THE GOVERNMENT'S CLASSIFICATION OF PRIVATE IDEAS '.\. (. (' l .. 1 . C • . ' i I • ' . :) •, . ' t-1'' I~~ Ll n t (' ( . • , l t I e.s . c u, ·. , ~ ' ,· '· \ . -1 1 : ;: ' • ... • l ,.111 : n' , 1 ; c. ,_ '' ~h\ ,.)(··~;, ,· }': .,, .. ,, ,.::... ~ev-atl·Oil.C. f2d,comtH'tt(ec. ('~ ~ \ ( .o Ve i ·, 1 '\rH~ 11i :F't io ;· 1 '' rd 1 ·.,:J)I n 11 .:( . \_I I d ~ v'd [I rd \C' r ~J l1 -~ ~- • HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COlf~fiTTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I I: NINETY-SIXTH CONGRESS II,. SECOND SESSION :j FEBRUARY 28; MARCH 20; AND AUGUST 21,1980 Printed tor the use of the Committee on Government Operations I U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIC.t!l . 83-362 0 WASHINGTON : 1981 COMMITI'EE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS CONTENTS ,JACK BROOKS, Texas, Chairman Page L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina FRANK HORTON, New York t Hearings held on- 1 DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida JOHN N. ERLENBORN, Illinois WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD, Pennsylvania [f::~Vo :~.:::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 291 JOHN W. WYDLER, New York 441 BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York CLARENCE J. BROWN, Ohio August 21 .................................................................................................................. FERNAND J. STGERMAIN, Rhode Island PAUL N. McCLOSKEY, JR., California Statement of­ DON FUQUA, Florida THOMAS N. KINDNESS, Ohio Abrams, Floyd, Esquire, Cahill Gordon & Reindel............................................ 397 JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania Davida, George, associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering CARDISS COLLINS, Illinois ARLAN STANGELAND, Minnesota and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, JOHN L. BURTON, California M. CALDWELL BUTLER, Virginia Wis........................................................................................................................... 416 RICHARDSON PREYER, North Carolina LYLE WILLIAMS, Ohio Foy, H. Miles, Senior Attorne;Y Adviser, Office of Legal Counsel, Depart- ROBERT F. DRINAN, Massachusetts JIM JEFFRIES, Kansas ment of Justice; accompamed by Vito Di Pietro, Assistant Director, GLENN ENGLISH, Oklahoma OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine Commercial Litigation Section, C1vil Division; and Larry A. Hammond, ELLIOTT H. LEVITAS, Georgia WAYNE GRISHAM, California Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel .................... 241 DAVID W. EVANS, Indiana JOEL DECKARD, Indiana Inman, Adm. B. R., Director, National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Md .. 423 TOBY MOFFETT, Connecticut Kahn, David, author, Great Neck, N.Y .............................................................. .. 406 ANDREW MAGUIRE, New Jersey LES ASPIN, Wisconsin Msr!:k~lca~r~~nfa~~~ ...~.'.' ... ~~:: .. ~ .. ~~~~~~.~~~~~~.. -~~ .. ~~~~... ~~~~ .. ~~~ 291 HENRY A. WAXMAN, California Moore, David Pelton, inventor and attorney, as presented by Paul Meikle- FLOYD J. FITHIAN, Indiana john, attorney ............................................................................... ,........................ 188 PETER H. KOSTMA YER, Pennsylvania Sciascia, Richard, Chairman, Armed Services Patent Advisory Board, TED WEISS, New York Department of Defense; accompanied by Lt. Col. Howard M. Hougen, MIKE SYNAR, Oklahoma Intellectual Property Division, Office of Judge Advocate General, De­ ROBERT T. MATSUI, California partment of the Army; Donald J. Singer, Patents Division, Office of EUGENE V. ATKINSON, Pennsylvania Judge Advocate General, Department of the Air Force; and Frank G. Nieman, Principal Patent Staff Attorney, Office of Naval Research, WILLIAM M. JoNES, General Counsel Department of the Navy..................................................................................... 442 JOHN E. MooRE, Staff Administrator Sewell, Duane, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs, Department of ELMER W. HENDERSON, Senior Counsel Energy; accompanied by Eric Fygi, Deputy General Counsel; Leon Sil­ JoHN M. DuNCAN, Minority Staff Director verstrom, Assistant General Counsel for International Development and Defense Progra!fiS; and Robert Duff, Director, Office of Classification ..................................................................................................... 302, 481 GoVERNMENT INFORMATION AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS SUBCOMMITTEE Tegtmeyer, Rene D., Assistant Commissioner for Patents, Patents and Trademark Office, Department of Commerce; accompanied by C. D. RICHARDSON PREYER, North Carolina, Chairman Quarforth, Director, Special Laws Administration Groups ......................... 