖZLEM GÖKAKIN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Professor Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu Dissertation Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Professor Meliha Altunışık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Associate Professor Ersel Aydınlı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assistant Professor Evgeni R. Radushev Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Professor Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY: A THEORETICAL-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Gökakın, Behice Özlem Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu January 2010 This dissertation analyzes the Ottoman Empire’s relationship with European international society in the nineteenth century through the English School of International Relations Theory. By use of primary and secondary sources, this dissertation attempts to refine some of the historical arguments of the English School in reference to the expansion of European international society and the socialization of non-European states. By focusing on the Ottoman perspective, this dissertation presents a critical understanding of European international society and its expansion from a non-European perspective. Keywords: The English School of International Relations Theory, The Ottoman Empire, The non-European States, Socialization iii ÖZET OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU VE AVRUPA ULUSLARARASI TOPLUMU: KURAMSAL-TARİHSEL BİR ANALİZ Gökakın, Behice Özlem Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu Ocak 2010 Bu tez, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Avrupa uluslararası toplumu ilişkilerini İngiliz Okulu Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorisi bakış açısıyla analiz etmektedir. Birincil ve ikincil kaynakları kullanarak, İngiliz Okulu teorisinin Avrupa uluslararası toplumunun genişlemesi ve Avrupalı olmayan devletlerle ilişkileri hakkında bazı tarihsel tezlerini toplumsallaşma açısından ele alarak geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu tez Osmanlı bakış açısına odaklanarak Avrupa uluslararası toplumuna ve genişlemesine, Avrupa-dışı bir bakış açısından eleştirel bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İngilizce Okulu Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorisi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Avrupalı Olmayan Devletler, Toplumsallaşma iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu, for his patience, understanding and confidence in me. Without his guidance, invaluable support and encouragement, this dissertation could not have been realized. His immense scope of knowledge, supportive comments and structural recommendations helped me in the theoretical interpretation of the historical facts and final revision of the dissertation. Prof. Karaosmanoğlu’s suggestions on the context and style of writing are beyond appreciation. Words are not adequate to express my gratitude. I also owe a great debt to the late Prof. Dr. Stanford Jay Shaw, my supervisor from 2001 to 2006. His enormous range of knowledge, along with his winning personality and his dedication to academic life deeply impressed and inspired me to choose my career and area of interest – the History of the Ottoman Empire. Prof. Shaw helped me to develop great insight into Ottoman history and historical methodology and objectivity. His unexpected loss has been a great shock to me and to all of the other members of the Bilkent community. I am grateful to his wife, Prof. Dr. Ezel Kural Shaw, for her continuous support and motivation throughout this study and during the most difficult days of my life. At the end of this long process of Ph.D. study, I am confident that the final version of this dissertation would have made him proud of me. v I am deeply thankful to Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık (International Relations Department – Middle East Technical University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ersel Aydınlı, (International Relations Department – Bilkent University), Asst. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss (International Relations Department – Bilkent University) and Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeni Radushev (History Department – Bilkent University), all of whom willingly examined my dissertation and whose constructive comments and recommendations encouraged me to continue with my academic research. I would like to express my gratitude to all of my professors at Bilkent University who guided me in my undergraduate and graduate studies. I am specifically grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ersel Aydınlı, the Chairman of the Department of International Relations, for his continuous support and encouragement. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Norman Stone and Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss for the insight they helped me to develop into European diplomatic history and Prof. Dr. İlhan Akipek and Prof. Dr. Yüksel İnan for the insight they have provided into the area of International Law. I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Duygu Bazoğlu Sezer, Prof. Dr. Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serdar Güner, Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülgün Tuna, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kibaroğlu, for the insight they have given me into the subject of international relations and international security studies. I am thankful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Bilgin and Asst. Prof. Dr. Paul Williams for their guidance in achieving a better and more objective understanding of international relations theories and methods throughout my graduate study at Bilkent University. I also would like to express my thanks to Prof. Hasan Ünal (Gazi University), Prof. Dr. Hasan Köni (Bahçeşehir University), Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat Borovalı (Doğuş University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nimet Beriker (Sabancı University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Erhan (Yeditepe University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Walter Kretchik (Western Illinois University) and Asst. Prof. Dr. Seymen Atasoy (Eastern Mediterranean University). I owe a deep debt of gratitude to Ambassador Feridun Sinirlioğlu, the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mehmet Ali Bayar, a member of the General Administrative Commission of the Democratic Party, and Oğuz Özbilgin, the Asssistant Secretary General of Bilkent University, who had been my superiors at the vi Office of the President between 1998 and 2000 for their support and encouragement in my transition from bureaucracy to academic life. I would like to express my special thanks to the administrative staff of the Faculty of Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences, the Department of International Relations and the Department of History and to the staff at Bilkent Library. I specifically would like to thank Kadriye Göksel, Müge Keller, Pınar Kılıçhan Şener, Yasemin Özbek, Sibel Ramazanoğlu, and Funda Yılmaz, for their continuous support and friendship. I would to like to thank my mother, Inci Gökakın, and father, Oktay Gökakın, without whose great encouragement and support this dissertation would not have been realized. I would also like to express my deepest appreciation to my dearest mother for her courage and strength in the toughest times of her life. Her strength and attachment to life throughout her successive surgeries have been great sources of inspiration for me. They helped me to understand and appreciate the importance of life, family and loved ones. Her strength became my strength and made me stronger, as she never let me give up, no matter what challenges I faced. I would like to express my deepest thanks to my father for his support and guidance in reference to my professional and personal ideals and specifically in terms of my wish to embrace the academic life. I cannot express my appreciation and gratitude to my parents with mere words for their unconditional love and support throughout my life. I would like to express my thanks to all of my friends and family in Turkey and in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus who, in one way or another, have emotionally supported me throughout my years of study at Bilkent. Finally, I would like to thank the Bilkent University and the Department of International Relations for giving me this wonderful opportunity. vii