2 ROBERT F. DRINAN, Massachusetts THOMAS N. KINDNESS, Ohio Wagner, Dr. Richard, executive associate director, Lawrence Livermore GLENN ENGLISH, Oklahoma M. CALDWELL BUTLER: Virginia Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.............................................................................. 433 DAVID W. EVANS, Indiana JOHN N. ERLENBORN, Illinois Letters, statements, etc., submitted for the record by- PETER H. KOSTMAYER, Pennsylvania Abrams, Floyd, Esquire, Cahill Gordon & Reindel: Information concern- TED WEISS, New York ing statutory language ........................................................................................ 403 Davida, George, associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering Ex OFFICIO an.d Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, W1s.: Prepared statement ............................................................................... 419-423 JACK BROOKS, Texas FRANK HORTON, New York Foy, H. Miles, Senior Attorney Adviser, Office of Legal Counsel, Depart- TIMOTHY H. INGRAM, Staff Director ment of Justice: GERALD R. STURGES, Professional Staff Member Cryptography /technical data..................................................................... 262-263 Prepared statement..................................................................................... 242-257 THOMAS G. MoRR, Minority Professional Staff Fygi, Eric, Deputy General r:ounsel, Department of Energy: Prepared statement and submissions to additional subcommittee questions .... 317-321, (II) 346-396 Hammond, Larry A., Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel: Information concerning Government regulations found to be unconstitutional.................................................................................................... 287 ,..,. (Ill) n ~ d "' IV v Letters, statements, etc., submitted for the record by--Continued Ingram, Timothy H., staff director, Government Information and Individ­ A pendix 3 -Miscellaneous materials-Continued . ual Rights Subcommittee: P 2. Pubiic Cryptography Study Group, American Council on Education, Page Department of Justice memorandum to Dr. Frank Press, Science minutes of meetings for Ma~ch 31 and ~ay 29,,19~9"""';"'"""""""'8"""" 700 Adviser to the President, re constitutionality under the first Page 3. "National Telecommunications Protection Pohcy, White House tate- amendment of ITAR restrictions of public cryptography................ 268-284 ment February 16 1979 ..................................................................................... 710 August 29, 1978, letter to Col. Wayne Kay, Senior Policy Analyst, 4 Unit~d States v. The Progressive et al. 467 F. Supp. 9!XJ ............................ 713 Office of Science and Technology, from Larry A. Hammond, 5: Ellie L. Hebern and Hebern Code, Inc. v. The Umted States, 132 F. Supp. 451 ............................................................................................................... 724 .. ... .. ri64-265 A ndix 4 -Selected correspondence ......................................... :............................. 730 Kahn, ~Gll~yc~~~:h:.~~~~::David, author, Great Neck, ~~~~~~~·N.Y.: Prepared ?.~~-~---~~--~~~---~~-~~~· statement and supple- p~ Dea~ours, Cipher A., associate professor of matheiD:atics, Kean ,College mentary remarks ............................................................................. 411-415, 432-433 ·of New Jersey, letter to Dr. Michael Heyman, cochairman, Pubhc Cryp- McClosker, Hon. Paul N., Jr., a Representative in Congress from the to a hy Study Group, dated June 10, 1980 .................................................. 730 State o California: November 12 and December 21, 1979, letters from 2 Grpc~nski, William G., Office of the Judge Advoca~ Genera!, Depart­ Argonne National Laboratory scientists ..................................................... 331-345 . ment of the Army, letters to Subcommittee Chairman Richardson Moore, David Pelton, inventor and attorney: Preyer, dated February 27, 1980, and M~rch 14, 19~ ............. :.................. .. 735 Chronology of events relating to the invention secrecy claim................. 236 3 Garfinkel Steven Director, Information Secunty Oyers~.ght 9ffice, 90 234 · General &rvices Administration, letter to Subcommittee Chrurman Pre ~:.hiJ!~. ~~~~~!, -~ ..ii~i';~;~~t~ii:;;~ .. ~-c~~~~~~ ..r~~~"ih:~"st~~ o~ - Richardson Preyer, dated August 12, 1~80 .............. :.................. :.................. .. 760 ~rth Carolina, and chairman, Government Information and Individu­ 4. National Science Foundation and Nat10nal Secunty. Agency. Memorh~­ al Rights Subcommittee: March 17, 1980, letter from Roger E. Batzel, da and correspondence related to NSA sponsorship of cryptograp IC director, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, re views on the importance research, dated June 13, 1975, through.December 27,,1978 ...................... :.. 762 5 Papantoni-Kazakos, P., secretary, Institute of Electncal